完整版)詞匯學(xué)Unit6-7答案

1、Un it 6 Sema ntic Networks of En glish WordsCheck Your Un dersta ndingState whether each of the followi ng stateme nts is TRUE or FALSE.a. Words from differe nt classes can form a sema ntic field.b. Most lexical items form semantic field with other lexemes with certain semantic relation.c. The meani

2、ng of a hyp onym is in cluded in the meaning of its superord in ate.d. There is always a superord in ate term for its hyp ony ms.e. Lexical gaps across English and Chinese exist in all semantic fields.Key: F T F F TIn-Class Activities1. Some semantic fields are quite small. For example, each pair of

3、 antonyms, such as long and short forms a lexical field of two members. The meanings of the two antonyms have in com mon that both relate to an end sect ion of the same scale, and the group is complete since there are no other adjectives that share this part of the meaning.ASK:(1) Can you find more

4、semantic fields of this small type?(2) Do polysemous word old and its antonyms new and young belong to the same semantic field?Key:(1) alive and dead, male and female, big and small(2) No. old & new and old & young belong to different semantic fields.2. In public notices, we often find the use of ge

5、neral words for persons, objects, places, etc. Lookat the followi ng three pictures.ASK:(1) What are the gen eral words used in these pictures? Can you provide some hyp onyms for eachof them? Does any of the gen eral words have a certa in hyp onym that finds no equivale nt inChi nese?(2) Do you thin

6、k it is reas on able to use superord in ate terms on these occasi ons?Key: (1) vehicle, pets, food, drin ks, shirt, shoes, customer(2) Omit3. Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if y and yz then x乙 For example, since dog” is ahyponym of mammal” and “ mammalis a hyponym of “ animal dogs a hyponym

7、 of animal” .ASK:(1) Can you find other examples to prove the relati on of tran sitivity?(2) Is meronymy a tran sitive relati on like hyp onymy? Use examples for illustrati on.Key:(1) Tulip is a hyponym of flower which is a hyponym of plant.Scarlet, vermili on, carm ine and crims on are hyp onyms of

8、 red which is a hyp onym ofcolor.(2) Meronymy is not exactly the transitive relation like hyponymy. For example,“ 匚is a part ofeye , and eye is a part offace , while pupil is not a part of4. Often a concept lexicalized in one language may not have a corresponding lexical item in another language and

9、 thus presents a translation difficulty.ASK:(1) What methods can you employ to translate the missing word, if the concept is important or must be cited often?(2) Is it an easy job to translate the Chinese sentence 他鉛筆盒里有五支筆“” into English? Why or why not? Name some of the hyponyms of 筆” in b“oth Chi

10、nese and English.Key: 1) a compound word, a descriptive phrase, borrowing from one language, etc.2) No. Because there is no English equivalence for Chinese word 筆. 鉛筆 pencil 鋼筆 pen / fountain pan 圓珠筆 ball-point pen 毛筆 writing brush 畫筆 painting brush 鴨嘴筆 drawing pen / ruling pen 蠟筆 (wax) crayon 粉筆 ch

11、alk5. A term which is a hyponym of itself is an autohyponym in that the same lexical item can operate at both superordinate and subordinate levels; for example, “ man”contrasts with “ animal ” at one level, but at a lower level it contrasts with“ woman” (in effect,of man ”).ASK:(1) Can you find othe

12、r autohyponyms?(2) Can you account for the existence of autohyponyms in any possible way? Key: Omit6. Hyponymy and meronymy are often found in language use. It is quite common for a general term and a specific term, or a part word and a whole word to substitute for each other in bothspeaking and wri

13、ting. The former rhetorical device is called metonymy and the latter onesynecdoche . For example, in the sentence term “ apple ” refers to the general term to feed ”, the part word“ mouth ”An apple a day keeps the do, cthtoerfruit ”; in the sentenceis used to replace the whole wordHow many mouths do

