高考英語考前復(fù)習(xí)大串講專題1.1閱讀理解考情鏈接

1、 閱讀理解考情鏈接閱讀理解是高考英語試卷中的語言運(yùn)用題，旨在檢查高中生在閱讀中的語感：特別是在閱讀過程中獲取和處理信息的能力?？荚囌f明對(duì)閱讀理解的要求做了明確的規(guī)定，閱讀理解部分主要測(cè)試考生以下能力：1掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意：2了解用以闡述主旨的事實(shí)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)：3根據(jù)上下文判斷大綱附表以外的某些詞匯和短語的意義：4既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系：5根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定的判斷，推理和引申：6正確領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。閱讀理解?？嫉念}材： 發(fā)展報(bào)告，農(nóng)業(yè)報(bào)告，經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)告環(huán)境報(bào)告，科學(xué)報(bào)告，教育報(bào)告，健康報(bào)告，新聞科學(xué)，自然災(zāi)害，醫(yī)學(xué)（如瘟疫等疾?。?，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，旅游、交通，人物傳記、人

2、物特寫，故事，探索，語言、語言掌故，音樂、體育與娛樂，文學(xué)、藝術(shù)，歷史、考古、文物出土，英語國家的文化習(xí)俗、人口、地理、建設(shè)、歷史、社會(huì)、科技等概況。一. 近三年高考新課標(biāo)試卷閱讀理解的考點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)試卷類型考查內(nèi)容題目類型問題類型總字?jǐn)?shù)細(xì)節(jié)主旨推斷詞義人物敘述廣告應(yīng)用社會(huì)文化科普知識(shí)生態(tài)自然2016新課標(biāo)111211121638新課標(biāo)71522111556新課標(biāo)715211215382015新課標(biāo)90521111新課標(biāo)716111112014新課標(biāo)80611211629新課標(biāo)814111111629分析近三年的額高考試題并結(jié)合該題型的命題規(guī)律可知，近幾年的高考英語試卷仍保持了“穩(wěn)中有變，變中求新，

3、立足語篇”的基本命題思路。在閱讀理解方面主要考查考生理解主旨要義、理解文中具體信息、根據(jù)上下文推斷詞義、根據(jù)短文判斷和推理、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)以及理解作者的意圖與態(tài)度等方面的能力。高考閱讀理解試題有如下的一些特點(diǎn)：1. 設(shè)題創(chuàng)新化高考英語閱讀理解著重檢測(cè)考生對(duì)語篇的整體把握能力、根據(jù)所提供的語境進(jìn)行語篇分析的能力以及綜合利用有效信息解決實(shí)際問題的能力。在近幾年的高考中，涉及較低能力要求的事實(shí)性和細(xì)節(jié)性考題的比例雖呈上升趨勢(shì)，但詞義猜測(cè)、推理判斷和主旨概括等深層次試題仍占很大比重。2. 體裁多元化就體裁而言，閱讀材料所選擇的文段涉及敘述體、論說體和應(yīng)用體等多種文體；既注重題材的多樣化、現(xiàn)代化和生

4、活化，又較為綜合地反映了政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和生活的各個(gè)方面，貼近生活，貼近時(shí)代，體現(xiàn)了“語言是文化的載體”這一重要理念。3. 內(nèi)容地道生活化閱讀材料基本保留了其原有的語言風(fēng)格，文章的展開不再是平鋪直敘，而是兼有倒敘、插敘等多種方式；一詞多義、熟詞生義、多種時(shí)態(tài)的混用、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句、省略句以及插入語等語言現(xiàn)象比較常見。閱讀材料的文化含量加大，文章的行文風(fēng)格更具英語語言的特點(diǎn)，文章的遣詞造句也更加地道，許多考生通常要反復(fù)閱讀幾遍才能讀懂。二基本題型基本題型及題形特征主旨大意題主要考察學(xué)生對(duì)所讀材料中心思想的概括。其考察形式有很多，如概括標(biāo)題、主題、中心思想或目的大意等； 細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考察考生對(duì)閱

5、讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解。這一題型常見的命題方式有：事實(shí)認(rèn)定題、排序題、圖形辨認(rèn)題、數(shù)字運(yùn)算題； 推理判斷題主要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題； 判斷詞義題主要考察考生根據(jù)一定的上下文猜測(cè)生詞的詞義能力。要求從句子結(jié)構(gòu)、段落、文章中推斷或根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法推斷詞義。三解題技巧1. 理解與速度考生要處理好理解與速度的關(guān)系。答題時(shí)要力求情緒平穩(wěn)，不要一味追求速度而影響理解的準(zhǔn)確性；不要拘泥于一詞一句的理解；不要遇到不懂的地方就反復(fù)讀，影響閱讀速度。比較好的閱讀方法是邊看邊想邊理解。遇到生詞

