句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分教案

1、句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分 相關(guān)概念1.詞性的英文縮寫在英語學(xué)習(xí)中， 掌握單詞詞性非常重要。 如果我們?cè)谟泦卧~的時(shí)只記拼寫、 讀音而不記詞性的話，我們就不知道如何使用它們，所以我們?cè)谟泦卧~時(shí)一定要把單詞詞性記準(zhǔn)記牢?？s寫字母原詞代表詞性縮寫字母原詞代表詞性n.noun名詞v.verb動(dòng)詞vt.transitive verb及物動(dòng)詞ransitive verb不及物動(dòng)詞modal v.modal verb情態(tài)動(dòng)詞aux. v.auxiliary verb助動(dòng)詞adj.adjective形容詞adv.adverb副詞num.numeral數(shù)詞erjection感嘆詞pron.p

2、ronoun代詞prep.preposition介詞art.article冠詞conjconjunction連詞2.及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面跟賓語時(shí)，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語時(shí)，此時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞。The door opened. （open 后面沒跟賓語，此時(shí)， open 是不及物動(dòng)詞。 ） He opened the door. （open 后面有賓語 the door, 此時(shí)， open 是及物動(dòng)詞。 ） 注意：英語中一個(gè)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，關(guān)鍵是看它用在句中時(shí)后面是否跟賓語。 有些動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞，詞義相同。如：The mee

3、ting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 有些動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞，但詞義不同。如：The man walked away. （walk 不及物動(dòng)詞， 意為 “走 ”） He walked the dog every day. （ walk 及物動(dòng)詞， “遛”）She washes clothes at home. （wash及物動(dòng)詞， 洗”） The clothes washes well. （wash 不及物動(dòng)詞， 耐洗”） 英語中一些單詞是及物還是不及物，可能與漢語不同。He listens to the music e

4、very day. （listen 為不及物動(dòng)詞，而漢語中 “聽 ”是及物動(dòng)詞。 ） 指出下列句中斜體動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，及物動(dòng)詞填vt.,不及物填vi.。Most birds can fly. （）The children are flying kites in the park. （）It happened yesterday.（）My watch stopped. （ ）The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. （）She spoke at the meeting this morning. （）ShallI begin a

5、t once? （）She began working as a teacher after she left school. （）（）When did they leave Beijing? （）Theyleft last week. （）3. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞是根據(jù)動(dòng)詞在句子中的含義和作用來劃分的。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也叫行為動(dòng)詞。 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨(dú)立作謂語的動(dòng)詞 。如：He lives quite near. （live 住 ”，有“明確的意義，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 ）I like reading. （like 喜“歡 ”，意思明確，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)

6、義動(dòng)詞。 ）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought 買“”，意義明確，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 ） 助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞的 “助”是“幫助 ”之意。因此，助動(dòng)詞是指那些用來幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣、疑 問句、否定句、倒裝句和幫助強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語。幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)的：The boy is cryin g.（is用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，和cryi ng 起作謂語，是助動(dòng)詞。）He has arrived. （has用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，和arrived 一起作謂語，是助動(dòng)詞。）I have been pai nting all da

7、y. （ have been用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，和pai nting 起作謂語，都是助動(dòng)詞。）幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句的：Does he like English? （does幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。）He doesn t halunch at home. （does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。）幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的Trees are planted in spring. （are幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。）The house has bee n pulled dow n. （has been幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，是助動(dòng)詞。）幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語

8、氣If he had come yesterday, I wouldn t havea rmasllialsei.Chad, have 幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣，是助動(dòng)詞，屬于謂語的一部分。）幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many prese nts on her birthday.（他如此愛他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。did只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。）幫助構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)意義的He did come yesterday.（他昨天確實(shí)來過。did起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。 因此可以看

9、出，常見的助動(dòng)詞為do, be, have，它們?yōu)榛局鷦?dòng)詞。一個(gè)詞既可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也可以作助動(dòng)詞，具體是哪一種，主要看它們?cè)诰渲械墓δ?。做”是?shí)義動(dòng)詞。)般疑問句， do是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為 做”，是實(shí)had是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為吃” has had 一起構(gòu)成He does () like () swimmi ng.He does () some washi ng after work.The bridge has( ) been() built( ) now.He was () struck () by a stone.起作謂語。因此，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也稱He did his homework at sev

10、en o(單獨(dú)作I謂語，意為Did he do his homework yesterday? (did 是助動(dòng)詞，幫助構(gòu)成 義動(dòng)詞。)He has had breakfast. (has是助動(dòng)詞，幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 了句子的謂語。)指出下列斜體單詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞還是助動(dòng)詞。Does () he like () swimmi ng?Where does( ) he live ()?He has () had () supper already.I have () bee n ()wait ing() for you all day.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同助動(dòng)詞一樣，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞為情態(tài)

