海洋氣象學(xué)：1概述和氣壓

1、颶風(fēng)“岡薩洛”席卷英國(guó) 巨大風(fēng)力致瀑布倒流發(fā)布時(shí)間： 2014-10-22 18:18:56 | 來(lái)源： 中國(guó)新聞網(wǎng),Hurricane Gonzalo remnants（殘留物） batter Britain; woman killed by falling tree in London,http:/,Bermuda,/wiki/Hurricane_Gonzalo,. on the evening of October 15, the system stabilized and resumed intensification.1718 While

2、moving northward early the next day, Gonzalo reached its peak intensity with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h).19 .at about 00:30 UTC on October 18, the center of circulation passed directly over Bermuda, signalling an official landfall.23 .The storm maintained hurricane intensity east of Newfoundland as

3、it passed over waters colder than 50 F (10 C), .Later that day, Gonzalo finally succumbed to the cold environment and intense wind shear, completing its transition into an extratropical cyclone, although winds remained at hurricane force.28 Stacy R. Stewart (October 19, 2014). Post-Tropical Cyclone

4、Gonzalo Discussion Number 30. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 19, 2014.,/archive/2014/al08/al082014.discus.030.shtml?,ZCZC . POST-TROPICAL CYCLONE GONZALO DISCUSSION NUMBER 30 NWS NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER .SUN OCT 19 2014 The combined effect of sea-surface tempera

5、tures around 10C and southwesterly vertical wind shear of more than 40 kt has finally taken its toll on Gonzalo. .Gonzalo looks like a frontal low in satellite imagery, suggesting that the system has completed its transformation into an extratropical cyclone. . . for the next 24-36 hours, after whic

6、h the cyclone is forecast to slow down considerably and turn northward and be absorbed by a larger low pressure system north of the British Isles by 72 hours. . This is the last NHC advisory on Gonzalo. Additional information on this system can be found in High Seas Forecasts. Forecaster Stewart NNN

7、N,天氣學(xué) Synoptic meteorologySynoptic的原義“同時(shí)看”，即指將大范圍各地區(qū)氣象臺(tái)站在同一時(shí)刻觀測(cè)所得的氣象資料，填繪在一張空白地圖上，進(jìn)行綜觀的分析。海洋氣象學(xué)研究海上大氣的物理信息，以及海洋與大氣相互作用規(guī)律的學(xué)科。1、海洋氣象的觀測(cè)和試驗(yàn)。2海洋天氣分析和預(yù)報(bào)。研究海上的天氣和天氣系統(tǒng)及與其密切相關(guān)的海洋現(xiàn)象，包括海霧、海冰、海浪、風(fēng)暴潮、海上龍卷、熱帶風(fēng)暴、溫帶氣旋的機(jī)理分析及其預(yù)報(bào)方法。3海洋和大氣的相互作用。,現(xiàn)代天氣預(yù)報(bào)技術(shù)P3/9（氣象觀測(cè)的發(fā)展）,1597年 GALILEO 溫度表 1643 TORRICELLI 氣壓表 1667年 HOOKER

8、風(fēng)速器 1783 SAUSSURE 毛發(fā)濕度計(jì) 1820 BRANDS 世界上第一張?zhí)鞖鈭D（1783年3月6日的資料） 1855 LE VERRIER 提出用天氣圖可以推知未來(lái)風(fēng)暴的行徑-天氣學(xué)萌生 1860 荷蘭開(kāi)始正式發(fā)布天氣預(yù)報(bào) 20世紀(jì)20-60年代 高空探測(cè) 1928年 無(wú)線電探空儀 1946 氣象火箭、天氣雷達(dá)、氣象偵查飛機(jī) 1960 氣象衛(wèi)星 GPS氣象探測(cè)/多普勒雷達(dá)網(wǎng)（6分鐘, 1方位角1KM半徑）/自動(dòng)地面觀測(cè),本課程內(nèi)容基本介紹,氣象要素、現(xiàn)代氣象觀測(cè) 大氣運(yùn)動(dòng)（風(fēng)、穩(wěn)定度、大氣環(huán)流、季風(fēng)） 天氣預(yù)報(bào)簡(jiǎn)介、數(shù)值天氣預(yù)報(bào) 天氣圖簡(jiǎn)介 影響中國(guó)沿海的主要天氣系統(tǒng)（氣團(tuán)和鋒、鋒