6、或看不懂的地方先做個(gè)記號(hào)，繼續(xù)看下去，因?yàn)橐恍┮呻y點(diǎn)往往會(huì)在下文中得到解決。關(guān)于閱讀速度，難度中等的文章應(yīng)為每分鐘60個(gè)單詞左右；難度較低、生詞不超過總詞匯量20的材料，閱讀速度應(yīng)為每分鐘70個(gè)單詞左右。一般來說，“超綱”而又影響閱讀理解的詞匯都會(huì)用中文標(biāo)出詞義。只有保證了閱讀的速度才有可能在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成閱讀、復(fù)讀及答題的任務(wù)。2. 閱讀訓(xùn)練方式在訓(xùn)練方式方面要力求多樣化。常見的閱讀訓(xùn)練方式有：掠讀、尋讀、精讀和泛讀等。在掠讀、尋讀時(shí)要掌握查閱的技巧。查閱時(shí)考生應(yīng)迅速找到某一特定信息在短文中的位置，并以這個(gè)位置為中心，擴(kuò)展到上文和下文，尋求正確答案。考生要學(xué)會(huì)用掃視的方法尋找信息。掃視時(shí)，眼

7、睛要縱向而不是橫向移動(dòng)。運(yùn)用掃視來擴(kuò)大視覺范圍能幫助考生又快又準(zhǔn)確地捕捉到想要查找的信息。考生應(yīng)根據(jù)閱讀目的選擇閱讀方式，調(diào)整閱讀速度，合理分配閱讀時(shí)間。3. 生詞處理考生在閱讀時(shí)一定會(huì)碰上生詞或記不清楚的詞匯。遇到這種情況時(shí)，考生可以通過上下文猜測(cè)詞義。具體方法如下：（1）根據(jù)生詞前后詞匯的意思或整個(gè)句子的意思來猜測(cè)生詞。例如：The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.根據(jù)句子后部分began to read可以猜出spectacle的意思為“眼鏡”。（2）根據(jù)語法知識(shí)和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)來猜測(cè)生詞。例如：They will be on t

8、he night shift-from midnight to 6 a. m. -next week.此句兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的部分表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。（3）根據(jù)說明詞義的定語從句來猜測(cè)生詞。例如：The type of meter is called multi-meter, which is used to measure electricity.從上句中的定語從句可以推斷出multi-meter是“萬能表”的意思。（4）根據(jù)已知事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)來猜測(cè)生詞。例如：The family had just moved and the young woman was feeling a

9、 little melancholy on that Sunday in May. After all, it was Mothers day and 800 miles separated her from her parents in another state far away.根據(jù)上下文的陳述，“剛剛搬家，遠(yuǎn)離父母，正好是星期天，又是母親節(jié)，而兩代人卻天各一方”等事實(shí)，可以推斷出年輕妻子當(dāng)時(shí)憂郁、傷感的心情，并由此猜測(cè)出生詞melancholy的意思。（5）學(xué)會(huì)只猜測(cè)生詞的大概意思，而不必追求其準(zhǔn)確含義。例如：The Asian gibbon, like other apes, is

10、especially adapted for life in trees.在這句話中，考生只要猜出自gibbon是apes（類人猿）的一種就行了，毋須知道其準(zhǔn)確意思。（6）運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法判斷生詞的詞義，也是提高閱讀速度的一種技巧?？忌梢酝ㄟ^已知的詞綴（包括前綴和后綴）和詞根就能猜測(cè)生詞的含義。例如，單詞telescope由前綴tele（意思是far）和scope（意思是instrument for seeing or observing）構(gòu)成，整個(gè)單詞的意思是“望遠(yuǎn)鏡”。為了熟練使用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜測(cè)生詞，考生在平時(shí)應(yīng)多積累詞綴以及詞根方面的知識(shí)。4. 利用信號(hào)詞進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)和推測(cè)在閱讀過程中，為了既迅

11、速又準(zhǔn)確地理解文章的含義，利用信號(hào)詞預(yù)測(cè)非常重要。信號(hào)詞可以揭示句子內(nèi)在關(guān)系或文章各部分之間的關(guān)系（見下表）。特別是在快速閱讀時(shí)，它能幫助考生預(yù)測(cè)文章信息，提高閱讀速度。部分信號(hào)詞及其所預(yù)示的信息however, on the contrary, although等 信號(hào)詞引出的內(nèi)容是與上文相反的論述，或作者不同的觀點(diǎn)similarly, equally, also, besides, furthermore, in other words等 下文與前面所講內(nèi)容相同或相似for example, for instance等 具體例證，說明上文中的論點(diǎn)for one thing, on the