11、助動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同基本助動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別在于，基本助動(dòng)詞本身無意義，而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有自己的意義。 如：He can swim across the river.（can 的詞義為能夠）You must stay at home. （must 詞義為 必須 ）I might leave tomorrow. （ might 的詞義為或許）4. 謂語和非謂語在英語中，一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中只能有一個(gè)謂語，再出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要變成非謂語形式，即:在前面加to構(gòu)成動(dòng) 詞不定式，或在后面加-ing構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞， 或在后面加-ed構(gòu)成過去分詞。也就是說，非謂語是指:動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。先找出句中的謂語

12、，然后改正句中的錯(cuò)誤，并說明原因。Get up early is good for our health.I want go home now.My favorite sport is play football.There is a bird sings in the tree.The boy sits over there likes singing.早起有利于我們的身體健康。我現(xiàn)在想回家。我最喜愛的運(yùn)動(dòng)是踢足球。有一只鳥正在樹上唱歌。坐在那邊的那個(gè)男孩喜歡唱歌。The house was built last year has bee n sold out. 去年建的那座房子已經(jīng)出售了。

13、The girls are singing over there are my classmates.在那邊唱歌的那些女孩是我的同學(xué)。我父母親想讓他努力學(xué)習(xí)。我記得那天看見過他。我看到他跑進(jìn)那座建筑物。My pare nts wan ted him work hard.I remember saw him that day.10. I saw him walked into the buildi ng.5. 主動(dòng)關(guān)系和被動(dòng)關(guān)系 先看下面兩個(gè)題：won derful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. TastedB. Being tastedC.

14、 Tast ingD. Having tastedThe fooddelicious sells well.A. smellsB. smelledC. smelli ngD. is smelli ng一些同學(xué)分別選 A和B。他們說，食物是被品嘗、被聞的，和食物構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以要用過去分詞。這種說法是錯(cuò)誤的。非謂語中的主動(dòng)關(guān)系和被動(dòng)關(guān)系，不是從誰做了這個(gè)動(dòng)作著眼，而是從恢復(fù)成一句話后是“主動(dòng)語態(tài)”還是“被動(dòng)語態(tài)”著眼。主動(dòng)關(guān)系：從邏輯關(guān)系上看，相當(dāng)于主動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.（在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩）從邏輯上講，the boycry,男孩哭，相

15、當(dāng)于主動(dòng)語態(tài)，是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。被動(dòng)關(guān)系：從邏輯關(guān)系上看，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The house built last year is the strongest.（去年建的那座房子）從邏輯上講，the house was built,房子被建，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。在上兩題中，邏輯關(guān)系可以表達(dá)為：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 邏輯上 food和taste、smell是一種主謂關(guān)系，是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，因此填現(xiàn)在分詞。因此，上兩題的答案為 C和C。6. 邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系在判斷是否是賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，一般說，賓語

16、和賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”。一些同學(xué)對(duì)這句話不理解。如：He asked me to lend him some money.他讓我借給他一些錢?！癿e是賓語，“me to lend him some money意為“我借給他一些錢”。從意思上看，這像一句話，“我”是主 語，“借給他一些錢”是謂語部分，但在英語原句中，它們卻不是真正的主謂關(guān)系。因此可以說“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，是指，從意思上看像主謂關(guān)系，而實(shí)際上不是。“to lend him some money是賓語補(bǔ)足語。判斷下列句中畫線部分是否是賓語補(bǔ)足語。（是的填T,不是的填F）He lent me some mon ey.( )

17、The teacher found him cheat ing in the exam.()I want him to come at once.（）He made the boy cry aga in.（）Don t leave the door open at night.（）7. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在我們學(xué)習(xí)語法的過程中，我們可能會(huì)聽說“復(fù)合賓語” 、“動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”和“動(dòng) 詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”。實(shí)際上，這幾個(gè)“復(fù)合”，都有“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”之意。如：He invited us to come to the party.（us 是賓語，to come to the party 是賓語補(bǔ)足語；

18、賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語合在一起稱為復(fù)合賓語。賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。）It s imporlfefor us to learn English well. （it 是形式主語，真正的主語是for us to learn English well?！皍s”是“ to learn English well ”的邏輯主語二者構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。It very kind of you to help me. （of you to help me也是動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。與for somebody to dosomething， you和to help me構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。）Tom s

19、 coming late made our teacher angry.（Tom 遲至U使我們老師生氣。coming 是動(dòng)名詞， Tom s coming late是動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。Tom是comi ng late的邏輯主語，二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。）8. 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化先看 下列三組句中 have、do和be的變化形式I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watch ing TV.You enjoy watchi ng TV.We enjoy watch ing TV. He is sleep ing.I am slee

20、p ing.They are sleep ing.人稱的變化”是指：謂語動(dòng)詞用什么形式，受前面主語是第幾人稱的影響。主語同為單數(shù)（表示一個(gè)人），be在第一人稱I后用am,在you后用are,在he后用is; do和have在一、二人稱后用原形，在第三人稱后 用為 does, has?！皵?shù)”是指“單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)”?！皵?shù)的變化”是指謂語動(dòng)詞用什么形式，還受前面主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)的影響。如果主語是復(fù)數(shù)，be要用are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，be用is, do和have要用does和has。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如：He / I / We can swim.句子成分英語

