論《白象似的群山》中海明威獨(dú)特的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格

1、論白象似的群山中海明威獨(dú)特的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格abstractbeing distinguished from many great american writers, hemingway is famous for his unique writing style. he changes the traditional literary works from tedious style into a kind of concise “telegraph style”. as a matter of fact, his short story- hills like white elephants fu

2、lly reflects his unique and classic writing style. the story seems simple, but actually artful. hemingway captures the essence of the plain dialogue of usual life, so a reader may be under an illusion that he was present at the site of the story. and he adds sentiment into concise language. in hills

3、 like white elephants, the perfect symbolism about “white elephant” and the characteristic ending constructed by hemingway further gives prominence to his ability in language. especially, his famous iceberg theory is employed perfectly in this story. hemingway creates a unique writing style that bri

4、ngs a great influence to american letters, even to europe and all over the world.key words:dialogue; conciseness; symbolism; writing style; iceberg theory 摘要在眾多偉大的美國(guó)作家中，海明威以其獨(dú)特的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格而著稱(chēng)。他改變了傳統(tǒng)文學(xué)作品冗長(zhǎng)、沉悶的風(fēng)格，創(chuàng)造了一種簡(jiǎn)潔的電報(bào)式文體。而他的短篇小說(shuō)白象似的群山完全體現(xiàn)了他的這種獨(dú)特而經(jīng)典的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格。小說(shuō)雖看似簡(jiǎn)單，卻極富藝術(shù)性。他抓住了人們?nèi)粘?duì)話(huà)結(jié)構(gòu)的精髓，給讀者創(chuàng)造了一種身臨其境的感覺(jué)。而其

5、簡(jiǎn)潔的文字后面也蘊(yùn)藏了豐富的情感。小說(shuō)中關(guān)于白象的完美象征以及海明威式的經(jīng)典結(jié)尾，突出了海明威在語(yǔ)言方面的能力。尤其是他的著名的冰山原則，在此小說(shuō)中發(fā)揮到了極致。海明威創(chuàng)造了一種獨(dú)特的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格,而他的這種風(fēng)格對(duì)美國(guó),以至于歐洲,乃至整個(gè)世界文壇都產(chǎn)生了重要影響。關(guān)鍵詞:對(duì)話(huà)；簡(jiǎn)潔；象征；寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格；冰山原則 introductionhemingway, who is very famous for his creation of a new and unique writing style, is one of the most influential writers in american l

6、iterary history during the 20th century, so he is undoubtedly to be the focus of the researchers all over the world. but from all the researches on him, it is easy to find that authors are always focusing on his several long-novels and his the old man and the sea to show his unique writing style. as

7、 a matter of fact, his unique writing style is fully and exactly reflected by his short stories, which are drawing more peoples attentions. so this essay takes hemingways short story-hills like white elephants as the focus to give a brief introduction on his unique writing style.hills like white ele

8、phants is one of the most classic short stories of hemingway. among all the comments on it, the one by milan kundera, a famous czech writer, is surely attractive and profound. he specifically makes an analysis about the hidden elements of the story, the different characters of the two and so on, esp

9、ecially the real dialogue structure which is simple, clear and beautiful in his minds, contrasting with the drama dialogue structure. and in researches on hemingway, edited by dong hengxun, the english critic h. o. bates in his works mainly refers to hemingways concise writing style.but to sum up, m

10、ost of the researches on hemingways unique writing style are systematic and theoretical. and the analysis about hills like white elephants although are profound, but not all-round. accordingly, this essay is based on the purpose that fully shows all the hemingways unique writing style in hills like

11、white elephants and to deepen the readers understanding on hemingways unique writing style and his short stories. . a brief introduction to the author and the storydating back to american literary history, hemingway is considered as one of the most celebrated and influential writers in the 20th cent

12、ury. being distinguished from other famous american writers, hemingway, who was awarded the nobel prize in 1954 for his mastery of the art of modern narration, helps to accomplish a reformation in the literary circles. as a great language master who had contributed a great deal to the american liter

13、ature, hemingway had a legendary life experience: he came into being a journalist for the kansas city star after school and then being a soldier in the first world war, which provided him with a serious physical wound. actually, he also took part in the second world war and the spanish civil war, ag

14、ain wounded physically and spiritually. that is why his works are usually related to the subject of war. and then he went to paris where he met some famous writers who helped him a lot in his writing. with such rich personal experience, hemingway wrote out many excellent works which fully reflected

15、his unique writing style and his unique writing style gradually came into being. gabriel garcia marquez, a famous colombian writer, who had ever said that he was greatly affected by hemingway, held that hemingway builds up a reputation for himself just for his short stories. as a matter of fact, con

16、trasting with hemingways long fictions, such as the sun also rises(1926), a farewell to arms(1929), for whom the bell tolls (1940)and his the old man and the sea(1952) which are well-known today, his short stories are not very familiar to readers as his fictions mentioned above. however, it doesnt m

