八種時(shí)態(tài)淺講

1、一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)( simple present tense)1.形式 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常用動(dòng)詞原形來表示。be動(dòng)詞用am、is、are。主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)動(dòng)詞的變化規(guī)律： 一般動(dòng)詞后加-s；以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾，加-es；以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾，一般加-es；輔音字母加y結(jié)尾，變y為i加-es。2用法 a. 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)階段的習(xí)慣性行為，常與時(shí)間狀語often， usually，always，every day，sometimes， seldom，never等連用。 I never do my homework in the evening.Sometimes we play foot

2、ball on the playground.He seldom listens to music. b. 表示現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)或狀態(tài)。 China is a developing country.I like English very much. c. 表示格言，科學(xué)事實(shí)和客觀真理。 Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái)　?All things are difficult before they are easy. 凡事總是由難而易。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中國東部。The teacher told us yesterd

3、ay that December 25 is Christmas Day.3.句式肯定 否定 疑問 回答He likes eggs. He doesnt like eggs. Does he like eggs? Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.I want an apple. I dont want an apple. Do you want an apple? Yes,I do./No,I dont.4.做題時(shí)常見錯(cuò)誤如下：一、be動(dòng)詞與行為動(dòng)詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句子中例：We are plant (plant) the trees in spring.二、單三人稱形式易出錯(cuò)例

4、：1. He plaies (play) football very well. 2. Danny gos (go) to school at 7：10.三、在句式變換時(shí)易出錯(cuò)例：1. Does Jenny has (has) a good friend? 2. Brian doesnt lives (not live) in China.四、對(duì)do的理解易出錯(cuò)例：We dont (not do) our homework in the afternoon.五、對(duì)主語的數(shù)判斷有誤例： Li Ming with me are (be) in Beijing. 另外，賓語從句中，從句部分若是表示客

5、觀真理，不管主句是何時(shí)態(tài)，從句都要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，主句表將來，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。5.中考真題及模擬（2009東城區(qū)一模）Mary_ the piano well. She is often asked to play at the concert. A. play B. plays C. playing D. played(2009海淀區(qū)一模）My mother will take me to the movie if she _ free this weekend. A. is B. will be C. was D. would be(2009崇文區(qū)一模)The g

6、irls will have a trip if it _fine.A. is B. was C. will be D. has been(2008北京)Hell send us a message as soon as he _ in Sichuan.A. is arriving B. will arrive C. arrived D. arrives（2007武漢）What do you do?Im an engineer. I _ in a company in Wuhan. I like my job very much.A. work B. had worked C. will wo

7、rk D. worked(2006武漢)Is your father a doctor? Yes, he is. He_ in Town Hospital. A. has worked B. had worked C. works D. worked(2006陜西)Every year many foreigners _to China to learn Chinese.A. have come B. comes C. came D. come二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)( present continuous tense)1構(gòu)成 be（am/is/are）+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞2用法 a. 表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)

8、生的動(dòng)作。He is eating an ice cream.他正在吃冰激凌。Lets wait. The children are crossing the street. b. 表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)期內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（說話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行）。We are working on a farm these days? 這些天我們?cè)谝粋€(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)干活。 c. 表示位置移動(dòng)或趨向的詞，如go，come, start，leave, arrive, move等常用進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來。 He is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. Im coming! Whats the sco

9、re now? 我就來！現(xiàn)在比分是多少？We are moving to a big house next month. 下個(gè)月我們將搬到一所大房子里。d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。 You are always changing your mind.3.現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則1）一般情況， 在動(dòng)詞后加ing，例詞work-working，study-studying，go-going2）以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，去e再加-ing，例詞have-having，live-living，take-taki

10、ng3）重讀閉音節(jié)，只有一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾，雙寫該輔音字母，再加-ing，例詞cut-cutting stop-stopping，forget-forgetting，begin-beginning4）以ie結(jié)尾，變ie為y再加-ing，例詞die-dying，lie-lying，tie-tying4. 形式肯定句否定句疑問句 簡(jiǎn)要回答I am studying. I am not studying.Am I studying? Yes，I am/ No，I am not.5. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的行為。a.He is c