21、的句子成分主要有六種：即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補(bǔ)）除了這六種主要成分之外，還有 表語”和同位語”的說法。但表語和系動(dòng)詞一起作謂語，因此劃分成分時(shí)，劃分在謂語上。同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同位語，屬于主語或賓語的一部分。劃分句子成分時(shí)的常用符號(hào)1. 英語中劃分句子成分的符號(hào)主語在下面畫直線謂語在下面畫曲線賓語在下面畫雙橫線定語.在下面畫虛線（一行點(diǎn)使我們想到一排釘子，釘諧音為 定語的定）狀語下面為短橫線（短橫線使我們想到短木樁，木樁撞（狀）鐘）補(bǔ)語上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補(bǔ)上面短橫間的空隙）同位語上下雙曲線，（雖都有曲折，上下位置基本相同2

22、. 主語主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體， 一般位于句首， 通常由名詞性的詞來充當(dāng)。 可以作主語的詞性或語法結(jié)構(gòu)：1名詞2代詞3數(shù)詞4名詞化的形容詞(如 the rich) 5不定式6動(dòng)名詞7主語從句等表示。在下面句子的主語下面畫橫線，并說出由什么充當(dāng)。During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.We often speak English in class.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.The rich should help the poor

23、.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 改正下列句中的錯(cuò)誤，并說明原因。One-third of the students in this class are girls.Smoking does harm to the health.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.That he isn t at home is no.t trueHe failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out.That w

24、hy he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is not an option.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.3. 謂語謂語由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：簡(jiǎn)單謂語： 由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如： He practices running

25、every morning.復(fù)合謂語： 由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks.My sister is crying over there.He reads newspapers every day.He has caught a bad cold.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。 系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語。如：We are students.Your idea sounds g

26、reat.4. 表語表語多是形容詞， 用以說明主語的身份、 特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞 (如 be, become, get, look,grow, turn, seem 等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、 副詞及表語從句表示。畫出下列句中的表語，并說明由什么充當(dāng)。Is it yours?The speech is exciting.His job is to teach English.The machine must be under repairsOur teacher of English is an American.The weathe

27、r has turned cold.Three times seven is twenty one.His hobby （愛好） is playing football.The truth is that he has never been abroad.5. 賓語賓語由名詞性的詞充當(dāng)， 表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者， 一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。 賓語分為動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語，分別構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。畫出下列句中的賓語 , 并說明由什么充當(dāng)。They planted many trees yesterday.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have

28、five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.I wanted to buy a car.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think ( that) he is fit for his office.6. 賓語補(bǔ)足英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語和賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說，在意思上，賓語相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語。 帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make 等） +賓語+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分

29、詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。用下畫線畫出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)，同時(shí)體會(huì)賓補(bǔ)和賓語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。His father named him Dongming.They painted their boat white.Let the fresh air in.You mustn t force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city

30、is now.I want your homework done on time.7. 主補(bǔ)對(duì)主語的補(bǔ)充。 含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子在變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)， 賓語作主語時(shí)， 原來的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語補(bǔ)足語。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.8. 定語定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。在英語中，許多情況下，定語是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點(diǎn)與漢語習(xí)慣不同，也是許多同學(xué)

31、不能讀懂長句 的主要原因。副詞用作定語一般要后置。People there are very friendly. （那兒的人們 ）He didn t like the man downstairs. （樓下的那個(gè)人）形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個(gè)形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前，而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist. （我旁邊的那個(gè)人）介詞短語作定語時(shí)要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom. （樹下的那個(gè)男孩）The talle

32、st boy in our class is John. （我們班最高的那個(gè)男孩） 現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式作定語常后置。I have something to say. （ 直譯：我有要說的話 ）The boy crying over there is my classmate. （在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩）The house built last year is impressive. （去年建的那座房子） 口頭翻譯下列句子，用下畫線標(biāo)出定語部分，留意定語的位置，并說明定語是由什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)。The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.We nee

33、d a place twice larger than this one. It s a book worth no more than one dollar.He has money enough to buy a car.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing inThe woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. She carried a basket full of eggs.It s a city far from the coast.The man downstai

34、rs was trying to sleep. our city.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.There are many clothes to be washed.He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.Then the gr

35、eat day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.9. 狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子 , 說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語。He writes carefully. He walks slowly. This material is environmentally friendly. He runs very slowly.Unfortunately, he lost all of his money.（認(rèn)真地寫，慢慢地走，修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞，作狀語 ） 修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語）（修飾副詞 slowly, 因

36、此 very 是副詞，作狀語）修飾整個(gè)句子用副詞，作狀語）T地點(diǎn)T時(shí)間。如:幾個(gè)并列狀語的先后順序：方式T地點(diǎn)T時(shí)間一個(gè)句中有幾個(gè)并列狀語時(shí)，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment. 頻度副詞 often, always, usually, sometimes, never 等在句中的位置 位于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后 , 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。He is often late.You can never tell what he will do.He is always helping others. He