14、eperson ”. Read the fosentences.a. He could hardly earn his everyday bread.b. I ve gowtheels.c. Last year nearly 6 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines.d. Put down the steel.ASK: (1) Can you point out the words substituted by the bold-faced words?(2) Can you supply more examples of your ow

15、n?Key: (1) 1. food 2. car 3. automobiles 4. knife(2) OmitPost-Class Task1. How is meronymy different from hyponymy? Use examples to illustrate their differences.Key: Meronymy is different from hyponymy in that the former is a “ partof ”or “ memberof ” relation while the latter a“kind of ” relation.l

16、eFaofr iesxampaprlet ,oaf a tree; an oak is akind of tree.Hyponymy is a tran sitive relati on, i.e, if y and z the n 乙 For example, si nee dog ” is a hyponym of mammal” and “ mammals a hyponym of “ animal ” doejs a hyponym of animal ” Meronymy is not neeessarily a transitive relation. For example, a

17、lthough2. Read the followi ng tree diagram on the relati on ship of hyp onymy among lexical items in the semantie field of fruit and illustrate the lexical gap existing in the field.Key: The term berry acts as the general term for more specific fruits blackberry and raspberry, but there seems to be

18、no term for the category including such fruit as apple and pear.Meronymy is classified into the follow ing seve n types. Find more examples for each type1. comp onent object(bra nchtree,)2. membercollectio n(fish shoal)3. porti onmass(stra ndhair)4. stuff object(gold ring)5. featureactivity(payi ngs

19、hopp ing )6. place area(Cambridge Massachusetts)7. phase process(adolesce nee grow ing up)Key: Omit4. Ide ntify the meaning relati on ship betwee n the followi ng pairs.a. windowhouseb. footballgamec. Chin eseLan guaged. New York USAe. CPUcomputerf. scarlet redKey: 1)mer onymy 2) hyp onymy 3) hyp on

20、ymy 4) meronymy 5)mer nymy6) hyp onymy5. The Chin ese word 吃” can be used flexibly to form various expressi ons. Tran slate the follow ing Chin ese sla ngs into En glish.吃閑飯 吃香 吃不消 吃力 吃苦 吃不開Key:吃閑飯 ” (lead an idle life ), 吃香 ” (be very popular), 吃不消(more than one can stand, too much)吃力(word hard, be

21、 tired)，吃苦(have a tough time)吃不開(be un popular)6. The following passage is an introduction to “ pop Please draw a lexical network of “ popcon structed by words with sema ntic relati ons of hyp onymy, meronymy, etc.Popp willEven if the word“ pop disappears from the En glish vocabulary, the in flue ne

22、e of pcrema in. Pop has become part of British- and America n-history.There has always bee n a close cultural li nk, or tie, betwee n Brita in and En glish-speak ing America, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music. Before the Second World War the America ns exported ja

23、zz and the blues. During the 1950s they exported rock n roll.The n in the early 1960s a new sound was heard, very differe nt from anything, which has so far come from the American side of the Atlantic. This was the Liverpool, or Merseyside, “ beat Situated on the River Mersey in the n ortheasterin c

24、orner of the in dustrial Black Coun try, Liverpool was not a place which anyone visited for fun. Un til the 1960s it was known only as one of the Britain s largest ports. Then, almost overnight, it became world famous as the birthplace of the new pop culture which, in a few years, swept across Brita

25、 in and America, and across most of the coun tries of the wester n world.The people responsible for the pop revolution were four Liverpool boys who joined together in a group and called themselves The Beatles. They played in small clubs in the back streets of the city. Un like the famous solo stars

26、who had their songs writte n for them, the Beatles wrote their own words and music. The Beatles won the affection and admiration of people of all ages and social backgrounds. As they developed, their songs became more serious. They wrote not only of love, but of death and old age and poverty and dai

27、ly life. They were respected by many intellectuals and by some serious musicians. Largely thanks to the Beatles, pop music has grown into an immense and profitable industry.The in flue nee of British pop in America was imme nse. America n pop groups soon became as famous as British groups. Both Brit