11、leaning his room now.他在打掃房間。He cleans his room every day.他每天都要打掃房間。b.They are visiting China.他們正在中國觀光。They often come to China for a visit.他們經(jīng)常來中國觀光。(2) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)。He likes jiaozi. They have a lot of friends考例：Mr. Smith _ short stories, but he _ a TV play these days.A. is writing is writing B. is

12、writing writes C. writesis writing D. writes writes6.中考真題及模擬(2009崇文區(qū)二模)Dont turn off the radio. I _ to the news. A. listen B. have listened C. listened D. am listening(2009朝陽區(qū)一模)Have you seen Mr. Smith?Yes. Look, he _ his bike over there.A. cleans B. cleaned C. is cleaning D. has cleaned(2009海淀區(qū)一模)W

13、heres Susan, Mike?She _ in the kitchen.A. cooks B. cooked C. is cooking D. has cooked(2009西城區(qū)一模)Have you got a job offer?Not yet. I _.A. waited B. am waiting C. wait D. was waiting(2009宣武區(qū)一模)Do you think John will help me move the piano?Youd better not ask him. He _ a composition.A. write B. writes

14、C. is writing D. wrote(2009崇文區(qū)一模)Wheres the children, Mr Black?Oh, they _ their PE lesson on the playground.A. have B. had C. are having D. have had（2008北京）Dont turn on the TV. Grandma _ now.A. is sleeping B. will sleep C. slept D. sleeps(2007北京)What are you doing, Cathy?Im _my cat. I cant find it.A

15、. looking for B. looking at C. looking up D. looking after（2006北京）Whats your brother doing in his room now? He _ a kite.A. makes B. made C. is making D. will make(2005北京) -Where is Frank now?-He _ his bike in the yard.A. fixes up B. fixing up C. is fixing up D. fixed（2008遼寧）Mary,could you help me?Wa

16、it a moment. I _.A. read a book B. did my homework C. was watching TV D. am cooking dinner (2007浙江)Listen，who _ in the room?Lets go and see.A. is crying B. crying C. cry D. criesThey _ about “Supper Voice Girl”.lets join them.A. talk B. are talking C. have talked D. talked(2006山東威海)Are you a baby-si

17、ster here?No. I _after the baby instead of Ms Green.She is away for shopping.A. look B. am looking C. have looked D. looked三一般過去時(shí)(simple past tense)1概念 一般過去時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻，某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。一般過去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞的過去式表示。2構(gòu)成 一般過去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞的過去式表示。be的過去式有was，were兩種； have的過去式是had；規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式在動(dòng)詞詞尾加-ed，具體構(gòu)成規(guī)則如下：1）一般情況，動(dòng)詞后加ed，例詞work-wor

18、ked，clean-cleaned，play-played，wash-washed2）以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，-d，例詞live-lived，move-moved，hope-hoped，arrive-arrived3）以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為 i再加-ed，例詞study-studied，carry-carried，cry-cried，identify-identified4）以輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母加-ed，例詞plan-plannedstop-stopped，beg-begged，grab-grabbed3用法 (1) 表示發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如： He we

19、nt shopping with his friends last week. They arrived ten minutes ago. He became a hotel manager ten years ago. Did you go to the concert last night?(2) 表示在過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。如：He visited his grandparents once a month last year.She usually went to work by car last year.When I was at school, I always went

20、 to school by bus. 4.如何識(shí)別 一般過去時(shí)常見的標(biāo)志詞有：1）. yesterday, the day before yesterday.2）. last week / year / month / term (簡(jiǎn)稱last系列)3）. two hours ago, three years ago, a moment ago(簡(jiǎn)稱ago系列)4）. in / on + 過去的年/月/日，如 in 1999, on April, 2005 5）. just now, once upon a time, one day5.易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)例析：（1）Your phone number a

21、gain? I _ quite catch it.Its 4331577A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant(2)Mr. Smith isnt coming tonight. But he _.A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised(3) Hey, look where you are going! Oh, Im terribly sorry. _.A. Im not noticing B. I wasnt noticing C. I havent noticed D. I dont no

