句子成分和非謂語動詞

1、句子成分：主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語一、主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié) 構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動 詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主 語從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）We ofte n sp eak En glish in class.（ 代詞）One-third of the students in thi

2、s class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（ 不定式短語）Smoki ng does harm to the health.（ 動名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（ 主語 從句）It is necessary to master a foreign Ianguage. （it 作形式主語，真正的主語為 后面的不定式）It is rep

3、orted that 5000 people were killed in the earthquake. （it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的主語從句）二、謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂 語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：He p ractices running every morni ng.（動詞或動詞短語）You may keep the book for two weeks. （情態(tài)動詞 +V 原）He has caught a bad cold. （助動詞 +V）We are stude nts.（系動詞 + 表語）三、表語：表語用以說明主語的身

4、份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：Our teacher of En glish is an American.（ 名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（ 形容詞）The speech is exciting.（ 分詞）Three times seve n is twenty one?（ 數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（ 不

5、定式）His hobby （愛好）is playing football.（動名詞）The mach ine must be out of order.（ 介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（ 畐J詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）四、賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。They went to see an exhibition（ 展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain p reve nted me from coming to schoo

6、l on time.（ 代詞）How many dict ion aries do you have? I have five.（ 數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（ 不定式短語）I enjoy listening to popular music.（ 動名詞短語）I think （that） he is not suitable for this post.（賓語從句）（雙賓語）（復(fù)合賓語）Lend me（間接賓語）your dietionary（

7、直接賓語）,please.They elected him（ 賓語）their monitor（賓補(bǔ)）.五、賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個 賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般是某些及物動詞（如see /watch/ observe/ no tice/ hear/ feel/ make/ find/ n ame/ call/ elect/ have/ get /leave/ keep等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）和 with+賓語+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副 詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。His father n amed him Dongmin

8、g.（ 名詞）They pain ted their boat white.（ 形容詞）Let the fresh air in（畐H詞）You must nt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（ 現(xiàn)在分詞）I have to have my hair cut.（過去分詞）We found everyth ing in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（ 從句）六、

9、定語：修飾名詞或代詞。Guilin is a beautifuLcity.（ 形容詞）Chi na is a developing coun try; America is a developed cou ntry.（ 分詞）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（ 名詞）His rapid p rogress in En glish made us surp rised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to get to the school.（ 不定式短語）The teaching pla n f

10、or n ext term has bee n worked out.（ 動名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（ 介詞短語）The buildi ng being rep aired is our library.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語）The buildi ng comp leted last mon th is our library.（過去分詞短語）The n ews that you told me yesterday is really excit ing.（從句）七、狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作

11、或狀態(tài)特征的句子 成分.Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（ 介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the n ati onal college entrance exam in ati on.（不定式短語）He is in the room, making a model plan e.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you beg in, you must continu e.（ 狀語從句）狀語種類如下：How about

12、 meeting again at six?（ 時間狀語）Last ni ght she did nt go to the dance p arty because of the rain.（_ 原因狀語）I shall go there if it does nt rain.（ 條件狀語）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（ 地點(diǎn)狀語）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dicti onary in her han d.（伴隨狀語）In order

13、 to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（ 目 的狀語）He was so tired that he fell aslee p immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）She works very hard though she is old.（ 讓步狀語）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）八、同位語：解釋說明前面另一個名詞或代詞Im Li Hua, president of Stude nts Union of our uni versity. （名詞短語）（名詞短語）Mr Smith, our new teac

14、her, is very kind to us.（名詞短語）We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.The n ews that he p assed the driv ing test sur prised us.（從句）不定式（do/to do ）非謂語動詞 分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞doing,過去分詞done）I動名詞（doing）1. 不定式作狀語功能用法原因狀語多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、樂等的形容詞后目的狀語可與 so as to/in order to 替換，但so as to般不可置于句首結(jié)果狀語常表示意想不到的結(jié)果，常用only to do

15、I was satisfied to hear the news.（ 原因狀語）To meet the movie star I got up very early.（ 目 的狀語）I rushed to school only to find nobody was there.（ 結(jié)果狀語）as to.;不定式表結(jié)果的固定結(jié)構(gòu)：only /just to. . . ; too. . . to. . . ; so/such .eno ugh（for sb. ）to.He was too scared to say a word.The girl was so kind as to hel p

