第1章 緒論《生理學(xué)》(雙語)

1、生理學(xué)（Physiology）主講：主講： （人衛(wèi)第八版）（人衛(wèi)第八版）Physiology: the study of the logic of lifeLifeLogicStudy生理學(xué)PhysiologyPlant PhysiologyBacterial PhysiologyViral PhysiologyAnimal PhysiologyHuman Physiology第一節(jié) 生理學(xué)的任務(wù)和研究方法 (The mission and methods of physiological study)w 一、生理學(xué)及其任務(wù) (The concept and mission of physio

2、logical study) 生理學(xué)(physiology)是研究生物體及其各組成部分正常功能活動規(guī)律的一門科學(xué)。 生物體（organism）：簡稱為機(jī)體，是自然界中有生命的物體的總稱，包括一切動物、植物和微生物。第一章第一章 緒緒 論論Chapter 1 Introduction（1）產(chǎn)生規(guī)律和特點；）產(chǎn)生規(guī)律和特點；（2）發(fā)生機(jī)制；）發(fā)生機(jī)制；（3）內(nèi)外環(huán)境變化對這些活）內(nèi)外環(huán)境變化對這些活動的影響。動的影響。生理學(xué)的任務(wù)生理學(xué)的任務(wù)w 二、生理學(xué)與醫(yī)學(xué)的關(guān)系 (The relationship between physiology and medicine) 人體生理學(xué)(human ph

3、ysiology)是研究人體機(jī)能活動及其規(guī)律的科學(xué)。二、生理學(xué)與醫(yī)學(xué)的關(guān)系 (The relationship between physiology and medicine) w 1、生理學(xué)知識是在醫(yī)學(xué)實踐、科學(xué)研究和技術(shù)發(fā)展過程中不斷積累起來的；w 2、生理學(xué)可為后繼醫(yī)學(xué)課程的學(xué)習(xí)及科研、教學(xué)和臨床醫(yī)療工作打好必要的 理論基礎(chǔ)。De Motu Cordis“On The Motion Of The Heart And Blood In Animals” (1628) (/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html)W. Ha

4、rvey (1578-1657) (English)Rise of modern physiology三、生理學(xué)的研究方法三、生理學(xué)的研究方法(Methods used in physiological study) 急性動物實驗(acute animal experiment) w 在體(in vivo)實驗 離體(in vitro)實驗 如：去大腦僵直 如：骨骼肌實驗裝置圖(一)動物實驗(animal experiment) w 慢性動物實驗(chronic animal experiment) 如研究動物的胃液分泌，采用假飼的實驗方法(一)動物實驗(animal experiment)

5、（二）人體實驗（二）人體實驗（一）器官和系統(tǒng)水平（二）細(xì)胞和分子水平（三）整體水平w四、生理學(xué)研究的不同水平 (The different levels of physiological study)1. Organ and System Physiology2. Cellular and molecular PhysiologyMeasurementof cell shorteningCell length ( m) 120905sMeasurement of Ca2+i0.61.3340/3805s3. Integrative Physiology 第二節(jié)第二節(jié) 機(jī)體的內(nèi)環(huán)境和穩(wěn)態(tài)機(jī)體的內(nèi)

6、環(huán)境和穩(wěn)態(tài)(Internal environment and homeostasis of body) w一、機(jī)體的內(nèi)環(huán)境(Internal environment)w 外環(huán)境(external environment) ：機(jī)體生存的外界環(huán)境，包括自然環(huán)境和社會環(huán)境。w 內(nèi)環(huán)境(internal environment)：圍繞在多細(xì)胞動物體內(nèi)細(xì)胞周圍的液體，即細(xì)胞外液，稱為機(jī)體的內(nèi)環(huán)境。A French physiologist known for his idea of the internal environment (1813-1878) 體液體液 (60% 體重體重) * * 細(xì)胞內(nèi)液

