旅游是羅馬尼亞區(qū)域發(fā)展的重要經(jīng)濟因素【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目：tourism economic growth factor and essential element in regional development of romania 出 處：metode statistice aplicate n analiza turismului rural, tez de doctorat, 2009 作 者： adrian liviu scutariu 原文：tourism economic growth factor and essential element in regional development of romani

2、a adrian liviu scutariuabstract this paper aims to emphasize some aspects concerning the evolution of the tourism and its role in economic growth and regional development. the first part presents a conceptual delimitation of tourism, and the next parts are focused on the link of tourism with economi

3、c growth and regional development. we also present the organizational frame of the regional development policy and the role of tourism in this policy objectives achievement, and the final part brings some conclusions and some future development directions of tourism in romania.1. introduction the to

4、urism became at present time one of the most important industries in the world, having an outstanding place in most of national economies. the spectacular increase of this activity, in terms of volume, but also from the incomes point of view, as well as its importance as exporting branch, lead us in

5、 making the incursion that follows, with the purpose of emphasize the role of tourism in the economic growth and regional development.2.tourism short conceptual delimitations the appearance of the tourism as an economic-organizatoric activity, at national level, took place in the second half of the

6、twenty century, in the same time with the inclusion in the services (tertiary) sector of some new branches of national economies, generally called tourist industry. the new economic theory of tourism recognized the link between tourism and economic development of a country, the tourism being treated

7、 in a complex way, not only as recreational trip, but together with all the economic link that creates. so, at the present moment, this notion includes a whole industry, component of the services industry, which contributes at the tourist demands satisfaction, respectively: hotels, transports, enter

8、tainment.there were several different definitions given for tourism during the twenty century, but we will focus on some present approaches, accepted by most of the specialists of the field.the tourism can be shortly defined as being minciu, baron, neacu, 1991, 1993 an economic-social phenomenon spe

9、cific for the modern civilization, strongly anchored in the life of the society and influenced by its evolution, with a high dynamism and having large social segments as target. it involves a large human capital and influences the evolution of the economy and society.so, one can notice, that, in the

10、 tourism definition, appeared more and more elements referring to the industry that handles the tourist need satisfaction, fact also revealed by the little encyclopedic dictionary, which considers tourism as “a side of the tertiary sector of the economy, where the goal of the provided activity is th

11、e organization and ongoing of entertainment trips, or of persons travels at various congresses and meetings, including all the necessary activities for the consuming and services needs satisfaction of the customers.in order to clarify the aspects regarding the tourist phenomenon definition, one can

12、use the inductive method in order to get to a most possible comprehensive definition, aiming to retain the main elements that are characteristic for the tourist activity neacu, baron, snak, 2006, 21: travel of the persons during their trip; the stay in a settlement out of their domicile (permanent r

13、esidence) of the person that travels; the stay have a limited period; the stay doesnt become a definitive residence.continuing the anterior ideas, we will mention a definition variant, that includes the business travels, too, proposed by the professor dr. claude kaspar (the president of the internat

14、ional association of the scientific experts in tourism (a.i.e.s.t.): “the tourism is an ensemble of relations and facts constituted from the travel and the stay of the persons for which the place of stay is not their home and not the principal place of their professional activity”.considering the ro

15、le and the economic-social importance of the intern (national) tourism, the world tourism organization (wto) elaborated a definition of the national tourism, so we can consider national tourist any person which visits a place that is not his/her usual residence, situated inside his/her residence cou

16、ntry and having a different purpose that a remunerated activity and with a staying of at least one night .3.the place and role of tourism in the economytourism, as an important element of the tertiary sector and industry with huge potential, has an increasingly role in the economy of a country, bein

17、g a factor which the economic growth is based on. by economic growth we mean a complex process involving the entire economic system, which is determined by the results of economic activity and is considered the only factor that ensures the economic success in the long term of each state. the tertiar

18、y or services sector has become prevalent in the postwar period, its role becomes more important, diversifying its activities in terms of content, taking different forms of expression, which have expanded and diversified ways of achieving social product, thus becoming a significant component of the

19、reproduction mechanism. in developed countries this sector weightings are high.the services sector, as any other sector, experienced a development from early forms of the basic activities up to actual structures, which are characterized by a maximum utility for individuals and society. tourism, as e

20、conomic activity, includes various services that derive from the basic ones: information, placement of tourist travels, accommodation, food selling, offering treatments, as well as leisure and entertainment.tourist offer increased both quantitatively and qualitatively, giving rise to a genuine indus

21、try of tourism, which requires the consideration of the tourism phenomenon as a growing distinct branch of the national economy, component of the tertiary sector. separate treatment come from the complexity and specific nature compared to traditional branches of an economy. however, tourism is in cl

22、ose connection with the development of other sectors, being a consequence branch. as socio-economic changes in the contemporary era have created and developed tourism, this in turn bringing by default a specific demand for goods and services necessary to consolidate tourism product, it stimulates so