17、ean that his short stories are less artful than his long fictions. they are also highly estimated. and among all of hemingways short stories, hills like white elephants is undoubtedly to be a classic one, which was quite worth reading and one of the most typical short stories in the 20th century.as

18、we all know, hills like white elephants was written in 1927 and was an important piece in hemingways second collection of short stories-men without women. it is a simple but artful story and the content of it just can be condensed to one sentence that an american man tries to persuade a girl to have

19、 an operation when they are waiting for the train at a station. the whole story consists of the simple and usual dialogues of the two figures, and the focus of them are just roused by a metaphor that “the hills like white elephants”, made by the girl. but obviously, the man doesnt pay his attention

20、to such focus, for he is fully occupied in persuading the girl to have the operation. obviously, tense conversation ensues between the man and the girl, and the story ends without any clear resolution, leaving the reader to find the possible outcomes. in general, that is the feature of hemingways wr

21、iting style.for the hills like white elephants, many comments had been made upon it, but the one from milan kundera, a famous czech writer, is undoubtedly profound and perfect. in milan kunderas les testaments trahis, he spends many words to talk about the hills like white elephants, especially make

22、 a striking contrast between the plain dialogue structure of hemingway and the dialogue structure in the drama to give prominence to the simplicity, the clarity, the lucidity, the beauty and the melody of hemingways plain dialogue. and his explanation of the figures characters and the hidden story i

23、s penetrating. of course, the dialogue structure emphasized by kundera is just one aspect of hemingways unique writing style, but the other styles arent mentioned. apart from milan kundera, there are many other critics that give different narratives of the hills like white elephants from one or more

24、 than one aspects of hemingways writing style, the relationship between the male and female basing on the females views, etc. however, if taking the writing style in hills like white elephants as the focus, the comments on it are not all-round. so this essay aims at introducing the hemingways writin

25、g style in his hills like white elephants comprehensively, including his plain dialogue, concise language, perfect symbolism, characteristic ending and the deliberate hiding which is the so-called “iceberg theory”. it is just such unique style that makes hemingway win a high reputation in the litera

26、ry circles that has accomplished a reformation on the traditional literature. but before expounding the views on the unique writing style of hemingway, it is absolutely necessary to talk about his development to a new writing style so as to let the reader deeply understand the uniqueness of his writ

27、ing style.hemingways development to a new writing stylea. the writing style of modern european literature during 19th centurythe 19th century is the century of greatest change in the european literary circles in that this is the period when a new colloquial writing style was born which was created b

28、y mark twain, whose use of vernacular speech revolutionized he language of american fiction. but obviously, it is only ernest hemingway that inherited and developed his colloquial style. as milan kundera said, in the early 19th century the novels were carefully structured with a series of scenes by

29、scott, balzac (milan kundera 134). in his opinion, their novels were full of specific description, scenes, dialogues and plots which are usually seen in the drama. looking back to the european literary history in the 19th century, a fact is evident to readers that the novels of all the writers, exce

30、pting mark twain, were full of long and complex sentences, blooded adjectives and adverbs, etc. in fact, the one who had read the novels of balzac or henry james, who were the representative writers of that century, will get the fact that balzac tends to portray the outer actuality and the image of

31、the figures carefully and henry james likes to show his ability in superposing the modifiers. their descriptions are undoubtedly specific and elaborate, but to some extent, tedious and boring. the novels in the 19th century are inclined to describing specifically and deeply with rich elaborate detai

32、ls about the outside or objective environment. it seemsthat if a novel lacks of any of the elements mentioned above, it would not be considered as a successful one. therefore, after narrating a whole story, a novel with hundreds of thousands of words even millions of words is born. in fact, such wri

33、ting style is very popular in the literary circles at that time when reading novels to be certainly a good method to amuse people. but with time goes on, literature also needs new blood to fill in to keep up with the development of the society and to meet the needs of people, who are gradually busy

34、in pursuing wealth and have no enough time and spirit to spend in reading the too long and too difficult novels. with such time coming, the style of conciseness is asked forto meet the needs of new times. it is just hemingway that has changed the traditional tedious writing style into a type of new

35、concise style, purifying the literary language.b. the formation of hemingways new and unique writing stylehemingways style is characterized by short and simple real-life dialogues, concise language with very few adjectives and adverbs, deliberate omission and so on, instead of the tedious style of t

36、he 19th century. among so many writers, hemingway becomes the only one person who has successfully developed a new writing style in modern european literature; there are several reasons for it. first of all, as mentioned before, in 1917, hemingway worked as a journalist for the kansas city star, whi

37、ch is one of the best newspapers in american at that time. this newspaper asks for using short sentences, vivid and active language and reporting directly, so hemingway learned that writing style should be trained as life. of course, this experience benefits the formation of his so-called “telegraph

38、 style” greatly. secondly, being under the illusion that the war is fine and attractive, hemingway began his experience as a soldier in the first world war, even later in other wars, but in the battlefields, he was seriously hit. bloody war shatters his dream; meanwhile, it provides him not just a w