12、other hand等 下文還有另外一方面in a word, in short等 后面的句子是對(duì)上文的總結(jié)actually, in fact, the point is , a study survey found/ showed/proved that 等 后面的句子往往是作者想要表達(dá)和強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容或觀點(diǎn)此外，在利用信號(hào)詞進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)時(shí)，考生還需注意以下三點(diǎn)：（1）遇到預(yù)示前后內(nèi)容相同或相近，或者補(bǔ)充說明的信號(hào)詞時(shí)，可以適當(dāng)加快閱讀速度，或借此推測(cè)生詞的詞義。（2）文中出現(xiàn)的頻率較高的實(shí)詞可以幫助考生確定文章的主旨大意。（3）出現(xiàn)代詞I, we, my, our, 轉(zhuǎn)折詞but, however

13、, yet，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, should, ought to, 連詞although, though。其后所述內(nèi)容與剛提到的內(nèi)容相反，或暗示作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度等信號(hào)詞時(shí)，要放慢閱讀速度，因?yàn)槠涓浇男畔⑼敲}和答題的主要線索或依據(jù)。【小試牛刀】（2017屆江蘇省南京市高三第三次模擬考試英語試卷）One of the strangest features of motherhood is that the vast majority of mothers prefer to cradle their babies in the left arm. Why should this be? T

14、he obvious explanation is that the majority of mothers are right handed and they wish to keep their right handed and they wish to keep their right hand free. Unfortunately, this explanation cannot apply, because left-handed mothers also favor their left arm for holding their babies. The precise figu

15、res arc 83 percent for right-handed mothers and 73 percent for left-handed mothers.The most likely explanation is that the mothers heart is on the left side and, by holding the baby in her left arm, she is unconsciously bringing her baby closer to the sound of the heart-beat. This is the sound the b

16、aby heard when it was inside the mothers womb and which is therefore an association with peace, comfort and security.Tests were carried out in nurseries where some babies were played the recorded sound of a human heart beat, and, sure enough, went to sleep twice as quickly as the others. We also kno

17、w that the sound of mothers heart is quite audible inside the womb and that the unborn baby has a well-developed hearing.It is interesting that fathers show less of this left-side bias (偏愛) than mothers, suggesting that the human female is better programmed than her partner for carrying a baby. Alte

18、rnatively，she may unconsciously adjust her holding behavior to make baby fell more secure. Some new observations on our closest animals relatives, the chimpanzees and gorillas, have revealed that they too show a strong bias for holding their babies on the left side. The precise figures were 84 perce

19、nt for chimpanzees and 82 percent for gorillas, remarkably close to the human percentages.Recently a possible additional value in cradling babies on the left side has been suggested. It has been pointed out that, because, the two sides of the brain are concerned with different aspects of behavior, i

20、t is possible that the mother, in cradling the baby to her left, is showing the baby her “best side”. It is claimed that the emotions are expressed more strongly on the left side of the human face and that she therefore gives the baby a better chance to read her emotional mood changes as it gazes up

21、 at her. Furthermore, the mothers left eye and ear are more tuned into emotional changes in her baby than her right eye and ear would be. So in addition to the babys seeing the more expressive parts of its mother, there is further advantage that the mother is herself more sensitive to the left-held

22、baby. This may sound far-fetched, but just possibly, it could provide a slight extra benefit for those mothers displaying the strange one-sided bias when cradling their infants.How does a bias occur? Do the mothers have an instinctive preference for it, or do they learn it by trial and error, uncons

23、ciously adjusting the position of the babies until the babies are calmer? The surprising answer is that it seems to be the baby not the mother who controls the bias. Observation of new born infants when they were only a few hours old revealed that they come into the world with a pre-programmed tende

24、ncy to turn their head to the right. If the new born baby is gently held in a dead central position and then released, it naturally swings to the right far more often than to the left. This happens in nearly 70 percent of babies. This may be only a part of explanation, because the holding bias is 80

25、 percent not 70 percent, but it adds a further intriguing chapter to the story.1How does the author develop Paragraph 1?A. By giving an example as a hook.B. By giving a general statement and narrowing it down.C. By asking a question and showing an answer.D. By explaining the importance of understand

26、ing a phenomenon.2The underlined word “audible” in Paragraph 3 means _.A. soft B. clearC. weak D. distant3Whats the main idea of Paragraph 5?A. The left side of the human face expresses emotions more strongly than the right.B. A mothers left eye and ear are more sensitive to the emotional changes in her baby.C. A baby may be more able to “read” its mothers emotions than was previously believed.D. Holding her baby in the left arm may improve a mothers emotional communication with it.4What