16、the old man off the bus.I m not such a fool as to believe that.I was lucky eno ugh to be empio yed（ 雇傭）as a secretary（秘書）.2. 分詞作狀語功能用法現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，用來表時間、 條件、原因、伴隨、結(jié)果等現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與句子主 語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動關(guān)系， 且含有進(jìn)行之意過去分詞作狀語，用來表時間、 條件、原因、伴隨等過去分詞所表示的動作與句子主 語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系, 且含有完成之意源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)的部分過去分詞作 狀語,不表示被動關(guān)系，表示句子 主語所處的一種狀態(tài)常

17、見的有：seated（坐在hidden（躲藏于）、located（位于）buried in（埋頭于專心于、devoted to（奉獻(xiàn)于）、lost/absorbed in（ 全神貫 注于，沉浸于 ）、born in（出 身于）、dressed in（穿著）、tired of（厭煩了）、faced with （面 臨）、addicted to（沉溺于）、occupied in（忙于 ）accustomed to（習(xí)慣于）等）、Heari ng (hear) the good n ews, he jumped with great joy.Not knowing (k now) what to d

18、o, I had to wait here.The girls came in, following (follow) their parents.The teacher came in, followed (follow) by some students.Seen (see) from the hill, the city looks like a garde n.Seeing (see) from the hill, we can enjoy the view of the city.Give n (give) more atte nti on, the childre n could

19、have grow n better.Absorbed (absorb) in readi ng, we all did nt hear the sound.Having driven (drive) all day, we were rather tired.用法功能【點(diǎn)津】把握分詞與句子邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系，區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與過 去分詞;不定式作結(jié)果狀語為主觀上意想不到的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在分詞作 結(jié)果狀語為客觀上、順其自然而產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果；The poor old man died, leav ing no thi ng to his childre n. 準(zhǔn)確理解形容詞化的過去分詞作狀語的用法 如果分詞的

20、動作和句子主語之間是主動關(guān)系，同時分詞動作發(fā)生在 謂語動詞之前時， 則用完成式having done。Not hav ing fini shed her work in time, she was fired by her boss. 分詞短語作狀語時，通常與主句中的主語在邏輯上一致，但有時 它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié) 構(gòu)。Her father being ill (Because her father was ill), she had to stay at home to look after him.Weather p ermitti ng (=lf wea

21、ther p ermits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.3. 有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影 響。常見的有：gen erally sp eak ing般來說fran kly sp eaki ng坦白地說judg ing from/by.根據(jù)來判斷con sideri ng. . . /taki ng. . . into con siderati on考慮到to tell (you) the truth說實話to be honest老實說supposing / supp ose that假設(shè),如果定語形式功能1.現(xiàn)在分詞般式d

22、oing表示動作是主動進(jìn)仃的仃為或者正在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中2.現(xiàn)在分詞 般式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)being done表示動作是被動行為且正在進(jìn)行 當(dāng)中3.過去分詞般式done表示動作是被動兀成的仃為或者單純表示已經(jīng)完成4.動詞不定式to do表示將要發(fā)生的動作5.動詞不定式般式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)to be done表示將要被做的動作assu ming that 假使pro vided/pro vid ing that.如果考點(diǎn)2非謂語動詞作定語 1. The boy sitting by the window is Tom.2. The matter being discussed now is of great imp

23、 orta nee.3. So far no body has claimed （ 認(rèn)領(lǐng)）the money discovered in the library.4. There is no thi ng to worry aboutP lease give me a knife to cut withShe is now look ing for a room to live in 5. The con fere nee to be held next year is about global en vir onment.【點(diǎn)津】準(zhǔn)確判定非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系還是 被動關(guān)系；準(zhǔn)

24、確判定非謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，即是正在 進(jìn)行或已經(jīng)完成還是將要發(fā)生。考點(diǎn)3非謂語動詞作補(bǔ)語1. 在看、聽、感覺”的感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel等后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語常見的有三種非謂語動詞形式（do/doing/done）。do表主動和完成（被動句中要加to）, doing表主動 或正在進(jìn)行，done表被動或完成。He is ofte n heard to sing the song.The missi ng boy was last see n playing n ear the river.They once heard the

25、 song sung in English.2.動詞make, have, get, leave, keep, find后可接非謂語動詞形式作補(bǔ)語。即動詞+賓語+賓補(bǔ)To make himself heard by the students at the back of the classroom, he sp oke as loudly as he could.Paul doesn have to be made to learn. He always works hard.I What made him so frightened?f have sb. do sth.讓某人做某事處于某種h

26、ave sb./sth. doi ng讓某人或某物一直做某事（使?fàn)顟B(tài)）I have sth. done/ get sth. done請人做某事；主語遭遇到某事Peter had the compu ter fixed, because he does nknow muchabout compu ters.We had the fire burning all day.我們讓火燃燒了一整天。Don forget to have Mr. Brow n come to our party.get sb. to do sth.get sth.d one.Can you get us to do the