7、細(xì)胞內(nèi)液Intracellular fluid (40%) * * 細(xì)胞外液細(xì)胞外液Extracellular fluid (20%) 血漿血漿 Plasma (5%) 組織液組織液 Interstitial fluid (15%) 淋巴淋巴 Lymph (1%) 腦脊液腦脊液 Cerebrospinal fluid (1%) 眼內(nèi)液眼內(nèi)液Aqueous humor (1%) etc.w homeostasis（穩(wěn)態(tài)） 是指內(nèi)環(huán)境的理化性質(zhì)，如溫度、pH、滲透壓和各種液體成分等的相對恒定狀態(tài)。 二、內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)二、內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)內(nèi)環(huán)境內(nèi)環(huán)境(internal environment) 1870

8、By Claude Bernard (1813-1878) 內(nèi)環(huán)境的各種理化因素保持相對內(nèi)環(huán)境的各種理化因素保持相對穩(wěn)定，稱之為內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定，稱之為內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)穩(wěn)態(tài)(homeostasis)By W. B. Cannon (1871-1945)生理意義：生理意義：內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)是細(xì)胞維內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)是細(xì)胞維持正常生理功能和機(jī)體維持正常生持正常生理功能和機(jī)體維持正常生命活動的必要條件命活動的必要條件動態(tài)平衡。動態(tài)平衡。代謝代謝產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)物養(yǎng)養(yǎng) 料料細(xì)胞外液細(xì)胞外液內(nèi)環(huán)境內(nèi)環(huán)境 機(jī)體機(jī)體外環(huán)境外環(huán)境細(xì)胞細(xì)胞-RegulationBodys systems operate together to maint

9、ain homeostasis:Skin systemSkeletal and muscular systemCirculatory system Respiratory systemDigestive systemUrinary systemNervous systemEndocrine systemLymphatic systemReproductive systemHow is homeostasis achieved? Components of Homeostasis:lConcentration of O2 and CO2 lpH of the internal environme

10、nt lConcentration of nutrients and waste products lConcentration of salt and other electrolytes lVolume and pressure of extracellular fluid 第三節(jié) 機(jī)體生理功能的調(diào)節(jié)(The regulation of body physiological functions) wNervous RegulationwHumoral RegulationwAutoregulation一、生理功能的調(diào)節(jié)方式一、生理功能的調(diào)節(jié)方式（一）神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)(Nervous regulat

11、ion) w 反射(reflex) ：w 反射的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)：反射的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)：反射弧(reflex arc)Knee jerk reflexReceptor Afferent (sensory) nerve Reflex center (brain or spinal cord) Efferent (motor) nerve EffectorReflex Arcw 特點：反應(yīng)迅速 起作用快 調(diào)節(jié)精確。w 可分為 非條件反射(unconditioned reflex) 條件反射(conditioned reflex) 特點與分類特點與分類（二）體液調(diào)節(jié)(Humoral regulation) w 體

12、液調(diào)節(jié)是指機(jī)體的某些組織細(xì)胞所分泌的特殊的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，通過體液途徑到達(dá)并作用于靶器官，調(diào)節(jié)靶器官生理活動的一種調(diào)節(jié)方式。 w 特點：作用緩慢而持久，作用面較廣泛，調(diào)節(jié)方式相對恒定，它對人體生命活動的調(diào)節(jié)和自身穩(wěn)態(tài)的維持起著重要作用。 Endocrine cellsHormoneHormoneReceptorTraditional description of humoral regulation by hormoneHumoral regulationVasopressinOxytocinNeuroendocrine (Neurosecretion)w PheromonePheromone fo

13、r MenOriginal price: $99.95Ant Alarm Pheromone w 自身調(diào)節(jié)是指某些細(xì)胞或組織器官憑借本身內(nèi)在特性，而不依賴神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)和體液調(diào)節(jié)，對內(nèi)環(huán)境變化產(chǎn)生特定適應(yīng)性反應(yīng)的過程。 特點：調(diào)節(jié)強(qiáng)度較弱，影響范圍小，且靈敏度較低，調(diào)節(jié)常局限于某些器官或組織細(xì)胞內(nèi)，但對于該器官或組織細(xì)胞生理活動的功能調(diào)節(jié)仍然具有一定的意義。 （三）自身調(diào)節(jié)(Autoregulation)Definition: Intrinsic (independent of any neural or humoral influences) ability of an organ to main

