詞匯學(xué)--詞的意義及理?yè)?jù)

1、2021/6/161Week 7Sandy Outline Word Meaning詞義Motivations of meaning 詞的理?yè)?jù)詞的意義究竟指什么？這個(gè)詞為什么是這個(gè)意思？關(guān)于詞義的一些基本理論和基本概念 words defined as things words defined as reference1 words defined as things Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and meaning. Meaning is what the form stands for

2、. 意義指的是它代表的內(nèi)容。 e.g.desk: something you sit at and you do your work. 所指關(guān)系 relationship between language and the world; between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked

3、 about. For example, the word tree refers to the object tree. 2 words defined as reference In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign（語(yǔ)言符號(hào)）（語(yǔ)言符號(hào)） and a referent（所指物）（所指物）, i.e., an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful. The

4、reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary （隨意的）（隨意的）and conventional（約定俗成的）（約定俗成的）. This connection is the result of generalization（歸納）歸納） and abstraction（抽象）（抽象）.Semantic Triangle 語(yǔ)義三角語(yǔ)義三角意義（概念）意義（概念）Meaning (Concept)詞詞Word形式形式Form所指對(duì)象所指對(duì)象Referenttree What is concept? It is t

5、he general idea or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a persons mind. 指詞或符號(hào)在人腦中的大致印象或意義。Tree Meaning and Concept：difference closely connected but not identical（關(guān)系密切、并不相同） They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. Co

6、ncept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many re

7、ferring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.概念屬于人類(lèi)認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域思維領(lǐng)域；意義屬于語(yǔ)言領(lǐng)域。Words and Referents 專(zhuān)有名詞無(wú)詞義，有所指對(duì)象；不同的專(zhuān)有名詞指同一個(gè)對(duì)象； 少數(shù)詞有詞義，無(wú)所指對(duì)象； proper names typically have only one referenceBarack Hussein Obama but it ha

8、s little linguistic meaningSometimes two different proper names have the same referent.Mark TwainSamuel Langhorne ClemenshobbitsunicornHarry PotterSome words just dont have referents in real world, but they make sense, but,what is sense?有些詞雖然在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中沒(méi)有具體對(duì)象，但它們卻有意義。什么是意義？Sense 語(yǔ)義 詞或句子本身所表示的語(yǔ)言本身的意義。即，詞義

9、和句義。 每個(gè)有詞義的詞都有語(yǔ)義，但不一定有所指稱(chēng)的事物（reference）。reference & sense: differenceSense denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference denotes the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. Every word that has meaning has sense but not every word has refer

10、ence. e.g: but, almost. These grammatical words do not refer to anything. And words like God, dragon and phoenix refer to imaginary things.Limitations of Reference Theory Many words have no real-world referents. Yet speakers do know the meanings of these expressions. Similarly, function words have n

11、o real-world entities to refer to.Concepts related Word Meaning 詞義 Sense 語(yǔ)義 Reference 所指 Referent 所指物 Concept 概念2 Motivation of Word Meaning1.What is motivation理?yè)?jù)? It refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 理?yè)?jù)解釋語(yǔ)言符號(hào)與意義之間的關(guān)系。Motivation of Word Meaning onamatopoeia moti

12、vation 擬聲 morphologic motivation 形態(tài) semantic motivation 語(yǔ)義 etymologic motivation 詞源1. Onomatopoeic Motivation擬聲理?yè)?jù) It means the imitation of sounds by sounds.（語(yǔ)言對(duì)聲音的模仿） Words coined in imitation of the sounds associated with the things named are called onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeic Motivation Primary on

13、omatopoeiaPrimary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sounds by sounds.ApesBears Bulls CatsEaglesFrogsGoatsgibbergrowlbellowmew ( purr)scream.croak.bleat. Hens cluck. Larks warble Lions roar Magpies chatter. Mice squeak Owls hoot (screech) pigeons coo. Pigs squeal. Snakes hiss. Wolves howl. Turkeys

14、gobble.Sound made by metal：clash, clank, ting, tinkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tackSound by liquid：splash, bubble, sizz, sizzle, splish-splosh, drip-drop Secondary OnomatopoeiaIt means that certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.Sn-

15、 breath-noise: sniff, snuff, snore, snort2)quick separation or movement: snip, snap, snatch3)creeping: snake, snail, sneak, snoopSl- slippery: slide, slip, slither, slush, sluice, sludge2) pejorative sense: slattern, slut, slang, sly, sloppy, slovenlySk-: 與表面接觸：skate, skim, skin, skid, skimp-ump: 表示

16、圓形體：plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, mump/h/表示猛烈使勁時(shí)的氣喘聲：heavy, haste, hurry, hit, heave, hoarse, hurl等Wh-表示“劇烈”的擬聲詞：wham, whang, whap, whop, wheeze, whicker, whinny, whomp, whoop Words which were formed by means of morphological structure belong to the category of motivation by morphology. Com

17、pounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined.2. Morphological motivation形態(tài)理?yè)?jù)When we talked about derivational affixes, we said most of them have a specific meaning, and when added to a root, they derive a new word. If

18、 one knows the meaning of the affix and the root, say able and read, then one can immediately tell that the meaning of the word readable is “that can be read” . We say the word is morphologically motivated, for a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its m

19、eaning.l Compound words may be morphologically motivated too. The meaning of words like good-looking, headache, daydream and many others derive from the combined meaning of the component parts. l However, not all compounds are motivated. We cannot infer the meaning of words like bigwig, egghead from

20、 their component parts. It refers to the mental associations 聯(lián)想聯(lián)想意義意義 suggested by the conceptual meaning 概念意義概念意義 of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense 字面意義字面意義 and figurative sense 比喻意義比喻意義 of the word. 3. Semantic Motivation語(yǔ)義理?yè)?jù)語(yǔ)義理?yè)?jù) Metonymy Analogy1)use a persons name t

21、o refer to the things related;He read Shakespeare.2)use a container to refer to what is inside;The kettle is boiling.He is addicted to the bottle.Please drink a cup.Metonymy 借代3) use part of body organs to refer to their functions: an ear for music Dont let your heart rule your head.4) use the place

22、 name to refer to the product produced there. I could do with a cup of canary. Canary is a place where this kind of grape wine is produce.5) use prominent features to refer to the person concerned The blue eyes walked into the room.2 Analogy Words are created in imitation of other words: telethon, t

23、alkathon: from marathon1 Colour analogy類(lèi)比類(lèi)比 black list, white list, gray list blue-collar workers, white collar workers gray-collar workers2 Number AnalogyFirst ladyFirst MotherFirst Familythe Fourth world3 Place and Space Analogy landscape: moonscape, marscape sunrise: earthrise earthquake: starquakeSynonymous Analogy Gap missile production development credibility 1 generation Pollution environmental visual/ eye noise/ sound Cultural 1.Graffiti l It denotes that the origins of words often throw light on their mean