第2章-音位學(xué)

1、精品好資料學(xué)習(xí)推薦第2章音位學(xué)本章要點：1. Speech organs發(fā)音器官2. Distinction, classification and the criteria of description between constants and vowels輔音和元音的區(qū)別、分類及描寫規(guī)則3. Phonemes and allophones音位和音位變體4. Phonological rule and distinctive features 音系規(guī)則和區(qū)別特征5. Syllable structure, stress and intonation音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)、重音和語調(diào)本章考點：語音學(xué)：語音

2、學(xué)的定義；發(fā)音器官的英文名稱；英語輔音的定義、發(fā)音部位、發(fā)音方法和分類；英語元音的定義和分類、基本元音；發(fā)音語音學(xué)；聽覺語音學(xué)；聲學(xué)語音學(xué)；語音標(biāo)記；嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法和寬式標(biāo)音法。音系學(xué)：音系學(xué)的定義；音系學(xué)與語音學(xué)的區(qū)別；音素，音位，音位變體最小對立體，自由變體的定義；自由變體；音位對立分布與互補分布；區(qū)別性特征；超語段音位學(xué)；音節(jié)；重音（詞重音，句子重音）；音高和音調(diào)。本章內(nèi)容索引：1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics語音學(xué) (1)The definition of phonetics (2)Three research fields(3)Or

3、gans of speech(4)Voiceless sounds(5)Voiced sounds(6)Orthographic representations of speech sounds broad and narrow transcriptions(7)Classification of English speech sounds A: Definition B: Classification of English consonantsC: Classification of English vowels3. Phonology (1) Relationship between ph

4、onology and phonetics (2) Phone, phonme (3) Allophone (4) Some rules in phonology A: Sequential rules B: Assimilation rule C: Deletion rule (5) Supra-segmental features: stress, tone, intonation A: stress B: tone C: intonation1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics語音學(xué) (1)The definition of phone

5、tics Phonetics: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of English language. It concerns with the sounds that occur in the world languages.(2)Three research fields三大研究領(lǐng)域考點名詞解釋 A: Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語音學(xué): the study of the production of speech sounds. B:Acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語音學(xué): the study of

6、 physical properties (特征)of speech sounds. C:Perceptual phonetics 感知語音學(xué): refers to the perception of speech sounds.(3)Organs of speech Vocal organs: lungs, trachea(氣管), throat, nose, and mouth. (4) Voiceless sounds清音 The sound produced without causing the vibration of the vocal cords(聲帶).(5) Voiced

7、sounds濁音The sound produced with causing the vibration of the vocal cords(聲帶).(6) Orthographic representations of speech sounds broad and narrow transcriptions語音正字表寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音 A: Broad transcriptions: transcription with the letter symbols only(一般用于詞典和教學(xué)) B: Narrow transcriptions: transcription with lette

8、r-symbolstogether with the diacritics(變音符號). (語言學(xué)家在語言研究中使用) IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet (國際音標(biāo)) 產(chǎn)生于19世紀(jì)末。(7)Classification of English speech sounds語音的分類 A: Definition a: Consonants: sounds are produced by constricting the vocal tractat some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the

9、 flow of air in the oral cavity. b: Vowels: sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air in the oral cavity.B: Classification of English consonants a: in terms of the manners of articulation(發(fā)音方式): Stops(爆破音): pb td kg6 Fricatives(摩擦音): /f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / /

10、 h/ /r/8 Affricatives(塞擦音): /t/ /d/ Liquids(清音): /l/ /r/ Nasals(鼻音): /m,n,/ Glides(滑音): /w j/ b: in terms of place of articulation(發(fā)音部位) bilabials(雙唇音): /p b m w/ labiodentals(唇齒音): /f v/ dentals(齒音): / alveolars(齒齦音): /t d nl r s/6 palatals(腭音): /j t d /5 velars(軟腭音): /k g/ glottal(喉音): /h/C: Class

