西方文化背景-文藝復興(英文)[1]匯編

1、 2 Early Modern English vThe renaissance was the revival of the ancient culture of Greek and Latin. Scholar translated literature from Latin and Greek into English ,so over 10000 Latin and Greek words (A.C. Baugh and T. Cable ,1946:221) entered the English language ,which contributed to the vocabula

2、ry of Modern English. 3 II Historical Background Timeline 1474 William Caxton printed the first book in English 1485 Founding of Tudor Dynasty 1532-34 Henry VIII divorced, declared himself as supreme head of the Church of England 4 II Historical Background 1558 Death of Mary, accession of Elizabeth

3、I v1576 The first playhouse built in London v1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada, apex of England v1603 Death of Elizabeth I, accession of James I 5 Historical background: vThe breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism; The enclosure; the war of the Roses; t

4、he strengthening of the absolute monarchy; the rise of the bourgeoisie; the defeat of the Spanish Armada. vNew social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art. So with the strengthening of new bourgeois national state, this period is marked by a flour

5、ishing of national culture known as the Renaissance. 6 .The Renaissance: A Rebirth of Leaning v Renaissance , French for rebirth“ or “revival”, perfectly describes the intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe between 14-17 centuries v At one time many historians held that the Renais

6、sance signified a sharp break with the preceding medieval period. More recently some scholars have argued it was an evolutionary change from the Middle Ages 7 What does “Renaissance” mean? vGenerally it refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century. The term Renaissance, is adopted from

7、 the French equivalent of the Italian word “Rinascimento”. Literally: “rebirth”. 8 . Distinctive Features v began with the rediscovery of the Greco-Roman civilization v Emphasized reason, a questioning attitude, experimentation, and free inquiry (rationalism) v Glorified the individual and approved

8、worldly pleasures, and focused attention upon secular matters (humanism) 9 v Featured great achievements in literature, art, and science, and the art stressed symmetry and grace v Started in Italy, especially Florence, and in the 15th century spread to France, the German states, Holland, Spain, and

9、England 10 Humanism: vThe Renaissance was marked by the spread of humanism, the keynote (the great spirit) of Renaissance. It sprang as a result of rediscovery and restudy of the Greek and Roman civilization which is based on the conception that the man is the measure of all things, the man-centered

10、 culture. It stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical literature. 11 vA cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized secular concerns as a result of the rediscovery and study of the literature, art, and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome. vAt th

11、e heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion（堅持，斷言）of the greatness of man. Intellectuals of humanist believed in the promotion of wealth, pleasure and a frank admiration for the beauty of human body. Mans interest was shifted from Christianity to Humanity, from religion to philosophy, fr

12、om heaven to earth, from beauty of God to the beauty of the human body in all its joys and pains, senses and feelings. 12 Start of Renaissance vRenaissance happened gradually at different places at different times. The movement occurred in different countries with different emphasis. vThe impact wit

13、h Italy was mostly in fine arts. （藝術(shù)指詩 歌、音樂、繪畫、雕塑、建筑等） vIn France it was literature. vIn England it was philosophy and drama. vThe starting place of the Renaissance is almost universally ascribed to（把歸于）Central Italy, especially the city of Florence. Italy cradle of the Renaissance. 13 Renaissance i

14、n Italy vLiterature and Poetry vFrancesco Petrarch（彼特拉克）（彼特拉克）(1304.7.20 19, 1374.7.19) van Italian scholar, poet, and one of the greatest humanists during the Renaissance. va prime mover（發(fā)動者）（發(fā)動者） in the recovery of knowledge from writers of Rome and Greece. vHe and Dante are both considered the fa

15、thers of the Renaissance. 14 vGiovanni Boccaccio （卜伽丘） (1313-1375) van Italian author and poet, the author of the great work Decameron （十日談） vThe Decameron: full of praises of true love and wisdom and satire on the hypocrisy of the priest and the aristocrat. With this book, the courtly themes of med

16、ieval literature began to give way to the voice and mores of early modern society. 15 16 Renaissance Art vThe distinct features of the Renaissance Art v1. Art broke away from the domination of the church. v2. Themes of painting changed from purely celestial（天上 的，神圣的） realm to an appreciation of natu

17、re the Last Judgment over the altar; sculptures of David , the Pieta, the Dying Slave, Moses; the design of the dome of St. Peters Basilica.（正方 形教堂） 23 24 Raphael (Raffaello Sancio) （拉斐 爾） (1483-1520) va painter and architect. His works are of a sweetness of temper (秀美風格）Best known for the portrayal

18、 of Madonna (圣母 像).Also famous for the painting School of Athens （雅典學派）（雅典學派） 25 26 Another Outstanding Renaissance ArtistTitian Titian (about 1477-1576)（提香） vVenetian painter, supreme colorist. Father of the modern mode of painting. His painting established oil color on canvas as the typical medium

19、 of the pictorial tradition in western art.Madonna of the Pesaro Family佩薩羅圣母. This work established the reputation and personal style of Titian. Sacred and Profane Love, Bacchus and Ariadne. Penitent St. Mary Magdalene懺悔的瑪格達林, Man with the Glove 27 28 Decline of the Italian Renaissance Accounting Fa

20、ctors vI. comparatively slower economic development vII. the new geographical discovery vIII. tight religious control vIV. Italian wars 29 Decline of the Italian Renaissance Accounting Factors vI. I. comparatively slower economic development: The feuds of families, the conflicts of classes and the r