22、tice(4) Oh its you ! I _ you. Ive had my hair cut.A. didnt realize B. havent realized C. didnt recognize D. dont recognized (5) Since youve agreed to go, why arent you getting ready?But I _ that you would have me start at once.A. dont realize B. didnt realizeC. hadnt realized D. havent realized(6) I

23、ts twelve oclock, I think I must be off now.Oh, really? I _ it at all.A. dont realize B. havent realized C. didnt realize D. hadnt realizedKey：ABBCBC 6.中考真題及模擬(2009朝陽區(qū)一模)He went into his room, _ the light and began to work.A. has turned on B. will turn on C. turns on D. turned on(2009海淀一模)Whats the

24、best food have you had in Beijing, Alex?Roast duck! I _to a famous restaurant to have it last week.A. have gone B. go C. will go D. went(2009宣武區(qū)一模)Do you know how many gold medals the 23-year-old Michael Phelps _at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games?Eight.A. win B. wins C. won D. has won(2008北京)We were i

25、n Qingdao last week and _ great fun there. A. will have B. have had C. had D. have(2007北京)What did you do after school yesterday?I _basketball with my friends.A. play B. played C. will play D. am playing（2005北京）-Hi, Kate. You look tired. Whats the matter? -I _well last night. A. didnt sleep B. dont

26、sleep C. havent slept D. wont sleep(2008四川瀘州)Yesterday，Tonys family _ a good time.A. has B. have C. had （2007湖南湘潭）Im sorry youve missed the train. It _10 minutes ago.A. left B. has left C. had left (2007福州)Mr Green, _you_ Three Lanes and Alleys（三坊七巷）last Sunday?No, but Ill visit them next week.A. wi

27、ll; go to B. have; been to C. did; go to D. have; gone to(2007浙江)What did the teacher say just now?He _us not to play computer games all day. A. tells B. told C. has told D. is told(2007江西)Inventors have changed the way we live.So they are famous for the great things they _.A. do B. did C. are doing

28、 D. had done(06江西)Wheres the cake I made this morning?We _ it, mum. Can you make another one for us? A. ate B. eat C. will it D. were eating(2006天津)Have you mended your shoes，Bob?Yes，I_ them twenty minutes ago Ahave mended Bmend Chad mended Dmended(2006威海)The office was broken into last nightSomeone

29、 thinks you did itBut I_ the whole night with my best friend，John Aspend Bam spending Cspent Dhad spent 四一般將來時(shí)（the future tense）1. 用法：表示將來某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，也表示將來經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。I am going to/will watch a football match this evening.2. 形式：（1）“be going to/助動(dòng)詞will/be to+動(dòng)詞原形”，主語是I、we時(shí)，助動(dòng)詞也可用shall. be going t

30、o do 表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或安排將要做某事，也可表示根據(jù)目前情況判斷很有可能但不是注定會(huì)發(fā)生某事；will/ shall do表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或安排將要做某事，也可以表示不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的客觀規(guī)律，be to do表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或安排將要做某事，也可以表示征求對(duì)方意見，還可以表示必要性或可能性。Eg. He will go to his hometown next week. They are going to meet outside the school gate. (2) come，go, start, move, sail, leave等非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事。Eg. T

31、he whole family is going for two weeks.全家要去兩個(gè)星期。My sister is coming to see me. Shell be here soon.（3）在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。Eg. Ill go to see you if it doesnt rain tomorrow.3. 常用的時(shí)間狀語：tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next time, “in+一般時(shí)間”,from now on, later(on),soon等。4. 中考真題及模擬(2009朝陽區(qū)一模) I _ to

32、 the bookshop as soon as school is over this afternoon.A. will go B. have gone C. go D. went(2009西城區(qū)一模)When _ for Hong Kong, do you know?Im not sure. When he _, Ill let you know.A. he leaves ;leaves B. will he leave; will leave C. he leaves; will leave D. will he leave;leaves(2009崇文區(qū)一模)Where will th