9、面氣旋、冷高壓和副高、熱帶氣旋、中小尺度天氣系統(tǒng)） 氣候?qū)W概述,主要參考資料,1.教材： 航海氣象與海洋學(xué)（上課帶） 2.雜志（2樓）：海洋世界 氣象知識(shí) 海洋預(yù)報(bào) 3.書(shū)（4樓）：中國(guó)云圖 完全傻瓜叢書(shū)系列 天氣 現(xiàn)代氣象觀測(cè) 天氣學(xué)分析 不可忽視的真相 氣候變化（危險(xiǎn)的天氣） 販賣(mài)懷疑的商人（重點(diǎn)推薦） weather whys, 24節(jié)氣，來(lái)自大海的禮物等 4. 圖書(shū)館網(wǎng)頁(yè)鏈接的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里的科技文獻(xiàn)（CNKI等） 5. 網(wǎng)上的其他資源（NOAA等）,幾個(gè)重要的專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ),大氣（Atmosphere）：包圍地球表面的整個(gè)大氣層。 氣象要素（Meteorologyelements)：反映大氣狀態(tài)

10、的物理量或物理現(xiàn)象，主要有：氣溫、氣壓、風(fēng)、濕度、云、能見(jiàn)度和天氣現(xiàn)象。 天氣 (Weather)：指一定區(qū)域在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)各種氣象要素的綜合表現(xiàn)。天氣表示大氣運(yùn)動(dòng)的瞬時(shí)狀態(tài)。 氣候 (Climate)：指某一區(qū)域天氣的多年平均特征，其中包括各種氣象要素的多年平均及極值。氣候表示長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的統(tǒng)計(jì)平均結(jié)果.,極端天氣 極端氣候(?),在wikipedia的此條中，只有Extreme weather，沒(méi)有Extreme climate /wiki/Extreme_weather_events 本課程所涉及的詞條的網(wǎng)上查詢(xún)，請(qǐng)首先查詢(xún)英文的維基百科 Extrem

11、e weather includes unusual, severe or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distributionthe range that has been seen in the past. Often, extreme events are based of a locations recorded weather history and defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent. In recent years some

12、 extreme weather events have been attributed to human-induced global warming, with studies indicating an increasing threat from extreme weather in the future.,2013 extreme weather events,/wiki/2013_extreme_weather_events#mediaviewer/File:Land_and_ocean_temperature_anomalies,_Fe

13、bruary_2013.gif,2013 extreme weather events,In China the average January temperature became the coldest in 28 years. In northeast China the average temperature in January 2013 decreased to 15.3 C (4.5 F), the coldest in 43 years, while in northern China it dropped to a 42-year low of 7.4 C (18.7 F).

14、 About a thousand ships were stuck in ice in Laizhou Bay, while 10,500 square miles of ice reportedly covered the surface of the Bohai Sea. About 180,000 cattle deaths were reported in northern China by January 10. On May 2, 2013, a minimum temperature of 16.6 degrees Celsius was recorded at the Hon

15、g Kong Observatory, making it the coldest May temperature since 1917. It was also the third coldest minimum temperature in May since recorded.,Cold spring in the Northern Hemisphere,/wiki/2013_extreme_weather_events,The 2013 extreme weather events included several all-time temp

16、erature records in Northern and Southern Hemisphere. The February extent of snow cover in Eurasia and North America was above average, while the extent of Arctic ice in the same month was 4,5% below the 19812010 average. The Northern Hemisphere weather extremes have been linked to the melting of Arc

17、tic sea ice, which alters atmospheric circulation in a way that leads to more snow and ice. By January 11, 233 weather-related deaths were reported in India. Elsewhere, particularly in Russia, the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom, low temperatures had an impact on wildlife, delaying bird breedi

18、ng and disrupting the bird migration. On January 10 Bangladesh faced the lowest temperature since countrys independence, at 3.0 C (37.4 F) in Saidpur. While Finland and most of Northern European countries got the record high, and even the highest temperatures at Europe during May and June, Western-

19、and Middle Europe faced much cooler weather and even their wettest May and June ever. During summer prolonged heat waves in the Northern Hemisphere set new record high temperatures. On March 24, 2014 the secretary-general of the World Meteorological Organization Michel Jarraud announced that many of

