2021版高考英語(yǔ)一輪基礎(chǔ)練Step4以話題為主線錘煉素養(yǎng)技能必修5Unit1含解析新人教版

1、unit 1核心素養(yǎng)向?qū)ι鐣?huì)有突出貢獻(xiàn)的人物學(xué)習(xí); 培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的科學(xué)精神; 了解科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的過(guò)程具有其科學(xué)的嚴(yán)密性高考鏈接2019天津高考 c; 2018全國(guó)卷 c; 2018全國(guó)卷完形填空; 2018全國(guó)卷a. 話題與高考閱讀理解(2019天津高考c)how does an ecosystem(生態(tài)系統(tǒng))work? what makes the populations of different species the way they are? why are there so many flies and so few wolves? to find an answer, scientists

2、 have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats. with such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. when a predator(掠食動(dòng)物)always e

3、ats huge numbers of a single prey(獵物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. if a predator can eat several species, it can surviv

4、e the extinction(滅絕)of one of them. and if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. the weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction. mathematical models have also rev

5、ealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. in the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other speciesincluding species

6、 they did not directly attack. and unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. in the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. these actions have greatly af

7、fected the ecological balance. scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. preventio

8、n is key, scientists say, because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(臨界點(diǎn)), it is remarkably difficult for them to return. 【文章大意】本文主要向我們說(shuō)明了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)以及保護(hù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要性。1. what have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs? a. the living habits of species in food webs. b. the

9、rules governing food webs of the ecosystems. c. the approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems. d. the differences between weak and strong links in food webs. 【解析】選b。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的with such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. 可知, 利用這種模式, 科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了在食物

10、網(wǎng)中的一些關(guān)鍵的規(guī)則。故選b。2. a strong link is found between two species when a predator. a. has a wide food choiceb. can easily find new preyc. sticks to one prey speciesd. can quickly move to another place【解析】選c。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的when a predator always eats huge numbers of a single prey, the two species are strongl

11、y linked可知, 如果一種掠食動(dòng)物一直大量吃單一的動(dòng)物種類, 它們就是緊密相連的。故選c。3. what will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline? a. the prey species they directly attack will die out. b. the species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators. c. the living environment of other species

12、 will remain unchanged. d. the populations of other species will experience unexpected changes. 【解析】選d。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. 可知, 當(dāng)頂層的掠食動(dòng)物稍微有變化時(shí), 整個(gè)生

13、態(tài)系統(tǒng)就會(huì)有很大的影響。由此可知, 如果頂層掠食動(dòng)物的種群大幅減少, 其他物種的種群也會(huì)有出乎意料的變化。故選d。4. what conclusion can be drawn from the examples in paragraph 4? a. uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems. b. rapid economic development threatens animal habitats. c. species of commercial value dominate other species. d. ind

14、ustrial activities help keep food webs stable. 【解析】選a。推理判斷題。第四段例子旨在闡明人類的沒(méi)有計(jì)劃的活動(dòng)會(huì)在很大程度上影響生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡。故選a。5. how does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance? a. by getting illegal practices under control. b. by stopping us from killing large predators. c. by bringing the broken-do

15、wn ecosystems back to normal. d. by signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action. 【解析】選d。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的prevention is key可知, 預(yù)防是關(guān)鍵, 一旦生態(tài)系統(tǒng)超出了臨界點(diǎn), 恢復(fù)是很難的。故選d。話題詞匯propose, link, reveal, prove, mathematical, model, key, principles短語(yǔ)句式find out, lead to, be based on; to find an answer, scientists

16、. . . ; with such models, scientists have found out. . . scientists proposed that. . . 熟詞新義switch n. 開(kāi)關(guān); 轉(zhuǎn)換(新)drive vt. 駕駛; 迫使(新)fish vt. 捕魚(yú); 打撈(新)push vt. 推動(dòng); 促使(新)微完形填空with such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. most food webs, for instance, 1 many weak

17、links rather than a few strong ones. when a predator(掠食動(dòng)物)always eats huge numbers of a single prey(獵物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on 2 species, they are weakly linked. food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that 3 is more stable over the long term. if

