外文翻譯會展產業(yè)和目的群

1、外文翻譯之一convention industry and destination clusters: evidence from italy author: cristina bernininationality: italyadapt from: tourism management,2009,30(6)abstract: the study investigates aspects of the convention industry not well explored in the literature. using a framework of cluster theory, a q

2、uantitative method is used to assess the italian convention industry and its relationships with local infrastructure and tourism product supply. the development of the different phases of the life cycle of convention destinations in italy is outlined and locational factors which influence them are i

3、nvestigated. managerial and political strategies which would enhance the competitiveness of the italian convention industry in the global market are proposed. furthermore, the study evaluates the use of the cluster theory in investigating the hospitality industry, contributing to the debate on local

4、 tourism development.keywords: convention industry, cluster theory, local development, clustern analysis, quantile regression. interest in geographical networks and their role in economic development has grown over the last few years because economies tend to develop through the emergence of territo

5、rial agglomeration and company networks (enright, 2001). an emerging industry centres on some natural resource, market need or local skill. as the industry develops, new firms, inputs and service enterprises are created. new economic sectors emerge through spill-overs and transferred knowledge and g

6、lobal competitiveness increases. territorial development and competitiveness are also very important for the tourism industry. tourism is mainly constituted by smes, so functioning within a network may contribute to overcoming production, managerial and commercial difficulties. in order to increase

7、competition and strategic positioning in the worldwide market, tourism destinations should encourage the emergence of tourism networks and the analysis of their structure. over the past decade, several attempts have been made using the industrial district and cluster theories to investigate tourism

8、networks and their role in local development.industrial districts (marshall,1966) are agglomerations of smes specialising in different parts of a given production activity. although industrial district theory analyses conditions for the development of a local vertically-integrated network of firms o

9、perating in manufacturing markets, some authors have tried to adapt industrial district theory to the tourism industry (gets, 1993; hjalager, 2000; pearce, 2001; lazzeretti, 2003). despite the use of industrial district theory to investigate tourism networks, some doubts are cast on its applicabilit

10、y. tourism is a sector with a fragmented structure typically based on smes but it is particularly characterised by the presence of a large number of participants in the network who are not necessarily involved in the same economic sectors. for this reason cluster theory is possibly a better analytic

11、 model for the investigation of the tourism industry. cluster theory has its origins in the studies of porter (1998), who defines cluster as geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialised suppliers, service providers and firms in related industries and associated institutions in

12、particular fields that compete but also cooperate. although porters work is manly focused on the manufacturing industry, it has also been extended and applied to service industries, such as tourism. some differences emerge between the two theories. industrial districts are usually local clusters of

13、single-product industries. in contrast, cluster theory refers to concentrations of interrelated but different industries displaying a shared understanding of the competitive business ethic emanating from competitive theory (jackson & murphy, 2002). the theory of industrial districts generally refers

14、 to an homogeneous product but this is not the case when dealing with tourism destinations. porters cluster theory is better designed to accommodate a heterogeneous product in which the majority of cluster participants serve different industry segments. these points of difference make the analytical

15、 framework of industrial districts less applicable to tourism destinations than the cluster approach. in the last ten years several studies have used cluster theory to investigate the role of tourism in influencing local growth. in this field of research the attention is mainly focused on the genera

16、lisation of the industrial model as an analytical framework for measuring the success of tourism destinations and on the role of tourism enterprise clusters for their innovation and contribution to community development (go & williams, 1993; michael, 2003; van den berg, braum, & van widen, 2001; tin

17、sley & lynch, 2001; jackson & murphy, 2002, 2006; nordin, 2003; hall, 2004, 2005a, 2005b; canina, enz, & harrison, 2005; saxena, 2005; jackson, 2006; novelli, smithz, & spencer, 2006). otherwise, as stressed by michael (2003), the cluster theory is valid in macro-regional analysis but presents some

18、drawbacks when applied to small regional environments. the author suggests expanding the concept of cluster to micro-cluster, the so-called diagonal cluster (diagonal integration in poon, 1994),labelled in this way to refer to the concentration of complementary (or symbiotic) firms, which each add v

