主要英語國家概況chapter2

1、Chapter 2British History New Stone Age (Neolithic), 35002500 BCMegalithic monuments Stonehenge 史前巨石陣史前巨石陣 a monumental circular setting of large standing stones surrounded by an earthwork in South England, in Wiltshire on Salisbury Plain probably was constructed as a place of worship of some kind no

2、rtheast axis aligned with the sunrise at the summer solstice (夏至)1. Early Settlers StonehengeIn Search of History 00:20 01:38 The Celts (Iron Age, 700100 BC) from north-western Europe, ancestors of the highland Scots, the Irish and Welsh Gaelic 蓋爾語蓋爾語 : language of Celtic origin1. Early Settlers Rom

3、an Invasion (55BC-410AD) British recorded history begins with Roman invasion.first landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesarcomplete control over the land in 43 A.D.leaving in around 410 A.D.What is the meaning of B.C. and A.D.? BC stands for before Christ AD stands for the Latin phrase “anno domini”m

4、eans in the year of our Lord The purpose of the BC / AD dating system to make the birth of Jesus Christ the dividing point of world historyGaius Julius Caesar (July 13, 100 BC March 15, 44 BC)a Roman military and political leaderplayed a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into

5、 the Roman EmpireRoman Invasion (55BC-410 AD)Leaving in around 410 A.D.The Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 A.D.left behind a well established Celtic-Roman cultureRoman Soldiers Roman Influence: The Romanisation of Britannia 1.Roman laws, taxes, engineering skills2.Architecture3.Roman social system

6、 4.The Latin Language5.System of writing and numbering6.Introduced a system of organized government in towns 7.Brought the new religion Christianity to Britain Roman town: BathBath Abbey Roman Road 3. Anglo-Saxon Invasion Anglo-Saxons from Northern Europe Language and name “England” comes from “Angl

7、e” Gave Britain first Kings Origins of British nationKing Alfred 871 became first King of England4. Norman Invasion 1066 Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror first King Built many churches and cathedralsContents and the significance of the Great Charter Great Charter was signed by King John in 1

8、215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council； (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property； (3) the Church should possess all its righ

9、ts, together with freedom of elections； (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties,

10、it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal l

11、aw of the land. 2.1 Religious Reformationv Reasons2 religious camps: Catholic and Protestant v Immediate cause: Henry VIIIs divorcev Act of SupremacyHenry VIII“only supreme head of the church of England” v In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guiseHenry VIIIv Queen Eli

12、zabeth I (1558-1603)Consolidated the Church of EnglandDefended the fruit of the Reformation in essencev Golden Age of English HistoryEngland advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts.The age of exploration began: claiming new lands for England and introducing new

13、 materials and foods. The American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth.ElizabethReligious ReformationThe Glorious Revolution of 1688The Rise of the British Empire The industrial revolution The chartist movement 憲章運(yùn)動 The workshop of the world The colonial expansionQueen AnneThe industrial

14、 revolution The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the second half of the 18th century.The industrial revolution Causes: 1. Favorable geographical location 2. Political stability 3. Fast-growing p

15、opulation 4. Enclosure movement 5. Well-trained engineers and craftsmenThe industrial revolution Typical examples of the inventions 1. John Kays flying shuttle (1733) speeded up hand weaving The industrial revolution 2. James Watts steam engine(1765)The industrial revolution 3. Hargreaves spinning j

16、enny (1766) enabled one hand to spin many threads at a timev Means of transportationcanals were dug to ship goodsthe locomotive invented in 1814the first railway completed in 1825large merchant fleetSteam EngineMerchant Fleet2.4 The Industrial Revolution By the middle of 19th century, the Industrial

17、 Revolution was accomplished in Britainv Its influence: Britain changed in many waysdramatically increased industrial productivitythe process of urbanizationchanges in class structureThe conflict between the capitalists and the proletariansthe most important political issue2.4 The Industrial Revolut

18、ionThe colonial expansionThe growth of dominionsThe conquest of IndiaAggression against ChinaThe scramble for Africa On the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers (1/4 of the worlds total land). a population

19、of 393.5 million (8 times as large as that in Britain)3.1 The Formation of the British Empire3.2 Britain in the World Wars 3.2.1 World War Iv By the beginning of the 20th century, Britains dominance was challenged by other European nations and the USv Two camps in Europe:Central Powers: Germany, Aus

20、tria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy and USv The immediate causeassassination in Sarajevo v Over 32 countries were involved, 28 of which support the Allies Powers and Allies Powers wonv The cost of the war for Britain was great: drained of its manpo

21、werlost the sea supremacya huge national debt3.2.1 World War IWinston Churchill - British Primev Germanyplan to conquer Europev Britainappeasement v declare war on Germany on September 3, 1939 v alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States v Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945

22、v great costlose its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States. 3.2.2 World War IIWinston Churchillv Independence movementIndia, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Egypt v British Commonwealth of Nations (a loosely organized community of former British colonies)3.3 The Fall of the Empirev One of the Big Three after WWIIv Foreign Policy: Three Majestic Circles less involvement in the Commonwealth circle