18、 a predator can eat several species, it can 4 the extinction(滅絕)of one of them. and if a predator can move on to another species that is5 to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. the weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinct

19、ion. 1. a. give up b. consist of c. turn to d. put forward2. a. endangeredb. rarec. variousd. frightening3. a. arrangementb. conclusionc. challenged. blame4. a. handleb. investigatec. foreseed. survive5. a. differentb. willingc. easierd. positive1. 【解析】選b。很多食物鏈, 是由很多弱連接而不是由很多強(qiáng)連接組成的。give up放棄; consis

20、t of由組成; turn to轉(zhuǎn)向, 求助于; put forward提出。故選b。2. 【解析】選c。當(dāng)獵食者以多種物種為食的時(shí)候endangered瀕危的; rare罕見(jiàn)的; various各種各樣的; frightening令人恐懼的。故選c。3. 【解析】選a。食物鏈或許被很多弱連接所主導(dǎo), 因?yàn)榻?jīng)過(guò)了很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間, 這種排列穩(wěn)定下來(lái)。arrangement安排, 排列; conclusion推斷, 結(jié)論; challenge挑戰(zhàn); blame責(zé)備。故選a。4. 【解析】選d。如果一個(gè)捕食者能以幾個(gè)物種為食, 即使一個(gè)物種滅絕, 它也能存活下來(lái)。handle處理; investigat

21、e調(diào)查; foresee預(yù)見(jiàn); survive幸存。故選d。5. 【解析】選c。當(dāng)一個(gè)被捕食的物種變得稀少時(shí), 捕食者能夠轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)容易找到的物種。different不同的; willing愿意的; easier更容易的; positive積極的, 肯定的。故選c。. 話題與高考寫(xiě)作假如你是李華, 你的外國(guó)朋友jack想了解著名科學(xué)家屠呦呦的相關(guān)情況, 請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以下要求給他寫(xiě)一封回信。姓名屠呦呦國(guó)籍中國(guó)職業(yè)藥學(xué)家, 醫(yī)學(xué)專家, 科學(xué)家興趣愛(ài)好自幼熱衷于傳統(tǒng)中藥主要經(jīng)歷1. 1930年12月30日生于浙江寧波; 2. 1951年考入北京大學(xué), 主修制藥專業(yè); 3. 畢業(yè)后一直在專心于中醫(yī)的研究

22、; 4. 1972年成功發(fā)現(xiàn)并制成了能治療瘧疾的青蒿素; 5. 2015年10月5日, 她被授予諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng), 成為中國(guó)第一個(gè)獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的女性科學(xué)家。注意: 詞數(shù)80左右。step 1要點(diǎn)寫(xiě)作根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示補(bǔ)全句子。屠呦呦, 著名的女性藥學(xué)家、醫(yī)學(xué)專家、科學(xué)家, 當(dāng)她年輕的時(shí)候, 就熱衷于傳統(tǒng)中藥。tu youyou, a famous female pharmacologist, medical expert and scientist, was enthusiastic about traditional chinese medicine when she was young. 1951年

23、, 她考入北京大學(xué), 主修制藥專業(yè)。in 1951, she was admitted into beijing university, and majored in making medicine. 她畢業(yè)后一直在專心于中醫(yī)的研究。after graduating from the university, she has been absorbed in scientific research of traditional chinese medicine. 1972年, 她成功發(fā)現(xiàn)并制成了能治療瘧疾的青蒿素。in 1972, she succeeded in discovering and

24、 developing qinghaosu and it could cure people of malaria. 2015年10月5日, 她被授予諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng), 成為中國(guó)第一位獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的女性科學(xué)家。she was awarded the nobel prize in medicine on october 5th, 2015 and became the first chinese woman to win the nobel prize. step 2句式升級(jí)用現(xiàn)在分詞改寫(xiě)句in 1951, she was admitted into beijing university, majo

25、ring in making medicine. 用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句改寫(xiě)in 1972, she succeeded in discovering and developing qinghaosu, which could cure people of malaria. 用現(xiàn)在分詞改寫(xiě)句she was awarded the nobel prize in medicine on october 5th, 2015, becoming the first chinese woman to win the nobel prize. step 3組句成篇運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞串連以上句子。_【參考范文】dear jack, i am glad to h