19、alue to the activities of other firms, even though their products may be quite distinct. in this sense, diagonal clustering brings together firms that supply separate products and services, effectively creating a bundle that will be consumed as though it was one item. for tourism and other service i

20、ndustries, this is often routine-for example, a tourism destination requires firms to supply the activity, provide transport, hospitality, accommodation, etc. the co-location of many complementary providers adds value to the tourism experience, and the converse may also be true, in that the absence

21、of key services restricts the development of other firms (michael, 2003).in essence, a firm producing a complementary product or service is not a competitor, because its activities add more value to the product than the product alone. thus, cooperation creates alliances and networks, makes better us

22、e of skills and resources and encourages innovative business activities which improve local development. the diagonal cluster theoretical framework can also be useful as an interpretive model for the local development of convention destinations. it is a particularly interesting model to apply in the

23、 case of italy because it supports the main guidelines defined by national tourism legislation. the national legislation reform on tourism defines the tourism local system (tls) as homogeneous or integrated destinations, also concerning areas which belong to different regions, characterised by an in

24、tegrated supply of cultural and environmental goods and tourism entertainments, including typical agricultural products and local arts and crafts, or by a wide presence of single or cooperating tourism enterprises (law nr. 135,2001). as the tls definition reflects cluster theoretical paradigm in the

25、 cooperation, integration and homogeneity principles of the italian tourism industry, this might be useful in exploring some interesting questions. do groups of destinations exist with homogeneous tourism characteristics? in tlss, do local sub-systems specialised in different hosting segments, such

26、as the convention segment (cls), co-exist? are these sub-systems integrated with each other? what are the main local features supporting a convention and tourism network? which destination factors encourage future cls growth and support emerging clusters? what exists or should exist in a destination

27、 in order for convention networks to develop?in answer to these questions, we can use the theoretical model proposed by porter (1998).in his diamond model of competition, the author essentially focuses on four components of competitive advantage: (1) demand conditions in terms of the quality, level

28、and nature of tourist interest; (2) local factor conditions, such as a regions natural resources and location; (3) tourism-related and supporting industries, including accommodation, food and beverage outlets, tourist attractions, the transport sector and various government agencies; (4) government

29、policy supporting communities with information and infrastructure, facilitating inputs such as an educated workforce, maintaining an appropriate framework for regulation of standards and ensuring macro-economic and political stability. such a conceptual model could be usefully applied to tourism and

30、 convention destinations. the principles of the diamond model can be combined with cluster theory to provide a more comprehensive and balanced approach to regional economic development and the role of tourism within it.however, the conceptualisation of the sectors involved in tourism networks and th

31、e nature of their interrelationships in a cluster is not easily standardized. the complexity of the cluster concept suggests that no single definition or methodology is universally correct but varies depending on the economic sector analyzed and on its strategic practices and policies. considering t

32、he main aims of the paper, we have decided to focus on some of the key aspects of tourism and convention destinations: hospitality, accommodation, convention services, educational institutions, transport, population and local resources (fig. 1). our original conceptual model is the basis for designi

33、ng an empirical methodology.fig 1. the proposed conceptual model of locational competitive advantage in convention clustersthe empirical analysis is conducted in two steps. firstly, we suggest using the statistical technique of cluster analysis for identifying the municipalities with similar tourism

34、 and convention supply and locational resources. this statistical method enables the identification of the different typologies of clss and the evaluation of characteristics of clss that are in different stages of their convention production life cycle. secondly, quantile regression models are intro

35、duced to estimate the impact of local characteristics on the convention industry over the life cycle of a cls. this approach investigates the different influences that local competitive advantage factors have on the conference industry in relation to the phases of a cls life cycle. lastly, model est

36、imates have enabled us to propose managerial and political strategies that should be implemented to increase the competitiveness of the italian convention system in the global market.會展產業(yè)和目的群：意大利實證分析作者：克里斯蒂娜貝尼尼國籍：意大利出處：旅游管理，2009年第30卷第6期摘要：關于會展業(yè)的研究在文獻研究方面做得還不夠好。使用集群理論的框架，并使用分數位方法來評估意大利會展產業(yè)以及其與當地基礎設施和