23、me productive sectors such as: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, trade, communications, culture, healthcare, etc.from the expenditures of the tourist-consumer of goods and services, which turns into money for the economic units of tourism industry (transport, accommodation, food, recre

24、ation, treatment etc.), some goes directly to those units as profits and cash funds for pay their workers, some goes to the state budget as taxes, fees, and another part reach other branches of the economy as payment for goods delivered and services rendered by them for the needs of tourism industry

25、. considering tourist products consumed by foreign visitors during their stay, international tourism will appear as a form of invisible export, with advantages such as the duty free sale of products to foreign tourists into the country. therefore, tourism has often a higher labor efficiency than cla

26、ssical export of goods, and some of them, consumed by tourists during the stay, nor would be subject of classic export because of being perish, of their costs of transport or other prohibitive measures. due to the economic advantage of international tourism, many developing countries have taken step

27、s to develop their tourism industry, this form of invisible trade in the economy could bring large quantities of currency. some statistical data come to support the previous statements. the spectacular development of tourism in the last period can be observed also from the fact that the total number

28、 of tourists traveling abroad have increased from 1995 to 2008, becoming almost twice (figure no.1). source: o.m.t., unwto world tourism barometer, volume 7, no.1, january 2009 figure no.1. international tourist arrivals (millions)the exemplification of the tourism place may also come from the fact

29、that in the e.u. member states about 20 million people are directly or indirectly involved in tourism, the share of it in the creation of gross domestic product of these countries being on average of about 4% postelnicu, 1997 , 53.6. the role of tourism in the regional development objectives achieve

30、ment the regional development policy main objective is to reduce the economic and social disparities that exists between the various regions of europe.several of the regional development policies objectives can be achieved by boosting a field of activity that has some undisputed aces: the tourism. i

31、n this part of the paper, we in tend to succinctly design some arguments for the ideas formerly expressed concerning the role of tourism in the regional development.the sustainable regional development must necessarily correlate and integrate the romanian tourism, between the other components of the

32、 local economy, taking also into account that this clean industry does not affect the environment, and, generally, does not requires big investments. a good sustainable development project, included in a regional development program, supposes the less investments costs in this activity, the more har

33、moniously the integration is made. the tourism can become an important component of the economy, which could cause important changes in territorial profile, contributing at economic and social development of some regions less developed.the tourism can contribute more than other sectors at the achiev

34、ement of some larger objectives, established by governments as priorities in the general interest of the citizens: fighting against poverty, life conditions improvement, currency receipts increasing, the intensification of the links between countries and even political purposes.the general objective

35、 of the regional development policy, reducing existing regional imbalances, with emphasis on balanced growth and revitalization of disadvantaged areas can be reached also by stimulating the areas with tourist potential, for which the tourism would represent one of the less possibilities of standard

36、of living and development increase (especially in the rural areas). the development of the tourism by the capitalization of the existing potential can lead also to the achievement of one of the erdf objectives. the erdf financing explicitly supports the tourism development and the investments in the

37、 cultural patrimony, including its protection and the natural ones, with the condition of creating labor places.7. conclusionsin the actual period, the tourism became an outstanding element of the tertiary sector, having an important role in the economy of a country and being one of the factors that

38、 contribute at the economic growth. as we presented, the tourism had an extraordinary development all over the world, the number of tourists being twice as much than 15 years ago, and the incomes from tourism increased considerably. its effects can be noticed in the development of its good and servi

39、ces suppliers branches, the whole economy of the zone being stimulated in this way, through the so-called multiplier effect. at the tourism stimulation, as branch that doesnt need important investments and dont affect environment, the development policies can successfully contribute. after a general

40、 presentation of the regional development coordinates in romania, we designed some development possibilities for the tourism with the help of the founds that can be accessed through this policy. in romania there is an important potential for the tourism development. there are several causes for whic

41、h the tourist activity level is not as high as the existing potential, such as: infrastructure low developed or the low quality of the services. by accessing these founds, several of the deficient aspects can be improved. the sums are considerable, but it is necessary to increase the absorption capa

42、city for the available founds.譯 文：旅游是羅馬尼亞區(qū)域發(fā)展的重要經(jīng)濟因素摘要本文旨在強調(diào)一些因素對旅游業(yè)發(fā)展演變的影響和旅游業(yè)在經(jīng)濟增長、區(qū)域發(fā)展中的作用。第一部分，簡要的介紹旅游業(yè)的概念。然后，接下來重點闡述旅游業(yè)與經(jīng)濟增長以及區(qū)域發(fā)展之間的聯(lián)系。我們也將介紹區(qū)域發(fā)展政策的組織目標和旅游業(yè)在實現(xiàn)這些政策目標中的作用。最后部分得出結(jié)論并給出一些羅馬尼亞旅游業(yè)未來的發(fā)展方向。一、引言如今，旅游業(yè)成為世界上最重要的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一，在很多國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中有著顯著的地位。旅游業(yè)在數(shù)量上、收入上都有劇烈的增加，并成為重要的出口部門。這讓我們做如下的研究，目的是強調(diào)旅游業(yè)在經(jīng)濟增