28、ish and America ns are experime nting with new ideas, and pop is develop ing and cha nging, and merg ing with moder n folk music.Key:Unit 7 The Semantic Relations among English WordsCheck Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. The word classes of gradabl

29、e antonyms are adjective, noun and verb.b. Chat and gossip form a pair of synonyms in terms of connotation.c. Homonymous words always come from different etymological roots.d. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between two items are said to be relational opposites.e. The cohe

30、sive effect of a text is always achieved by the co-occurrence of words with meaning relations of synonymy and antonymy.Key: T T F T FIn-Class Activities1. Antonyms are commonly found to co-occur in natural languages, among which are ( both) XandY, X as well as Y, X and Y alike, ( either) X or Y, nei

31、ther X nor Y, from X to Y , and now X, now Y.Read the following sentences.a. They were free with the fellows, young and old, about the place, and exchanged banter inrude phrases, which at first shocked her. (Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie )b. That was one reason she did not look forward to Cathys v

32、isit, short or long.c. The Danderlea s energies were claimed by buying and selling liquor, while Mrs Fortescuewent out a lot. (Doris Lessing: Mrs Fortescue )ASK:(1) What does each italicized part in the above sentences mean respectively?(2) Can you find some idioms formed by the co-occurrence of ant

33、onyms?Key: (1) In the first sentence, young and old is used actually to mean, and semantically could wellbe replaced by,“ (fellows) regardless of age” or “ (fellows) of all ages” , rather t“ those who areyoung and those who are old ” ;short or long in the second sentence hasthe emphasis of“ any visi

34、t ” or “ visit of any lengthbuinyitnimg eand selling in”th; ethird simply means the action of “ trading ” .(2) Omit2. Antonymy is widely used in wise sayings, as in A good begin“ning makes a good ending ” and“ All things aredifficult before they are easy” . Now look at the following incomplete sa yi

35、ngs.a. Adversity leads to .b. A good husband makes a good .c. A young idler, an beggar.d. Be swift to hear, to speak.e. Easy come, easy .f. Every advantage has its .g. Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes .h. Pride goes before, and shame comes .i. The wise man knows he knows nothing , the fool th

36、inks he knows .j. The world is a ladder for some to go up and others to go.ASK:(1) Can you complete each of the above sayings with a word which has an antonymous relationship with the bold-faced word?(2) Do you know the meaning of each saying? Try to translate them into Chinese.key:a. Adversity lead

37、s to prosperity.窮則思變。b. A good husband makes a good wife.夫善則妻賢。c. A young idler, an old beggar. 少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。d. Be swift to hear, slow to speak. 聽宜敏捷，言宜緩行。e. Easy come, easy go.來也匆匆，去也匆匆。f. Every advantage has its disadvantage.有利必有弊。g. Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud. 博學(xué)使人謙遜，無知使人驕傲。h. P

38、ride goes before, and shame comes after.驕傲使人落后。i. The wise man knows he knows nothing, the fool thinks he knows all. 清者自清，濁者自濁。j. The world is a ladder for some to go up and others to go down. 世界如階梯，有人上有人下。3. Lexical cohesion is achieved by the selection of appropriate words. The co-occurrence of th

39、e lexical items with certain meaning relations serves as an effective device to achieve cohesion in the text. Read the following pictures.ASK:(1) What meaning relation is employed in the pictures?(2) In what way is the employment of the semantic relation effective?Key:(1) Antonymy (shut down & resta

40、rt, low&high)(2) Contrast arouses attention.4. Polysemy and homonymy are commonly applied by wise people as a pun to achieve rhetorical effect in daily communication as well as in literature. For example, in the sentence we must all 1 2hang together or we shall all hang separately, hang (to unite) a

41、nd hang (to execute by suspending by the neck) are homonyms. The co-existence of the two words produces an amazing effect and makes the argument extremely impressive and persuasive. Read the following sentences and answer the questions that follow.a. To English will I steal and there I steall. (Shak