37、旅游產品供給之間的關系。本文概述了意大利會展目的地生命周期不同階段的發(fā)展情況以及對影響他們的區(qū)位因素進行了調查。并提出為了增強意大利會展業(yè)在全球市場競爭力的管理方法和政治策略。關鍵字：會展產業(yè)，集群理論，本土發(fā)展，集群分析，分數位回歸在過去幾十年里，人們對地理網絡及其在經濟發(fā)展中所起的作用越來越感興趣，這是因為經濟趨向于通過領土聚集和企業(yè)網絡的興起發(fā)展起來的(enright, 2001).一個新興的產業(yè)集中在一些自然資源、市場需求或當地技能上。隨著產業(yè)的發(fā)展，新企業(yè)、投資和服務企業(yè)也隨之產生。通過溢出效應，知識轉移及全球競爭力的提升，出現(xiàn)了新的經濟領域。國土開發(fā)和競爭力對旅游產業(yè)也是非常重要的

38、。旅游業(yè)主要由中小型企業(yè)組成，因此網絡有助于克服生產，管理和交易上的困難。為了增強競爭力和在全球市場上進行戰(zhàn)略定位，旅游目的地應鼓勵創(chuàng)建旅游網絡并對他們進行結構分析。在過去十年里，已多次嘗試使用工業(yè)區(qū)和集群理論來探討旅游網絡及其在地方發(fā)展中的作用。工業(yè)區(qū)是在不同專業(yè)領域進行生產活動的中小企業(yè)群(marshall,1966)。雖然工業(yè)區(qū)理論用來分析當地垂直一體化企業(yè)在制造業(yè)市場運營的網絡發(fā)展條件，但有些學者曾嘗試把工業(yè)區(qū)理論應用于旅游業(yè)(gets,1993;hjalager,2000; pearce,2001;lazzeretti,2003)。但運用工業(yè)區(qū)理論來探討旅游網絡，對于其是否適用還是存

39、在一些疑問的。旅游業(yè)是一個結構松散的部門，通常以中小企業(yè)為基礎，而它的一個突出特點是在現(xiàn)有網絡中具有大量的參與性，但卻不必涉及相同的經濟部門。正是由于這個原因，集群理論可能是用來探討旅游業(yè)相對更好的分析模型。最初使用集群理論的是波特(1998)，他把集群定義為相互關聯(lián)的企業(yè)在地理上的集中，尤其是供應商，旅游提供商和企業(yè)的相關產業(yè)與相關機構在特定領域下不僅是競爭對手而且還是合作伙伴。盡管波特的研究集中在制造業(yè)，但是這個理論已經擴展并應用到服務行業(yè)，就像旅游業(yè)。兩種理論的一些區(qū)別也顯現(xiàn)出來了。工業(yè)區(qū)通常是單一產品工業(yè)的本地集群。而集群理論則恰好相反，它涉及的是相互關聯(lián)的程度，但卻是不同產業(yè)之間對源

40、于競爭理論的極具競爭性的商業(yè)道德的共同理解(jackson ,murphy,2002)。工業(yè)區(qū)理論通常是涉及同質產品的，但在處理旅游目的地問題時卻不是這樣的。波特的集群理論能更好的應用于協(xié)調同質產品，那些集群參與者服務于不同的細分產業(yè)。這些點的區(qū)別與工業(yè)區(qū)的分析框架與集群理論相比更不適用于旅游目的地的研究。在過去的十幾年里，幾項研究已經應用集群理論來探討旅游的角色對當地發(fā)展的影響。在這一領域的研究主要關注產業(yè)模型的推廣，作為一種分析框架，主要用來評估旅游目的地的成功和旅游企業(yè)集群在創(chuàng)新中發(fā)揮的作用以及對社區(qū)發(fā)展所做的貢獻(go,williams,1993;michael,2003;van de