20、 the extreme events of 2013 were consistent with what we would expect as a result of human-induced climate change.,Summer heatwaves,In July a heat wave struck China with alerts covering nine provinces, including Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Shanghai and Chongqing. Shanghai saw 24 days with temperat

21、ures at or above 35C in July. Temperatures in Shanghai reached 40.6 degrees Celsius, the highest ever temperature recorded in 140 years of weather recording in the city.,天氣預(yù)報(bào)與氣象信息服務(wù),天氣預(yù)報(bào)：天氣形勢(shì)預(yù)報(bào)（高壓、低壓、槽脊、鋒面等天氣系統(tǒng)未來(lái)的移動(dòng)、強(qiáng)度變化及生消變化的預(yù)報(bào)）和氣象要素預(yù)報(bào) 短期預(yù)報(bào)：1-3天 中期預(yù)報(bào)：-5天 天氣展望：10天 天氣預(yù)報(bào)產(chǎn)品：天氣圖、天氣報(bào)告、實(shí)用指數(shù)預(yù)報(bào)（洗車(chē)指數(shù)，郊游指數(shù)等）、

22、危險(xiǎn)天氣警報(bào)（蘭色大風(fēng)警報(bào)、黃色大霧警報(bào)） 公眾報(bào)與專(zhuān)業(yè)報(bào) 獲得氣象信息的官方與商業(yè)及其他途徑,海洋預(yù)報(bào),潮汐預(yù)報(bào)：潮高潮時(shí)潮流，潮汐表，每年一版 海浪預(yù)報(bào)：24-36小時(shí)預(yù)報(bào)比較準(zhǔn)確 海流預(yù)報(bào)：旬預(yù)報(bào) 海冰預(yù)報(bào)：周、月、季預(yù)報(bào),有氣象意義的大氣成分,1. 二氧化碳（carbon dioxide）:強(qiáng)烈地吸收和放射長(zhǎng)波輻射，對(duì)地面和大氣的溫度分布有重要影響，類(lèi)似溫室效應(yīng)，直接影響氣候變遷。 2.臭氧（ozone）：主要存在于20-40公里氣層中，又稱(chēng)臭氧層。是吸收太陽(yáng)紫外線的唯一大氣成分，若沒(méi)有臭氧層，人類(lèi)和動(dòng)物、植物將受到紫外線的傷害。 3.水汽（vapour）：是常溫下發(fā)生相變的唯一大氣成

23、分，是造成云、雨、雪、霧等現(xiàn)象的主要物質(zhì)條件。水汽能強(qiáng)烈地吸收和放出長(zhǎng)波輻射，并在相變過(guò)程中吸收和放出潛熱能，對(duì)地面和空氣的溫度影響很大。 4.雜質(zhì)：懸浮在空氣中的固體或液體微粒，影響能見(jiàn)度，在水汽相變過(guò)程中，雜質(zhì)可以作為凝結(jié)核。,第一章 海洋水文氣象要素,大氣的垂直分層,根據(jù)氣溫、水汽的垂直分布、大氣擾動(dòng)和電離現(xiàn)象等要素的變化規(guī)律，可以將大氣分為五個(gè)層次。 對(duì)流層（Troposphere）： 氣溫隨高度而降低。平均幅度為0.65/100m。 具有強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)流和湍流運(yùn)動(dòng)。是引起大氣上下層動(dòng)量、熱量、能量和水汽等交換的主要方式。,氣 壓 (Pressure),1. 氣壓與天氣 氣壓與天氣之間有著密切的關(guān)系，有時(shí)稱(chēng)氣壓表為晴雨表。如高壓控制下是，晴朗、少云、微風(fēng)好天氣；低壓控制下是陰雨、大風(fēng)和低能見(jiàn)度壞天氣。,氣 壓 (Pressure),2. 氣壓的定義和單位 氣壓：指單位截面積上大氣柱的重量稱(chēng)大氣壓強(qiáng)，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)氣壓。在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)情況下（即氣溫為0，緯度為45的海平面上），760mm水銀柱高的大氣壓稱(chēng)一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓，等于1013.25百帕(hectopascal)。 w/sghs/sgh （大氣壓強(qiáng)公式） ：氣壓 ：水銀密度; ：水銀柱高