11、ification of English vowels a: the position of the tone in mouth: front, central, back, b: the openness of the mouth: closed semi-closed semi-open and open.c: the shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded d: the length of the vowels: tense and lax or long and short3. Phonology (1) Relationship betwee

12、n phonology and phonetics Similarity: Both concerned with the speech sounds. Differences: Approach and Focus. Phonetics: general nature, it is interested in all human languages. Phonology: how speech sounds form patterns and how sounds convey meanings.(2) Phone, Phoneme 考點 Phone: It is a basic unit

13、of phonetic study, a minimal sound segment that human speech can produce. But does not necessarily distinguish meaning.Phoneme: It is a basic unit of phonological study. It is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. (3)Allophone: The different realizations of the s

14、ame phoneme in different phonetic environment are called allophones.（同一個音位在不同的語音環(huán)境中的實現(xiàn)方式被稱為音位的音位變體）（1）complementary distribution: when two or more allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments, then the allophones are said to be in complementa

15、ry distribution.(當(dāng)同一個音位的兩個或兩個以上的音位變體不區(qū)別意義，并且出現(xiàn)在不同的語音環(huán)境中，那么他們被稱作處于互補分布)（2）Free variation: 如果兩個音素出現(xiàn)在同一個相同的語音環(huán)境中，并不區(qū)別意義，即用一個音素去替換另一個音素不產(chǎn)生新詞，僅僅產(chǎn)生同一個詞的不同讀音。那么這兩個音素就可被視為自由變體。（3）Phonemic contrast:語音相似的音如果是區(qū)別性音位，那么可以說他們形成了一個音位對立。如“k”和“g”在cut和gut是兩個不同的音位，這兩個詞除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置上的一個音外，其余的音都一樣，因此這兩個詞就構(gòu)成了最小對立體minimalpair

16、s。音位對立指的是能夠造成意義差別的語音差別，比如mate和late，每一個單詞的第一個輔音都能造成音位差別，因此形成音位對立。最小對立體就是兩個對立的音位只有一個語音特征不同，其他語音特征都相同。比如pate和bate中的p和b，都是輔音、都是爆破音、都是雙唇音，但有一點不一樣，前者是清輔音，后者是濁輔音。相反，m和p就不能形成最小對立體，因為它們雖然都是輔音、都是唇音，但至少有兩個語音特征不同：除了清濁不同外，一個是鼻音，一個是爆破音。(4) Some rules in phonology 音位學(xué)的一些規(guī)則 A: the sequential rulesThere are rules to

17、 govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, and these rules are called sequential rules. 某一特定語言的語言模式是受規(guī)則支配的，這就叫做序列規(guī)則。例如：如果一個單詞的以L 開頭，那后面接的必須是元音。B: the assimilation rule同化規(guī)則同化指一個音具有了臨近音的一部分或者全部特征的這一過程，包括鼻化，齒化，鄂化。同化規(guī)則通過“拷貝”序列音位的一個特征來將一個音同化為另一個，從而使兩個音相似。相鄰近的同化多半是由發(fā)音或者生理過程引起的。我們說話時，傾向于增加

18、發(fā)音的舒適度，這種懶惰的傾向可能會被規(guī)律化，作為語言的規(guī)則。例如：I: 在bean green team單詞中，I:會被鼻音化。C: deletion rule 省略規(guī)則省略規(guī)則告訴我們在什么時候省略一個語音，雖然這個音在正字法上是仍有體現(xiàn)。例如：g 在單詞sign，design中是不發(fā)音的，但在完整的signature 和designation中的g是發(fā)音的。(5). supra-segmental features: stress, tone and intonation超切分特征：重音，音調(diào)，語調(diào) A: 單詞和句子的重音，重音可以區(qū)分意義。digest n. 摘要 digest v. 消化Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. B: 音調(diào)是由聲帶vocal cord的不同震動引起的。 C: 語調(diào)涉及出現(xiàn)的升降模式，每個模式都應(yīng)用于相對一致的意義。注意點：1. Speech is more basic than writing的原因：A: linguistic evolutio