41、n berg,braum, van widen,2001;tinsley,lynch,2001;jackson,murphy,2002,2006;nordin, 2003;hall,2004,2005a,2005b;canina,enz,harrison,2005;saxena,2005;jackson,2006;novelli,smithz,spencer,2006)。 然而，michael(2003)所強調的，集群理論在宏觀區(qū)域分析中是不適用的，現(xiàn)今在進行小區(qū)域分析時仍存在一些缺點。作者建議把集群概念擴展為微觀集群概念。所謂的對角集群(poon,1994)是互補企業(yè)的集合，每個企業(yè)增加其他

42、企業(yè)活動的價值，即使他們的產品完全不同。從這個意義上講，對角集群使企業(yè)相互合作提供獨立的產品和服務，有效地創(chuàng)建一個組合，作為一個整體來消費。對于旅游業(yè)及其他服務產業(yè)來說，通常都是這樣的。例如，一個旅游目的地需要企業(yè)來提供各類活動，交通，酒店，住宿等等。互補的供應商之間的協(xié)同定位增加了旅游體驗的價值，反過來也可能成立，在那些缺乏主要服務的地區(qū)，其他企業(yè)的發(fā)展就受到了限制(michael, 2003)。事實上，一個企業(yè)生產互補的產品或服務并不是競爭者，因為他們的活動相對于單獨的產品而言賦予了產品更多的價值。這樣，合作創(chuàng)建了聯(lián)盟以及網絡，以更好地使用技能和資源，鼓勵經濟活動創(chuàng)新以推動當地發(fā)展。對角集

43、群理論框架也可以作為會展目的地發(fā)展的解說模型。這是一個特別有趣的模型當它應用于意大利時，因為意大利擁護國家旅游立法主導的方針。有關旅游的國家立法改革把當地旅游系統(tǒng)定義為同類或整合目的地，也涉及到屬于不同區(qū)域的空間，具有文化、環(huán)境商品和旅游娛樂業(yè)集成供給的特點，包括傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)產品和當地手工藝品，或者是單個或合作旅游企業(yè)提供的大量的現(xiàn)有產品(law nr.135,2001)。當地旅游系統(tǒng)的定義反應了集群理論范例在意大利旅游業(yè)的合作、整合和同質性原則，這可能對探索一些有趣的問題會有幫助。目的地群體有同質旅游的特點嗎？在當地旅游系統(tǒng)中，當地的子系統(tǒng)在不同的接待區(qū)域夠專業(yè)嗎，就像會展區(qū)域，能共存嗎？這些子

44、系統(tǒng)是否每個都相互協(xié)調？承辦一個會展活動或構建旅游網絡，當地的主要特色是什么？那個目的地要素是否促進當地旅游系統(tǒng)未來的發(fā)展和支持新興的集群？為了會展網絡的發(fā)展，在目的地要具備什么或應該具備什么？回答這些問題，我們可以使用波特在1988年提出的理論模型。在他的競爭力鉆石模型中，作者主要關注競爭力優(yōu)勢的四個要素：（1）旅游興趣的質量、水平和本質方面的需求情況；（2）當地因素條件，例如當地的自然資源和區(qū)位；（3）旅游相關及支持產業(yè)，包括住宿業(yè)、餐飲點，景區(qū)，交通和各種政府機構。（4）政府政策為社區(qū)提供信息和基礎設施支持，便于輸入受過教育的勞動力，維護一個合理的法規(guī)標準框架，確保宏觀經濟和政治環(huán)境的穩(wěn)

45、定。這一概念模型應用于旅游業(yè)和會展目的地是非常有用。鉆石模型的原則結合集群理論可以為當地經濟發(fā)展及旅游業(yè)在其中的地位提供一種更為合理和均衡的方法。然而，包含在旅游網絡部分的概念化和在集群中他們之間內在聯(lián)系的本質很難標準化。復雜的集群概念表明沒有單一的定義或方法是通用的，大多數是根據經濟分析和它的戰(zhàn)略實踐和政策來決定的?？紤]到本文的主旨，我們決定集中研究旅游和會展目的地的一些關鍵要點：酒店，住宿，會展服務，教育機構，交通，人口和當地資源(圖1)。我們原始的概念模型是設計實證方法的基礎。需求條件l 服務業(yè)l 飯店l 技術服務公司l 餐飲企業(yè)l 休閑產業(yè)l 會議服務l 會議機構l 飯店品質相關和支撐