33、ey go next Sunday?They _ to the Great Wall. A. will go B. go C. has gone D. went(2007北京)I _the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow.A. will return B. returned C. have returned D. return（2005北京）Frank _ a film if hes free next Saturday.A. see B. saw C. has seen D. will seeI want to know _the day after t

34、omorrow. A. what he will do B. what will he do C. what he did D. what did he do（2008襄樊）Has he returned the library book yet?Not yet. Dont worry. He _it soon.A. returned B. has returned C. will return D. returns (2007河南)Look at the noisy kids!Havent you heard the saying “When the cat is away, the mic

35、e _.”?A. play B. played C. are playing D. will play(2006廈門)He doesnt tell me when he_. Ill call you up as soon as he _.A. will come, arrives B. comes, arrives C. will come, will arrive(2006常德)If it_ tomorrow, we_ travel outside.A. will rain; will B. rains; wont C. will rain; wont(2006江西)Jim, can you

36、 help me to wash the dishes?Sorry, Dad. I_ to the shop. A. go B. went C. am going D. have been (2008廣東) I hear that he will be back _ two weeks time.A. at B. in C. after D. for五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)( Present Perfect Tense),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是初中英語中最重要也最難掌握的一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，同時(shí)也是中考英語中一個(gè)最重要的時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn). 1、基本構(gòu)成 “have / has+過去分詞” 其中have / has 為助動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成疑

37、問句時(shí)，可將其提前；構(gòu)成否定句時(shí)，可直接在其后加not. 助動(dòng)詞說明該謂語是屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍。它和主語的人稱、數(shù)要保持一致。過去分詞是主要的謂語動(dòng)詞，說明句子的意義。2、主要用法 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要有兩種用法，一種是已完成用法，也叫影響性用法；另一種是未完成用法，也叫持續(xù)性用法。兩種用法的特點(diǎn)是： 1). 已完成用法（影響性用法）：表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)不太確定的時(shí)間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果，同時(shí)說話者強(qiáng)調(diào)或感興趣的就是這個(gè)影響或結(jié)果.還可表示剛剛、已經(jīng)做完某事，曾經(jīng)或未曾做某事。常與already, just, yet，ever, never，the past few years，befor

38、e等連用,如：Has she found her car key？ 她找到她的車鑰匙了嗎？（對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果：她能開她的車了嗎？）-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. Ive just had it.你（已經(jīng)）吃午飯了嗎？ 我剛剛吃過。（現(xiàn)在我不餓了）Astronauts have already been to the moon.宇航員已經(jīng)去過月球了。I havent read your novel yet.我還沒有讀你的小說。He has never driven a car before. 他過去從未開過車。Have you ever been

39、a teacher？ 你當(dāng)過教師嗎？Our hometown has changed a lot in the past few years. 我們家鄉(xiāng)在過去的幾年里變化很大。 2). 未完成用法（持續(xù)性用法）：該用法的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作并未在過去完成，而是一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且有可能繼續(xù)下去（也可能到此結(jié)束）。常有下列標(biāo)志：for+時(shí)間段（ten years, a long time等）；since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)（two oclock, August 2003,等）；recently，so far, up to now等。如： How have you been？ 你近來怎樣？ She

40、 has been a teacher for 20 years. 她已當(dāng)了20年的老師。 How long have you been in Shanghai？ 你在上海已經(jīng)多久了？I havent seen her since last week. 自上周以來我一直未見過她。 I met him in 1975 and havent seen him since then. 1975年我見過他，但自那以后就一直未見到他。 注：1.除以上用法外，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可表示過去的重復(fù)動(dòng)作甚至將來動(dòng)作。如： He has always gone to work by bike. 他總是騎自行車上班。Il

41、l go to bed when Ive finished my homework. 我做完作業(yè)后就上床睡覺。2.表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度時(shí)，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如： Its a long time since I met you last. 好久不見了。Its about six months since we arrived here. 我們到這里大約有半年了。3、注意現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 1） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的已完成用法很容易與一般過去時(shí)相混淆，其區(qū)別是：前者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，后者不強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)影響和結(jié)果，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過去。如： Ive lived here fo