14、tain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressureMechanism: Stretch-activated constriction of vessels Significance: Maintenance of near-constant cerebral, renal and coronary blood flow80180 mmHgSummary: Summary: Many control systems work to maintain Many control systems work to mainta

15、in homeostasis. The regulation homeostasis. The regulation systems of human body can be divided into nerve systems of human body can be divided into nerve regulation, humoral regulation and autoregulation, regulation, humoral regulation and autoregulation, Many physiological activities are regulated

16、 by the Many physiological activities are regulated by the nervous system. This is callednervous system. This is called nervous regulation.nervous regulation. A A reflexreflex is the basic model of nervous regulation is the basic model of nervous regulation andand the the reflex arcreflex arc is the

17、 pathway in a reflex. is the pathway in a reflex. Chemical substances secreted by some tissues arrive Chemical substances secreted by some tissues arrive at target organs through body fluids and regulate at target organs through body fluids and regulate physiological activity of the target organ. Th

18、is is physiological activity of the target organ. This is called called humoral regulationhumoral regulation. . In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental change, depending directly to the environmental change, depend

19、ing neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called form of regulation is called autoregulation.autoregulation.三種調(diào)節(jié)方式的特點：三種調(diào)節(jié)方式的特點：神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)迅速、局限、精確體液調(diào)節(jié)緩慢、彌散、持久自身調(diào)節(jié)范圍小，不太靈敏w （一）反饋控制系統(tǒng)“閉環(huán)閉環(huán)”系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng) (Feedback control system) 二、體內(nèi)的控制系

20、統(tǒng)二、體內(nèi)的控制系統(tǒng)(Adaptive control system in human body)Closed-loop systemAutomatic controlNegative feedbackPositive feedback Feedback Control SystemControl CenterEffectorsStimulusResponse1、負(fù)反饋控制系統(tǒng) w負(fù)反饋(negative feedback) 在閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)中，受控部分發(fā)出的反饋信息抑制控制部分的活動，使其活動減弱，這種反饋稱為負(fù)反饋。例如：胰島素對血糖濃度的調(diào)節(jié)、減壓反射等例如：胰島素對血糖濃度的調(diào)節(jié)、減壓反

21、射等生理意義：生理意義：通過負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)可使系統(tǒng)處于一種穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，維持機(jī)體維持機(jī)體生理功能的生理功能的穩(wěn)態(tài)穩(wěn)態(tài)。Negative feedback: commonA change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which counteracts that change Examples:Regulation of blood pressure, Regulation of body temperature,Regulation of hormone release2、正反饋控制系統(tǒng) w 正反饋(positive feed

22、back) 在閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)中，受控部分發(fā)出的反饋信號加強(qiáng)控制部分的活動，使其活動增強(qiáng)，這種反饋稱為正反饋。例如：例如： 排尿反射、分娩、血液凝固排尿反射、分娩、血液凝固生理意義：生理意義：與負(fù)反饋相反，正反饋不可能維持系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)或平衡，而是破壞原先的平 衡狀態(tài)，使機(jī)體的某項生使機(jī)體的某項生理功能不斷加強(qiáng)，得以迅速完成。理功能不斷加強(qiáng)，得以迅速完成。Positive feedback: uncommonA change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which amplifies that change +Examples:Child birth MicturitionBlood coagulationVicious circle under pathophysiological conditions子宮收縮子宮收縮(結(jié)果結(jié)果)胎兒頭部牽張子胎兒頭部牽張子宮頸部宮頸部催產(chǎn)素分泌催產(chǎn)素分泌(原因原因)（二）前饋控制系統(tǒng)(Feed-forward control system)w 當(dāng)控制部分發(fā)出信號，指令受控部分進(jìn)行某一活動時，受控部分不 發(fā)出反饋信號，而是由某一監(jiān)測裝置在受到刺激后發(fā)出前饋信號，