27、 exp erime nt?I must get my bike rep aired.leave sth.d one.使某人/某物處于某種狀態(tài)leave sb./sth.do ing sth.He hurried to school, leav ing the breakfast un touched.Don leave her waiting outside in the rain.keep sb./sth. doing 讓某人 /某物一直kee p sb./sth. don e(adj.)Im sorry to have ke pt you waiting. 不好意思讓你久等了。Lucy

28、has a great sense of humor and always kee ps her friends amused with her stories.” She found a wallet lying on the ground.They found the street lined with people. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)大街兩側(cè)站著人。3.固定短語,女口 advise/ ask/ tell/ order/ force/ allow/ encourage/ request/ would like/ want/ require/ warn sb. to do sth. 等。4. wit

29、h復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)常用形式：sb./sth. doing（表主動且進(jìn)行，或表特征）with sth. done（表被動且完成，或表狀態(tài)）sth. to do（表將來）Joh n received an in vitati on to dinn er, and with his work fini shed, he gladly acce pted it.With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected pr eside nt is hav ing a hard time.With the little boy leading t

30、he way, we had no difficulty finding the village.【點(diǎn)津】注意作補(bǔ)足語的三種非謂語動詞形式to do, doi ng,done之間的區(qū)別，把握動作是主動、被動還是進(jìn)行。具體分析作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞與邏輯主語即句子賓語之間的邏 輯關(guān)系，再結(jié)合動作發(fā)生的時間（未發(fā)生、正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生）來 選擇合適的形式。考點(diǎn)4非謂語動詞作賓語非謂語動詞中能作賓語的有動名詞和不定式1.只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞和短語：suggest, imagine （想象）， mind （介意），admit （承認(rèn)），resist （抵制）practice, allow, advis

31、e, risk （冒險），keep, avoid （避免），escape （逃脫）， enjoy, consider （考慮），appreciate（感激），excuse （原諒）， finish, miss （錯過）,give up dong sth.（放棄），be worth doing（值 得做某事）,delay doing sth.（延遲），put off doing sth.（推遲）， deny doing （否認(rèn)），insist on doing sth.（堅持），keep on doing sth.（不斷做某事），look forward to doing sth., feel

32、like doing sth.（想做做事），get dow n to doi ng sth.,（著手做某事）object todoing sth.（反對做某事），can heIp doing sth., can stand doing, lead to doing, have trouble/difficulty in doing sth.（做某事有困難）,be fond of 等。2. 只能跟不定式作賓語的動詞：afford, wish, hope, decide, refuse, pro mise, p rete nd, man age, plan, fail, choose, would

33、 like, want, exp ect, lear n, offer, agree 等3.既可用動名詞作賓語、又可跟不定式作賓語的動詞和短語 like, love, dislike, hate, p refer, beg in, start, con ti nue后面接doing或to do都行，意思無太大差別。表示一種傾向用 doing，表 示某一特定的或具體的行為用to do.remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, mean, try 后面接 to do 或doing意思不同。forget to do sth.忘記要去做某事 （此事未做）forget

34、 doing sth. 忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.I forgot givi ng it to you yesterday.stop to do sth. 停下來去做某事 （另外一件事）stop doi ng sth.停止做某事 （正在做的事）He stopped to liste n to her talki ng.It has stopped raining.r remember to do sth.記住去做某事（未做）I remember doing sth. 記得做過某事（已做）Reme

35、mber to turn off the lights before you go to bed.I remember see ing her once somewhere.regret to do sth.對將要做的事抱歉/感到遺憾（常跟 say, tell, inform 等）I regret doi ng sth.對做過的事后悔We regret to inform you that your app licati on has not bee n successful.我很遺憾地告知你你的申請沒有成功。try to do sth.設(shè)法做某事try doing sth.嘗試做某事We m

36、ust try to get everyth ing done.He tried cha nging his un healthy lifestyle.mea n to do sth. 打算做某事mean doing sth. 意味著I had mea nt to go on Mon day.That will mea n floodi ng some farmla nd.go on to do sth.繼續(xù)做某事（去做另外一件事）I go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做（原來沒有做完的事）After they read the text, the stude nts went on to

37、do the exercises.After hav ing a rest, I went on doing my homework.4. it作形式賓語，代替真正作賓語的動詞不定式或動名詞。I think it. imp ortant to lear n En glish well.5.有些動詞(teach, decide, wonder, show, learn, forget, know,ask等)后可以接 疑問詞+不定式”Yao Ming lear nt how to p lay basketball whe n he was young.We haven decided where

