ACCA考試《F3財務(wù)會計》講義輔導(dǎo)1

1、高頓財經(jīng)GOLDEN FINANCE全球財經(jīng)教育領(lǐng)異品牌2012年ACCA考試F3財務(wù)會計講義輔導(dǎo)1本文由高頓ACCA整理發(fā)布，轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處 Types of business entityA business can be organized in one of the several ways: Sole trader -a business owned and operated by one person.The simple form of business is the sole trader. This is owned and managed by one person, al

2、though there might be any number of employees. A sole trader is fully personally liable for any losses that the business might make. Partnership -a business owned and operated by two or more people.A partnership is a business owned jointly by a number of partners. The partners are jointly and severe

3、ly liable for any losses that the business might make.(Traditionally the big accounting firms have been partnerships, although some are converting their status to limited liability companies.) Limited Liability Company -a business owned by many people and operated by many ( though not necessarily th

4、e same) people. Companies are owned by shareholders. Shareholders are also known as members. As a group, they elect the directors who run the business. Companies are always limited companies.In summary, types of business entity should be differentiated in Ownership; Operation right and Liability for

5、 the business to undertake.For all three types of entity, the money put up by the individual, the partners or the shareholders, is referred to as the business capital. In the case of a company, this capital is divided into shares. Business Transactions: Main types of business transactions for a busi

6、ness include:Purchase of inventory for resale Sales of goods Purchase of non -current assets Payment of expenses Introduction of new capital to the businessWithdrawal of funds from the business by the owner Cash and credit transactions:Cash transactions: the buyer pays for the item immediately or po

7、ssibly in advance.Credit transactions: the buyer does not have to pay for the item on receipt, but is allowed some time(a credit period) before having to make the payment. Definition of accountingRecording : transactions must be recorded as they occur in order to provide up-to-date information for m

8、anagement.Summarizing: the transactions for a period are summarized in order to provide information about the company to interested parties. Types of accountingFinancial accounting vs management accountingFinancialaccountingCost and management accountingPurposeRecord financial transactionsInformatio

9、nof costof operationsLimitedliabilitycompany,No legal requirementLegal requirementby law,preparefinancialto prepare managementaccountsaccountsMain userExternalInternalTimeAt theend ofperiodregularlyInformationhistorichistoricand forecast Users of financial statementsAccounting reports users include:

10、 Management: Need information about the company financial situation as it is currently and it is expected to be in the future. This is to enable them to managethe business efficiently and to make effective decisions. Investors: The providers of risk, capital and their advisers are concerned with the

11、 risk inherent in, and return provided by, their investments. They need information to help them determine whether they should buy, hold or sell.Trade payables/ Suppliers:Suppliers and other trade payables. Suppliers and other tradepayables are interested in information that enables them to determin

12、e whether amounts owing to them will be paid when due. Trade payables are likely to be interested in an enterprise over a shorter period than lenders unless they are dependent upon the continuance of an enterprise as a major customer. Shareholders:Shareholders are also interested in market value of

13、shares as well as informationwhich enables them to assess the ability of the enterprise to pay dividends. Lenders: Lenders are interested in information that enables them to determine whether their loans, and the interest attaching to them, will be paid when due. Customers: Customers have an interes

14、t in information about the continuance of an enterprise, especially when they have a long term involvement with or are dependent on, the enterprise. Government and their agencies:Governments are their agencies are interested in the allocationof resources and, therefore, the activities of enterprises

15、. They also require information in order to regulatethe activities of enterprises, determine taxation policies and as the basis for national income and similar statistics. Employees: Employees and their representative groups are interested in information about the stability and profitability of thei

16、r employers. They are also interested in information which enables them to assess the ability of the enterprise to prove remuneration, retirement benefits and employment opportunities. General public:Enterprises affect members of the public in an variety of ways. For example,enterprises may make a s

17、ubstantial contribution to the local economy in many ways including the number of people they employ and their patronage of local suppliers. Financial statements may assist the public by providing information about the trends and recent developments in the prosperity of the enterprise and the range of its activities. The b