閱讀理解思路分析

1、閱讀理解思路分析一、 框架解析1、一個(gè)主題（主題：即重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的信息 23個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞 位置規(guī)律）（一篇文章只會有一個(gè)主題，一般閱讀第一段+第二段前兩句即大至可以找出文章所述主題，主題出現(xiàn)在第一段的可能性50%，第二段40%，第三段10%，一般前兩段哪段較長主題句一般就在該段，若第二段一開始出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞或者轉(zhuǎn)折詞，即主題句就在該段）2、四條思路（一分鐘預(yù)測文章思路）提出觀點(diǎn)（立場、看法、諸論）+支持觀點(diǎn)（反駁觀點(diǎn)、各抒己見）+重申觀點(diǎn)描述現(xiàn)象（社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)、心理、自然等現(xiàn)象） + 分析現(xiàn)象(包括原因和后果)+給出結(jié)論（結(jié)論可以是開放的或者封閉的）注意：描述現(xiàn)象必然引起懷疑，思考，why? Really

2、?1、 提出問題（這個(gè)一般是錯(cuò)的，wrong .是急待解決的）+分析問題（原因、后果）+解決問題（給出建議，suggest）一個(gè)主題（一篇文章只會有一個(gè)主題，一般閱讀第一段+第二段前兩句即大至可以找出文章所述主題，主題出現(xiàn)在第一段的可能性50%，第二段40%，第三段10%，一般前兩段哪段較長主題句一般就在該段，若第二段一開始出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞或者轉(zhuǎn)折詞，即主題句就在該段）對比對照(一般是兩個(gè)對象)2、 一個(gè)主題（一篇文章只會有一個(gè)主題，一般閱讀第一段+第二段前兩句即大至可以找出文章所述主題，主題出現(xiàn)在第一段的可能性50%，第二段40%，第三段10%，一般前兩段哪段較長主題句一般就在該段，若第二段一開始

3、出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞或者轉(zhuǎn)折詞，即主題句就在該段）其中和最大的區(qū)別是：現(xiàn)象一般是引起好奇，結(jié)論自由，而問題一般是急待解決的二、 如何篩選文章信息一篇文章500words主旨句（5060words）一段落里12個(gè)主旨句 200words. 支持信息，對主旨句進(jìn)行解釋，補(bǔ)充 200words. 誤導(dǎo)信息，比如例子，可以不看！1、 通讀一個(gè)段落，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)里面有表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)、立場、結(jié)論的信息，這個(gè)句子有可能成為主旨句例：sb point out/argue/According to/acknowledge（承認(rèn)）/content/thinks/claims（歡呼）/state(聲明)/regard.2、 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞s

4、hould+need（必須的） must+need3、特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn) : “”：(冒號后面如果是舉例不重要，如果是總結(jié)則重要！“”（引號里面如果引的是半句話，則該句就是重點(diǎn)。 引的是一句話，則取決于該句是論斷性的話還是描述性的話。 引的是詞或短語，若這些詞有實(shí)意，則為核心句；若沒有實(shí)意，比如為代號、代碼、外號等則不是）（破折號若是對前文的解釋則重要，若是舉例則不重要；若有兩個(gè)破折號，且第一個(gè)后為插入句，則第二個(gè)破折號后面的內(nèi)容重要；若兩個(gè)破折號之間有though, due to, because 則前后兩句都有聯(lián)系，都重要）4、特殊句型（違反語法）inlusion(幻覺) 表示對inlusion前面

5、的否定predestined(命中注定) 表示對前面的肯定 對于此類不規(guī)則長句，只看這些關(guān)鍵詞即可，一個(gè)“inlusion”就把之前所有的否定，它后面的句子才是作者的真正意圖。5、轉(zhuǎn)承連詞轉(zhuǎn)折對比：but，however，yet，instead，incontrast，neverthless，though.因果關(guān)系：so，therefore，thus，遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：more importantly，.because.and because. On one hand.on the other hand. （and because on the other hand后面的句子比較重要） 副詞：（排他性）

6、only，particlary，exclusively.例：Money is important only when you are ill.(only表示只，僅僅, 因此可以把這句話反過來說，除了生病的時(shí)候錢一點(diǎn)也不重要)6、平鋪直敘( 平鋪直敘的句子的核心句大部分為首句，若通讀一個(gè)句子，沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)有上述特殊用法平鋪句) 三、 根據(jù)上下文推測詞義（生詞）1、 利用上下文詞語意義的相互聯(lián)系猜測詞義Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions

7、 of others.（可以看出后面because的內(nèi)容即是對生詞autocratic的解釋，因?yàn)樗鰶Q定從來不尋求其他人的意見，所以Tom應(yīng)該是autocratic，自負(fù)的，獨(dú)裁的）2、 利用文章中詞與詞的同義或反義關(guān)系猜測詞義Mary felt perturbed，that is to say，she was greatly disturbed by her sisters action.（that is to say 即，那就是。表示前面與后面所表達(dá)的意思相同。即perturbed與disturbed 意思相同即為，打擾，干擾。）Andrew is one of the most sup

8、ercilious（驕傲） men I know. His bother，in contrast，is quite humble and modest.(in contrast,表示相反的意思，所以modest與supercilious的意思也是相反的，即謙虛。)3、 利用文章中對詞的定義猜測詞義Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.(顯然，who后面的從句是對florist所下的定義解釋，所以florist,意思是花店店主。)4、 利用文章中對詞的舉例及解釋猜測詞義It seem

9、s that such maladies as colds，fevers，and sore throats will always be a part of life.(as 后面的是對maladies的舉例，可以看出，感冒，發(fā)燒，嗓子疼都屬于常見的小病，所以maladies意思是“常見病”。)Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances，for instance，washing machines，refrigerators and

10、 color TVs.(for instance 例如。后面是舉例，可以看出washing machines，refrigerators and color TVs.都是家用電器，所以appliances指“家電”)5、 同位語或用連詞Or引導(dǎo)的同意近義詞可以給出生詞的確切意思Lipids，or fats（脂肪），can be measured in laboratory.N1 ，N2 屬于并列關(guān)系N1 or N2 不是并列關(guān)系N1 ，or N2 屬于并列關(guān)系（看N1 與N2 之間有沒有逗號）上面的句子可以看出屬于第三種形式，所以Lipids與“fats”是并列關(guān)系，即為脂肪。6、 利用構(gòu)詞法

11、知識（前綴+詞根+后綴）猜測詞義Overestimate - estimate估計(jì)Over為其前綴，高的，超過的，所以合起來就是“過高的估計(jì)，高估”Un-conscious 不省人事的，昏迷的 （un做前綴一般都表示否定 conscious為有意識的，加un表示無意識，昏迷）Semi- conscious 半昏迷的 （semi表示半.的狀態(tài)）Sub-conscious 潛意識的（sub 表示潛在的）Tri-cycle 三輪車（try 表示“三”數(shù)量）By-cycle 兩輪車，自行車（by 表示“二”）看構(gòu)詞法，前后綴的意義、類型四、作者思路 - 主旨（key word） (隱蔽式) - 反復(fù)再

12、現(xiàn)（不是主旨句的重復(fù)，只 是每段會反復(fù)出現(xiàn)與主旨句有關(guān)的 關(guān)鍵詞） 作者思路通常表現(xiàn)為“隱蔽式”同義置換 相關(guān)省略 暗指例：scientists （科學(xué)家） Researchers (研究者) 對于出現(xiàn)在同一篇文章中的這幾 The researching community（研究組織）個(gè)詞其實(shí)指代的都是一個(gè)意思，只 The community （組織） 文中一般會用同義的詞來代替原 詞，甚至是省略形式。height tall 這三個(gè)詞都是指“身高” grow 例：The size of uniforms has not changes .(校服的尺寸沒有改變，暗指身高沒有變化)The over

13、size limbs. （過長的四肢，暗指身高比較高） a fifth wheel (第五個(gè)輪子,車子最多只有四個(gè)輪子，第五個(gè)顯然是多余的，不必要的) a 4th wheel (第四個(gè)輪子，是必不可少的)如2008年真題第三篇閱讀理解In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he wou

14、ld have been one of 42. The bodies(就是player的同義置換) playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms(調(diào)整制服就暗指身高變化了) to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuri

15、ng an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing（停止增長） Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, todays people especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.（長到了極限） And th

16、ey arent likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from t

17、he increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients notably, protein to feed expanding tissues.(增大的器官，也暗指身高增長) At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got

18、in the way.（劃黑線部分即為第二個(gè)問題的答案來源） But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet（yet表示轉(zhuǎn)折，yet后面才是作者的真正意圖） according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prev