38、to go this weekend.考點(diǎn)5非謂語動詞作主語、表語或其他 1.非謂語動詞中能作主語的有動名詞和不定式。（1）動名詞作主語表示一般的、抽象的或習(xí)慣性動作，不定式作主 語表示具體的、一次性的或尚未做的動作。（2）it作形式主語，代替真正作主語的動詞不定式或動名詞。常見句 型有:It is+ adj./ n. +to do sth. It takes sb. some time to do sth. It is no use/good + doing sth.（做某事沒有用/沒有好處）等。2.非謂語動詞中能作表語的有現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞和不 定式。注意現(xiàn)在分詞作表語意為 令人感

39、到的”而過去分詞作表 語意為本身感到的”。My job is to teach En glish.His hobby is playing basketball.The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night.3.動詞不定式在but （表“除了”）后面時，如果前面謂語動詞 有行為動詞do的各種形式時，后面不定式不帶to.否則要帶to.He could do nothing but cry.What can you do but take back what you said?除了收回你的話外，你還能做什么?幾個含but的句型:

40、can he Ip but do sth. 只能做某事，不得不做When a close frie nd dies, we can he Ip but feel sad.（ 不能不難過）can choose but do sth. 只能做某事I can choose but obey.我無從選擇只能服從。have no choice but to do sth. 除了做夕卜別無選擇She had no choice but to wait.非謂語形式習(xí)題1. (2014 天津高考)Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and trie

41、d it on, only (find)it didn t fit.2. (2014 福建高考)(spend)the past year as anexcha nge stude nt in Hong Kong, Linda app ears more mature tha n those of her age.3. (2014 湖南高考)(free)ourselves from the physical a ndmental tensions, we each n eed dee p thought and inner quiet ness.4. (2014 天津高考)Clearly and

42、 thoughtfully(write), thebook inspires con fide nee in stude nts who wish to seek their own an swers.Good idea.5. (2014 四川高考)一I hope to take the computer course.(fin d)out more about it, visit this website.6. (2014 重慶高考)Group activities will be organized after class (he Ip) childre n devel op team s

43、p irit.7. (2012 四川高考)Tom took a taxi to the airport, only (fin d)his plane high up in the sky.8. (2014 山東高考)There s a note pinned to the door (say)whe n the shop will open aga in.9. (2014 北京高考)There are still many problems(solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.10. (2014 大綱版全國卷)Today

44、 there are more airplanes (carry)more people tha n ever before in the skies.11. (2014 浙江高考)Ann ie Salm on, disabled, is atte nded throughout her school days by a nurse(appoin t)toguard her.12. (2014 北京高考)Last night, there were millions of peopie (watch)the opening cere mony live on TV.13. (2014 重慶高考

45、)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras(return)to our sho p for quality p roblems.14. (2013 遼寧高考)Laura was away in Paris for over a week.Whe n she got home, there was a p ile of mail(wait)forher.15. (2013 天津高考)ln some Ianguages, 100 words make up half of all words(use)i n daily conv ers

46、ati ons.16. (2013 陜西高考)The witnesses(question)by thep olice just now gave very differe nt descri pti ons of the fight.17.(2014 江西高考)He is thought (act)foolishly. Now he hasno one but himself to blame for los ing the job.18. (2014 四川高考)The manager was satisfied to see many new p roducts(devel op )aft

47、er great effort.(un dersta nd)(block)with19. (2013 陜西高考 兒et those in need that we will go all out to hel p them.20. (2013 北京高考)When we saw the road _ snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.21. (2012 遼寧高考)The old coupie often take a walk after supper in the park with their p et dog(follow)them

48、.22. (2014 陜西高考)It s quite hot today. Do you feel like (go)for a swim?23. (2014 新課標(biāo)全國卷 n )One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about(be)late for school.24. (2014 北京高考)The film star wears sun glasses. Therefore, hecan go shopping without(recog ni ze).25. (2014 遼寧高考)Keep(hold)your posit

49、ion for a while.It helps devel op your stre ngth and flexibility.26. (2014 江西高考)When it comes to no one can match him.(speak)in public,27. (2013 上海高考)Young peopie may risk are exposed to very loud music every day.(go) deaf if they28. (2013 江蘇高考)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and (

50、reduce)to ruins, the city took ona new look.29. (2012 安徽高考)I remembered(lock)the door before Ileft the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.30.(2014 福建高考)For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying (connect).31. (2014 廣東高考)We got a little(sunburn), but the day had been so reiaxing that we didnt min32. (2014 湖南高考)(understand)your own needsand styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.33. (2014 新課標(biāo)全國卷 I )lt