42、espeare: Henry V)b. If the man be a bachelor, sir, I can; but if he be a married man, he s wifes head, and I cannever cut off a woman s head.c. He went there by train to take a training class.d. I can betar that man who is like a bear with a sore head.ASK:(1) Which semantic relation does the pair of

43、 bold words in each sentence belong to, polysemy or homonymy? Why?(2) What does each bold word mean respectively?Key:(1) a.polysemy b. polysemy c. homonymy d. homonymy(2) a. steal1: to move quietly without been noticedsteal2: to take sth that belongs to someone elseb. head1: the leader or a person i

44、n charge of head2: the top part of the bodyc. train 1: vehicle that moves on trackstrain 2: to teach a particular skilld. bear 1: to dislike something or someone so much that they make you very annoyedbear 2: a large strong animal with thick fur5. Study the museum policies in the following picture.A

45、SK:(1) The word “ permitted ” occurs five times. Do you think this should be discouraged?(2) Can the first policy“ Please do not touch the artwork” be rewritten using the wordKey: (1) No. Permit, a directive word, is generally used in public policies or regulations. The frequent use of this word str

46、esses the enforcement of the museum policies.mood.(2) Please do not is softer than permit . The first policy serves as a kind warning which will be easily accepted by the visitors and is not likely to ruin the visitors6. Ads are pervasive in our lives. Have you ever analyzed ads from the perspective

47、 of semantic relations? Let s enjoy the foglloawdisn.a. No business too small, no problem too big. ( IBM )b. Tides in, dirts out. (Tide Soup Powder)c. Woman: I like the exceptions to the royalty.Man: I like crossroads, the choices, changing the plan. I like Hugo.Woman: And Hugo Woman, the fragrances

48、 from Hugo Boss.Man: Dont like it? Dont get it.Woman: Hugo. Dont imitate. Innovate. (Hugo Woman Perfume )d. It took a lot of intelligence for Richon to come up with a digital copier that could copy, fax and print. If Leonardo da Vinci were around today, would he not be working for us? Thats why Rich

49、on is number one in digital copiers in Europe and in the U.S. When choosing a network print-copier, choose Richon Aficio. We lead. Others copy. ( Richon Aficio Copier )e. Start ahead. (Rejoice)ASK:(1) What semantic relations are applied in the above ads? Which one is the most commonly used?(2) What

50、rhetorical effects may result from the application of the semantic relations?Key (1) antonym y(small-big, in-o ut,imitate-i nno vate),polysemy(copy), homoph one (ahead-ahead)(2) easy to remember, rich in meaning, interesting, attractive, persuasivePost-Class Tasks1. Find at least one synonym for eac

51、h of the following bold-faced words in accordance with the specified sema ntic relati ons betwee n them.a. Toms father is a lorry-driver . (British English vs. American English)b. We have aba ndoned our efforts in searchi ng for the lost dog. (in dividual verb vs. phrasal verb)c. The book is about t

52、he flora and fauna of Australia. (technical term vs. colloquial term)d. You cannot walk dow n the street, ride on a bus, watch televisi on or read emails without see ingadvertisements. (original word vs. shortened word)Key: a.truck-driver, b.give up, c.plants, d.animals, e.ads2. Decide whether the a

53、ntonym ous relati on ship within each of the followi ng pairs is gradable, compleme ntary or relatio nal.a. toward/awayb. empty/full c. off/ond. abundan t/scarcee. in structor/pupilf. accide ntal/i nten ti on al.Key: a.toward/away(R), b.empty/full(C), c.off/ on( C), d.ab undan t/scarce(G), e.i nstru

54、ctor/pupil(R),f. accide ntal/i nte ntio nal(G).3. Auto-a ntonyms are a group of in terest ing words which can mea n the opposite of themselves.For example, enjoin can mean to prohibit and to order, which are opposite in meaning. Look upa dicti onary for the opposite meanings of the followi ng auto-a ntony ms.a. Rumors travel faster than facts.My leg was stuck fast in the mud.b. The woode n door had bee n cleft in two.John still cleaves to his romantic ideals.c. Economic sanctions are do