19、ention, average height 59 for men, 54 for women hasnt really changed since 1960.（還是強(qiáng)調(diào)美國人的身高沒有變化）Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies（暗指個(gè)大）have more difficulty passing through the birth canal(產(chǎn)道). Moreover, even though humans have

20、 been upright(豎直，直立) for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs(過長的四肢,暗指身高). “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthr

21、opologist William Leonard of Northwestern University. (Moreover.一句說的意思就是我們?nèi)祟惪恐绷⑿凶叩淖藙菔鼓_和肩承受了太多的壓力，與我們的身高增長的關(guān)系)Genetic maximums can change, but(表示轉(zhuǎn)折，but后才是關(guān)鍵信息) dont expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percen

22、t of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “yo

23、u could use todays data and feel fairly confident.”（該句如果需要預(yù)測人類的身高在近期去設(shè)計(jì)一些裝備的話，這個(gè)人說了可以用今天的數(shù)據(jù)而且是絕對可靠的，表明我們今天的這些數(shù)據(jù)是可以被適用的）31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example toA illustrate the change of height of NBA players.B show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.C compare different generations of NBA

24、players.D assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?A Genetic modification.B Natural environment.C Living standards. （第三段劃黑線的部分可以找到充分支持demands calories and nutrients notably, protein都是營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，所以與生活水平有關(guān)）D Daily exercise.

25、33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?(作者認(rèn)同的觀點(diǎn))A Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.（非美國國籍人增加了美國人的平均身高，顯然屬于過度推理）B Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.(人類身高被直立行走的姿勢控制著,第四段moreover.一句)C Americans are the tallest on average in the

26、 world.（顯然是過度推理）D Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.（過度推理，原文沒有證據(jù)表明個(gè)大的嬰兒在孩童時(shí)期能長得更高）34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future(鎖定最后一段)A the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.B the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.（偷換概念，原文只是說the length of

27、 military uniforms has not changed for some time只是說軍隊(duì)制服尺寸沒改變，design表示設(shè)計(jì)，圖案，構(gòu)思，本題屬于偷換概念）C genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.（文中沒提到）D the existing data of human height will still be applicable.(最后一段最后一句話提供證據(jù))35.The text intends to tell us that（從全文角度理解,即抓住主旨）A the change of human

28、height follows a cyclic pattern.(人類的身高改變遵循著一個(gè)周期模式)B human height is becoming even more predictable.(人類身高變得更容易預(yù)測)C Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.（美國人的身高已經(jīng)達(dá)到基因的極限了）D the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.(美國人的基因形態(tài)已經(jīng)改變了)做第三十五題，屬于主旨分析題，通讀各選項(xiàng)，看哪個(gè)與主旨關(guān)系最密切，即為正確項(xiàng)?？v觀全文，都是在說美國人的身高問題

29、，具體說來就是關(guān)于美國人的身高已經(jīng)達(dá)到了極限，停止增長的問題）閱讀理解做題技巧做閱讀真題 3遍第一遍 把他當(dāng)做考場試題一樣做第二遍 分析試題，找出選項(xiàng)與文章中的聯(lián)系，分析試題特點(diǎn)第三遍 精讀，練習(xí)英翻漢 練習(xí)閱讀 找核心句 將核心句串聯(lián)在一起，從而找出其中共同點(diǎn)（每段一個(gè)核心句都找出來然后穿起來，類似糖葫蘆） 做題技巧Q（問題） 先在原文中定位，然后將定位句所在的段落的中心句A 找出來，以及上下段的中心句，文章的主旨句認(rèn)真理B 解透徹之后與A、B、C、D選項(xiàng)對比，真實(shí)再現(xiàn)者為C 正確選項(xiàng)。(如上面第35小題，主旨的真實(shí)再現(xiàn))D 考研閱讀理解 “真實(shí)再現(xiàn)”（意思大致等同，但不能出現(xiàn)意思的變異，

30、必須從原文中 找到充分的支持 如上面第34小題B選項(xiàng)，偷換了概念，看起來與原文形式很像，但實(shí)質(zhì)上已經(jīng)把原文中的“l(fā)ength”偷換為了“design”，使意義發(fā)生變異）如： 同義置換（前面舉過例子） 正話反說（It seems that.后面的話一般不是作者 的真實(shí)意思，作者的意思其實(shí)是相反的，看起來似乎是這樣，其實(shí)不是） 邏輯推理（原文支持選項(xiàng)，即對；原文不充分支持選項(xiàng)，即過度推理）主旨題方法一：找出主旨句 方法二：每段的中心句的相互聯(lián)系聯(lián)系題每篇閱讀最多出一個(gè)聯(lián)系題，一般只聯(lián)系兩段 (當(dāng)答案選項(xiàng)與該題定位段的中心句沒有聯(lián)系時(shí)，就是聯(lián)系題，答案在下一段的第一句(銜接句)，不一定是關(guān)鍵句)通過