21、ivalry between city-states kept the economic structure of Italy in the traditional order. The countries of northern Europe were uniting themselves and expanding their economy. vII. the new geographical discovery : In 1492, America was discovered by Columbus.1488, there was the rounding of the Cape o

22、f Good Hope. The opening of all-water route to India provided a cheaper means of transport. 30 Decline of the Italian Renaissance Accounting Factors vIII. tight religious control The Roman Catholic church had to tighten its control over thought, speech and publication after the Protestant reformatio

23、n. The joyous spirit among intellectuals gave way to a spirit of pessimism. vIV. Italian wars The city centers of Renaissance were pillaged and devastated in the Italian wars one after another. The 60- year wars ended with the Spain supremacy. Italy was left under foreign control for more than 3 cen

24、turies ever after. 31 Renaissance in France Historical Background: vUnder the influence of Italian renaissance, there emerged in France a whole generation of humanists.They began to study Greek culture and philosophy and this gave rise to writings of Rabelais and Montaigne. vFranois Rabelais拉伯雷 vA H

25、umanist writer. Best known for the satirical work Gargantua and Pantagruel巨人傳巨人傳 vMichel Eyques de Montaigne (1533-1592)蒙田 vAn influencial French Renaissance writer. Generally considered to be the inventor of the personal essay. 32 Rabelais (1494?-1553) French, famous for Gargantua, which portrayed

26、a comic world of giants whose adventures satirized education, politics, and philosophy 33 Montaigne (1533-1592) French, wrote a series of Essays, expressing skepticism toward accepted beliefs 34 Renaissance in Spain Historical Background vBy 1479, various Kingdoms in Spain had merged in the union of

27、 Castile and Aragon. In 1492, Columbus discovered America and claimed America for Spain. This is the beginning of the age of exploration for Spain. The 16th century saw the beginning of the Golden age of Spanish literature. 35 Miguel de Cervantes(1547-1616)塞萬提斯 A novelist, a dramatist and a poet. Kn

28、own for his immortal masterpiece Don Quixote堂吉珂德. Recognized as the father of the modern European novel 36 Don Quixote vPublished in 1605, the book was reprinted six times within the next year. considered by many to be the first modern novel. one of the greatest works in Western literature. An adven

29、ture story of the poor country gentleman, Don Quixote and his peasant servant Sancho Panza. The book is a parody satirizing the romance of chivalry. The whole adventure was put against the reality of 17th century Spain. 37 Renaissance in England Historical Background vEnglish Renaissance is a term o

30、ften used to describe a cultural and artistic movement in England from the early 16th century to the mid- 17th century. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as the age of Shakespeare or the Elizabethan era,” though the English Renaissance covers a period both before and afte

31、r Elizabeths reign. In the period, the country gained both political and religious stability and economic prosperity. 38 Main figures: v the highest glory of the English renaissance is its drama ( the Elizabethan drama). This was Englands golden age in literature. There appeared many literary giants

32、 such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Jonson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne. 39 Thomas More: vAn English lawyer, writer, and politician. He earned a reputation as a leading humanist scholar. He coined the word “Utopia, a name he gave to an ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system. vUtopia:

33、vThomas Mores most famous and controversial work. In the book, a fictional traveler, Raphael Hythloday, describes the political arrangements of an imaginary island nation named Utopia, where private property does not exist and an almost complete religious toleration is practiced. 40 41 Francis Bacon

34、 vAn English philosopher and essayist. best known as a philosophical advocate and defender of the scientific revolution. His works establish and popularize an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method. Induction implies drawing knowledge from the natural world th

35、rough experimentation, observation, and testing of hypotheses 42 Famous quotations from Bacon vKnowledge is power. vSome books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. vReading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.（讀書 使人完善充實，交談使

36、人敏捷機智，寫作使 人精確謹嚴） 43 44 William Shakespeare vAn English poet and playwright who has a reputation as one of the greatest of all writers in the English language and in Western literature. One of the worlds pre-eminent dramatists vShakespeare is among the very few playwrights who have excelled in both t

37、ragedy and comedy. His work has been translated into every major living language, and his plays are continually performed all around the world 45 46 Comedies: 皆大歡喜(As You Like It) 仲夏夜之夢(A Midsummer Nights Dream) 第十二夜(Twelfth Night or What You Will) 威尼斯商人(The Merchant of Venice) 47 Tragedies vHamlet

38、哈姆雷特 v Othello 奧瑟羅 v King Lear 李爾王 v Macbeth 麥克佩斯 48 Science and technology during the Renaissance vGeographical Discoveries vAstronomy天文學 vAnatomy解剖學 vPolitical Science and Historiography （編史 工作） 49 Geographical Discoveries vIt is a golden age of geographical discoveries. By the year 1600, the surf

39、ace of the known earth doubled. vChristopher Columbus (1451-1506)哥倫布 vNavigator and discoverer of the new world. Made four voyages with the help of his Spain patrons vBartholomeu Dias( 1466?-1500)迪亞斯 vThe Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope. He is the first European known to

40、do so since ancient times. vVasco da Gama達伽馬 vA Portuguese navigator. He discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope. He is the first person to sail directly from Europe to India. 50 Astronomy vNicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543)哥白尼 vA Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist. He developed the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. His theory affec