42、r ten years. 我在這里住了10年。（現(xiàn)在仍住這兒） I lived here for ten years. 我在這里住過10年。（現(xiàn)在不住這兒了） Has he got up？ 他起來了嗎？ （著眼現(xiàn)在情況） Did you get up very early？ 你起得很早嗎？ （著眼動(dòng)作本身） Ive got no news from him. 我沒聽到他的消息。（不知道他的情況怎樣）I got the news from Jim. 這消息我是從吉姆那聽來的。（單純談?wù)搫?dòng)作）2）過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。 一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀

43、語: yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, always, the past few years共同的時(shí)間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, once，before, already, recently，lately 例：1. The teacher was already in the room when

44、I arrived. 我到的時(shí)候，老師已經(jīng)在屋里了。2. I have already waited two years. 我都等了兩年了。3.I havent seen him recently. 我最近沒有看到他。4. I recently moved to this area. 我最近搬到這一帶來了。5.-Have you met him today? -No, I havent. 今天你見過他嗎？我沒有。6.How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去過那里多少次？4、做題時(shí)常見錯(cuò)誤：1)易丟掉have/has例：He taken

45、 (take) the medicine before. 答案：has taken2)have與has易用混 例：I has never heard (hear) of that before. 答案：have never heard3)時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)用去年夏天我在這個(gè)旅館住了一周。I stayed in the hotel for a week last summer.到現(xiàn)在為止，我已經(jīng)在這個(gè)旅館住了一周了。 I have stayed in the hotel for a week by now.下個(gè)月我會(huì)在這個(gè)旅館住上一周。 I will stay in the hotel for a week

46、 next month.我從1985年起就在這所學(xué)校教書。 I have taught at this school since 1985.4)“點(diǎn)、段” 不清這臺(tái)電腦我已經(jīng)買了3年了。誤 I have bought this computer for three years.正 I have had this computer for three years.她已經(jīng)離開兩個(gè)小時(shí)了誤 She has left (離開) for 2 hours. 正 Shehas been away for 2 hours.解析：英語中動(dòng)詞有延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與終止性動(dòng)詞（點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞）之分。在肯定句中，與since或for

47、引出的表示“段”的時(shí)間狀語連用的是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能是終止性動(dòng)詞。改正的方法有：（1）用表示“點(diǎn)”的時(shí)間狀語與終止性動(dòng)詞配合。(2)將終止性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。常見的轉(zhuǎn)換有：come be here; arrive in（at）/reach/get to be in/here; begin/start be on; become be; borrow keep; buy have; come back be back; die be dead; end/finish /stop be over; go(get) out be out; fall ill/sick/asleep be il

48、l/sick/asleep; get to know know; get up be up; open be open; close-be closed; leave be away (from); join be in/be a member of; put on wear/be on; catch a cold have a cold; marry be married; go to school be a student; begin to study study; come to workwork等。如：He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍

49、三年了。His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開始十分鐘了。We have studied English for three years. 我們（開始）學(xué)英語已三年了。 They have been married for ten years. 他們結(jié)婚已經(jīng)10年了。但如果現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞是終止性動(dòng)詞（點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞）的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，可以和表示一段時(shí)間的for短語連用。如：I havent bought clothes for one ye

50、ar.5) 忘記把a(bǔ)lready變成yet 例：I have already finished my homework.(變一般疑問句)誤 Have you already finished your homework? 正 Have you finished your homework yet? 解析：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，肯定句中有already，變否定句或疑問句時(shí)通常要改yet另，already也可以用于疑問句中表示驚訝等感情。E.g. Has he done it already? 他已經(jīng)做完了？6）在條件、時(shí)間狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來完成的動(dòng)作。例：誤 Ill go with you when I finish my homework. 正Ill go with you when Ihave finished my homework. 解析：在條件、時(shí)間狀語從句中表示將來完成的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。但注意，此時(shí)表示這動(dòng)作將在另一動(dòng)作之前完成，若兩動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，則一般不用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。7）have been to 和have gone to的用法區(qū)別不清你剛才到哪兒去了？誤 Where have you gone?正 Where hav