39、ounded body and a hurt heart, but the rich sources of writing. so, for what he usually expresses in his works, he was viewed as the representative of the “l(fā)ost generation”. therefore, as a spokesman of the “l(fā)ost generation”, hemingway has already had a kind of unique style of his own. and, hemingway

40、s success is related to the helps from other famous writers. such as, ezra pound, gertrude stein, fitzgerald and so on, who give much indications and guidance on his writing. furthermore, he absorbed the colloquial language of mark twain. because of all the elements, the feature of hemingways writin

41、g style is gradually appearing.it is hemingway that changes the traditional modern european literary style of tediousness into a writing style of simplicity. in his the hills like white elephants his unique writing style is absolutely reflected.c. the influence of hemingways writing stylenoted for h

42、is unique writing style and devotion to the literature, hemingway has exerted considerable influence on the later novelists. the writer, wu xiaodong, reckons him as a writer who deeply affected other writers. his concise language, short and simple sentences purify the american literature, and his co

43、lloquial style is very popular in european and american literary circles since the late 20th century. john ohara, who made a memorial speech for hemingway on the new york times of july3, 1961, held that in history no one else can directly affected so many writers,especially the young writers( dong h

44、engxun 383). hemingway is considered as an author who deeply affects the writing style of both the long novels and the short stories of american. now that the influence of hemingways writing style which brings a big reputation to him is so great, it is quite worth discussing it from his works-hills

45、like white elephants.discussion on the writing style in hills like white elephantsa. real-life dialoguemilan kundera pays a compliment to hemingway in his les testaments trahis that hemingway captures the real dialogue structure. assuredly, being different from such writers who structure their works

46、 in absolutely literary language, hemingway creates a kind of real-life dialogue style, the obvious feature of which is that it goes on face to face without narrating by the third party. actually, the dialogue in hills like white elephants is just a fragment of the dialogue in actual life so that th

47、e first impression the reader gets when he starts reading it is that he were listening. looking at the following dialogue chosen from it:and if i do it youll be happy and things will be like they were and youll love me?i love you now. you know i love you.i know. but if i do it, then it will be nice

48、again if i say things are like white elephants, and youll like it?ill love it. i love it now but i just cant think about it. you know how i getwhen i worry.if i do it you wont ever worry?i wont worry about that because its perfectly simple.then ill do it. because i dont care about me.what do you mea

49、n? i dont care about me.well, i care about you.oh, yes. but i dont care about me. and ill do it and then everything will be fine.i dont want you to do it if you feel that way. (qtd. in long maozhong, yan jinglan and wang hui 386 )omitting all the description on the speaking tone, facial expression a

50、nd actions, the dialogue with the form of only answers between the two figures comes to the reader as if he were listening. that is the essence of the real-life dialogue which is different from the dialogue in absolutely literary language that focuses attention on the action and expression especiall

51、y. for example, in henry jamess daisy miller, he writes:“i should think it might be arranged,” said winterbourne. “couldnt you get some one to stay for the afternoon with randolph?”miss miller looked at him a moment, and then very placidly, “i wish you would stay with him!” she said.winterbourne hes

52、itated a moment. “i should much rather go to chillon with you.”“with me?” asked the young girl with the same placidity. (qtd. in long maozhong, yan jinglan and wang hui 329 )obviously, because the third party, namely, the author joins in the dialogue, narrating carefully about the actions, inner min

53、ds and facial expressions of the figures substitute being explored by the reader himself. this dialogue is not as direct and suspensive as the real-life dialogue in hills like white elephants, and it loses itscharm to give the feeling to the reader that he was listening.keeping the charm of the real

54、-life style, the dialogue in the hills like white elephants is arbitrary and uncertain. as a matter of fact, the dialogue in absolutely literary language must be arranged with obvious purpose, based on the contents andthe plot of the story. but in a real-life dialogue, it is unknown that what will b

55、e talked about and what will happen next, and the focus changes arbitrarily and may be interrupted at any time. in a word, the process of the real-life dialogue is full of uncertainties. similarly, in hills like white elephants, the focus of the dialogue casually begins with an usual trifle about dr

56、inking, but it is soon changes arbitrarily to the hills, the bead curtain, the drinks, the operation and so on, and it changes or stops without any advanced information. therefore, there is no doubt that hemingway captures the highlight of the real-life dialogue, but his dialogue is never as simple

57、as it seems to be.in fact, the method of composing the details which hemingway takes into his dialogue fully shows his great ability in language. for the above dialogue chosen from the hills like white elephants, the repeat method, which can obviously show the change of the inner minds and the chara

58、cter of the figures, is usually adopted. obviously, the disappointment of the girl becomes deeper and deeper when she repeatedly asks questions to the man with “if i do-”. at the same time, she gradually makes compromises to the man with the result that she finally says out “ill do it., i dont care

59、about me” several times. in this process of using the method of repeating, the girl is confirming the mans true love to her, but she fails and drops into the pit of disappointment and agony. for the man, his aim of repeatedly emphasizing “i love you., “ill love it,” is to veil his hypocrisy and cheat. the words are useless and ridiculous connecting with his action that trying to let t