43、長和區(qū)域發(fā)展中地位和作用。二、旅游業(yè)概念簡介20世紀下半葉，旅游作為國家層面的經(jīng)濟組織活動出現(xiàn)，同時包括國民經(jīng)濟中一些新的分支的服務(wù)部門統(tǒng)稱旅游業(yè)。關(guān)于旅游業(yè)的新經(jīng)濟理論認為，旅游業(yè)和一個國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展存在聯(lián)系。旅游業(yè)被認為是一種復雜的產(chǎn)業(yè)，它不是只有休閑一個部門，還聯(lián)系著其他所有與之有關(guān)的經(jīng)濟部門。因此，現(xiàn)在旅游業(yè)的這一概念包含了整個行業(yè)，包括那些為滿足旅客需求的服務(wù)部門，分別有：住宿、交通、娛樂等。20世紀，關(guān)于旅游業(yè)有幾種不同的定義，我們集中介紹目前最被該領(lǐng)域?qū)＜宜邮艿囊恍┒x。旅游業(yè)可以被簡短的定義為一種社會經(jīng)濟現(xiàn)象尤其是對現(xiàn)代文明來講，其演變過程對社會生活有著重大的影響。旅游業(yè)具有

44、高度的活力和眾多的目標群體。它涉及大量的人力資本，并關(guān)系到經(jīng)濟和社會的發(fā)展minciu, baron, neacu, 1991, 1993。因此，人們可以注意到，在對旅游業(yè)進行定義時，越來越多的理論研究把重點放在處理游客的滿意程度上。小百科詞典也揭示了這個事實，它是這樣解釋旅游業(yè)的：“第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的一部分，提供活動的目標，是組織和持續(xù)一項娛樂，或者是各種私人的論壇、會議為目的的旅行，包括為滿足消費者所有消費和服務(wù)的需要的活動?！睘榱伺逵嘘P(guān)旅游現(xiàn)象的定義，我們可以使用綜合歸納法，以獲得一個最合適的定義，旨在保留反應(yīng)旅游活動性質(zhì)的主要內(nèi)容如下neacu, baron, snak, 2006, 21：

45、l 旅行途中的人l 離開居住地在外逗留l 停留時間有限l 沒有明確住處的停留claude kaspar教授提出旅游還包括商務(wù)出行，這一定義是對前面觀點的延續(xù)。他在（a.i.e.s.t）中寫道：“旅游業(yè)是人們旅行和住宿的整合，他們所停留居住的地方既不是他們的家也不是他們從事專業(yè)活動的場所?！?考慮到國際旅游對國家社會經(jīng)濟的重要性，世界旅游組織對國際旅游進行了詳細的定義，人們?yōu)榱诵蓍e、商務(wù)或其它目的離開他她們慣常住宿，到另一個國家并逗留在那里這少超過一晚上。三、 旅游業(yè)在經(jīng)濟中的地位和作用旅游業(yè)，做為第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的重要組成部分，具有巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。它在國家?jīng)濟發(fā)展中的作用日益增強，成為經(jīng)濟增長的一個重

46、要因素。我們認為所謂的“經(jīng)濟增長”是整個經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)中的一個復雜過程，這是由經(jīng)濟活動決定的，并被認為是確保每個國家經(jīng)濟長期成功的唯一因素。經(jīng)濟增長是宏觀經(jīng)濟長期持續(xù)增長的結(jié)果。宏觀經(jīng)濟增長包括國民生產(chǎn)總值，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和國民生產(chǎn)凈額，加上生產(chǎn)要素的使用效率和人均總值的增長，其中也包括經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整。二戰(zhàn)后，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，其作用也越來越重要。第三產(chǎn)業(yè)為實現(xiàn)社會產(chǎn)出的內(nèi)容和形式也愈發(fā)的多種多樣，因此成為再生產(chǎn)機制的重要組成部分。在發(fā)達國家第三產(chǎn)業(yè)這一部門的比重已經(jīng)很高。服務(wù)部門也像其他部門一樣，經(jīng)歷了從早期的基本活動發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在的復雜結(jié)構(gòu)。服務(wù)部門對私人和社會都具有最大效用。 旅游作為經(jīng)濟活動，主要包括以下一些服務(wù)：提供旅游信息，旅游行程安排，住宿，餐飲，休閑和娛樂。旅游服務(wù)在數(shù)量和質(zhì)量上的增加，便出現(xiàn)了真正的旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)。旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)被認為是國民經(jīng)濟的分支，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的組成部分。相對于經(jīng)濟體系中一些傳統(tǒng)的復雜具體的分支，旅游業(yè)又有所