46、產業(yè)條件要素公司戰(zhàn)略和競爭的環(huán)境l 會議局，農業(yè)貿易政策l 國際機場l 大學l 自然資源l 人口圖1 會展集群的地方競爭優(yōu)勢的概念模型實證分析分兩個步驟。首先，我們建議使用集群分析的統(tǒng)計方法來識別城市之間相似的旅游和會展供給情況以及本土資源。這個統(tǒng)計方法能夠識別不同類型的當地會展區(qū)域和評估在會展產品生命周期的不同階段的情況，當地會展區(qū)域的特性。其次，分位數回歸模型用來評估地方特色對當地會展區(qū)域會展產業(yè)生命周期的影響。這個方法用來探究本土競爭因素對與當地區(qū)域會展生命周期階段有關的會展產業(yè)的不同影響。最后，模型評估方法使得我們提出管理方法和政治策略，以提高意大利會展系統(tǒng)在全球市場的競爭力。外文翻譯

47、之二：conference and exhibition tourism in the developing world: the south african experienceauthor: christian m. rogersonnationality: south africaadapted from: urban forum,2005,16conferences and exhibitions are usually treated together rather than as two separate activities because there is an increas

48、ing convergence between them (law,1987: 86). traditionally, many conferences include exhibitions and exhibitions often give rise to conferences. none the less, as law (1987: 87) observes the apogee of convergence between conferences and exhibitions is the emergence of the multi-purpose convention ce

49、ntre which consists of several large venues which can be used flexibly either for conference or exhibition purposes. hiller (1995: 375) argues that conferences and exhibitions are a special kind of tourism as theoretically they represent the propelling factor for attendance rather than the character

50、istics of the destination itself. the meeting, convention or exhibition serves as the primary purpose for travel and the focus is a multi-faceted event of a fixed time duration that involves speakers, seminars, workshops, exhibitions, banquets, association meetings and social events. accordingly, th

51、e conference or exhibition event is, therefore, interpreted as markedly different from other forms of business travel in which the primary purpose is individual or smallgroup encounters (hiller,1995). in practical terms, a commitment to the purpose of the conference or exhibition is not a guarantee

52、of attendance. issues relating to accessibility, marketing, investment, infrastructure, human resources and service quality are among a range of variables that can be influential (weber and ladkin,2003). the markets for conference and exhibition tourism at both international and domestic scale of an

53、alysis have been shown to be extremely competitive (dwyer and mistilis,1997:230) with more and more countries building conference centers in order to capitalize on this newly emerging tourism sector (oppermann,1997:245). considerable care is taken by meetings or conference organizers in terms of the

54、 selection of locations for the hosting of conferences or exhibitions. accordingly, a critical research focus in business tourism scholarship is understanding the decision-making processes and destination images as held both by association meeting planners and potential attendees (zelinsky,1994;oppe

55、rmann,1996a,1996b; oppermann and chon, 1997; crouch and ritchie, 1998; getz et al., 1998; oppermann,1998; weber, 2001).the results of such research, including the application of choice modeling exercises, are used to improve the competitive positioning and branding of individual destinations for the

56、 attraction of business tourism (var et al., 1985; oppermann, 1996a; crouch and louviere, 2003; weber and ladkin, 2003; hankinson, 2005). illustratively, much recent attention has been given to the primacy of singapore over the competition offered from hong kong for international conferences in sout

57、heast asia and more broadly, the pacific rim region.the significance of factors such as capacity of facilities, quality of service, accessibility, as well as cost considerations have been put forward to explain the regional competitive dominance of singapore and correspondingly, to suggest areas for

58、 improvement for enhancing the position of hong kong (go and govers, 1999; lew and chang, 1999; qu et al., 2000).at national level, the importance of this segment of business tourism is underscored by the fact that certain countries have prepared national policies or strategies that are designed spe

59、cifically to ensure long-term growth and to maximize the local economic and social impacts of conference and exhibition tourism. in terms of policy development, one of the most pro-active countries is australia. during the 1990s the national government encouraged the development of a marketing strategy which is geared, inter alia, to enhance international awareness of