31、中心句直接可以找到答案的（細(xì)節(jié)題）關(guān)鍵：找到核心句如何聯(lián)系 轉(zhuǎn)換閱讀思路 排除干擾項(xiàng)定位：順序性（一般一題對應(yīng)一段，按順序）、還原性（原文中找到）、提示性關(guān)于干擾項(xiàng)的排除: 偷換概念主次混淆觀點(diǎn)錯(cuò)亂過度推理關(guān)于“偷換概念”: Why？（為什么選他） similar （key message） Where？ 哪里與原文不像，把不像的地方畫出來，畫出來的地方與原文怎么不一樣 How? 形式不同，但意義相近，如tall、height、grow，為正確選項(xiàng) 形式相似，但意思發(fā)生變異，如上面第34小題B選項(xiàng)，為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)關(guān)于“主次混淆”： A、B、C、D 四選項(xiàng)，若排除B和D，剩A和C，A和C與原文完全一

32、樣，選與段落中心句相符合的選項(xiàng)。不能選次要選項(xiàng)。（如第35小題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，A原文沒提到，排除;D與原文正好相反，排除。剩B和D項(xiàng)，在最后一段都能找到，但是顯然最后一段的中心句即第一句but后面的一句，說明美國人的身高近期不會發(fā)生變化，所以排除B，選D關(guān)于“觀點(diǎn)錯(cuò)亂”:看清題干，題干文的是哪方觀點(diǎn)（一般出現(xiàn)在各抒己見的文章中） 作者的觀點(diǎn)？（有的題會問到作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的時(shí)候） (文中無人認(rèn)領(lǐng)的觀點(diǎn)即作者觀點(diǎn))形式主語 It is.+that 從句 (肯定觀點(diǎn)，作者觀點(diǎn)) It seems/seemed.+that 從句（看起來，似乎 作者的觀點(diǎn)與之相反）關(guān)于“過度推理”原文 充分支持 選項(xiàng) 即正確

33、答案比較級：如原文：E、F是最有表現(xiàn)力的語言 選項(xiàng)：E、F比其他語言更具有表現(xiàn)力最高級：完成式：already、have done (選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)這些時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)候要仔細(xì)分析)排他性：all、no other (選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)這類單詞要特別注意，是否說的太極端)例：上面閱讀理解第33小題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分析2004年閱讀第四篇文章，主要利用以上提到的方法從問中找出主旨句，每段中心句，關(guān)鍵詞等首先，該篇文章為: 提出觀點(diǎn)+各抒己見+重申觀點(diǎn)Text 4Americans today dont place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athlete

34、s, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education - not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find.（通讀瀏覽該段沒什么特殊句型，平鋪直敘，首句即為中心句 開門見山說明美國人不

35、重視知識分子）“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitchs latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools,

36、concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.（中心句還是首句，可以看出該段都是在說一個(gè)叫Ravitch的人的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)綠色部分被引號引起來，是個(gè)關(guān)鍵句，直接表明了這個(gè)人的態(tài)度立場，他認(rèn)為學(xué)校應(yīng)該起到一個(gè)平衡作用，說明他不贊成學(xué)校不重視知識分子的傳統(tǒng)。而冒號后面是對他的一本書的具體內(nèi)容的解釋，可以不看，屬于誤導(dǎo)信息）But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the lif

37、e of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate cou

38、ntry. We will have a less civil society.”（綠色部分的觀點(diǎn)看起來好像沒有人提出，無人認(rèn)領(lǐng)，其實(shí)他就是作者本人的觀點(diǎn)，but they could and should be,表明作者也認(rèn)同上面的Ravitch 的觀點(diǎn)，剩下部分可以忽略不看）“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-

39、Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have be

40、en considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.（開頭一句用引號引起來即為該段中心句，指出知識分子是被政權(quán)和特權(quán)所厭惡的這個(gè)是歷史傳統(tǒng)）Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn exemplifi