Lesson8OperationandMaintenanceofMainEngine剖析

1、Lesson 8 Operation and Maintenance of Main Engine第 8 課 主機(jī)的運(yùn)行與養(yǎng)護(hù)Operati ng Procedures操作程序Medium-speed and slow-speed diesel engines will follow a fairly similar procedure forstarting and manoeuvring.中、低速柴油機(jī)的起動和操作的程序完全相似。Where reversing gearboxes or controllable-pitch propellers are used then enginere

2、versing is not necessary.當(dāng)采用可換向減速齒輪箱或變距槳時主機(jī)不必逆轉(zhuǎn)。A general procedure is now given for engine operation which details the main points intheir correct sequence.如下給出的為主機(jī)正確操作程序的要點(diǎn)。Where a manufacturers instruction book is available this should be consulted and used.當(dāng)有廠家說明書時 , 應(yīng)參照說明書。Preparati ons for sta

3、 ndby備車1. Before a large diesel is started it must be warmed through by circulating hot waterthrough the jackets, etc. This will enable the various engine parts to expand in relation toone another.1.在主機(jī)起動前 , 應(yīng)通過在缸套中循環(huán)的熱水對主機(jī)進(jìn)行暖機(jī) , 以使主機(jī)各部分相對膨脹。2. The various supply tanks, filters, valves and drains ar

4、e all to be checked.2.檢查各補(bǔ)給柜、濾器、閥件 , 并放殘。3. The lubricating oil pumps and circulating water pumps are started and all the visiblereturns should be observed.3.起動滑油泵、循環(huán)水泵 , 并觀察回流情況。4. All control equipment and alarms should be examined for correct operation.4.檢查所有控制設(shè)備和報警裝置是否工作正常。5. The indicator cocks

5、 are opened, the turning gear engaged and the engine turnedthrough several complete revolutions5.打開示功旋塞 , 合上盤車機(jī) , 轉(zhuǎn)動主機(jī)幾轉(zhuǎn)In this way any water which may have collected in the cylinders will be forced out.如果氣缸中有水將會被排出。6. The fuel oil system is checked and circulated with hot oil.6 檢查燃油系統(tǒng) , 并用熱油對系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行循環(huán)

6、。7. Auxiliary scavenge blowers, if manually operated, should be started.7.如果輔助掃氣泵為手動起動 , 應(yīng)將其起動。8.The turning gear is removed and if possible the engine should be turned over on airbefore closing the indicator cocks,8.脫開盤車機(jī) , 如果可能 , 在關(guān)閉示功旋塞前 , 應(yīng)使用空氣轉(zhuǎn)動主機(jī)。9. The engine is now available for standby.9.主機(jī)

7、現(xiàn)在已備好。The length of time involved in these preparations will depend upon the size of the engine.備車時間的長短取決于主機(jī)的尺寸。Engine starting起動1. The direction handle is positioned ahead or astern. This handle may be built into thetelegraph reply lever.1.將轉(zhuǎn)向手柄置于正車或倒車位置（ 轉(zhuǎn)向手柄可與車鐘手柄做成一體 ）The camshaft is thus positi

8、oned relative to the crankshaft to operate the various cams forfuel injection, valve operation, etc.此時 , 凸輪軸相對曲軸處于某位置以轉(zhuǎn)動用于燃油噴射、氣閥啟閉的各種凸輪。2.The manoeuvring handle is moved to start. This will admit compressed air into thecylinders in the correct sequence to turn the engine in the desired direction.2.

9、將操車手柄置于“起動” , 此時 , 壓縮空氣將按正確的順序依次進(jìn)入氣缸 , 從而起動主機(jī)A separateair start button may be used.（另外 ） 可使用單獨(dú)的起動按鈕來起動主機(jī)。3. When the engine reaches, its firing speed the manoeuvring handle is moved to therunning position3.當(dāng)主機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到發(fā)火轉(zhuǎn)速時 , 將操車手柄移至“運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”位置Fuel is admitted and the combustion process will accelerate the e

10、ngine and starting airadmission will cease.油噴入氣缸 , 燃燒開始并加速主機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn) , 此時 , 起動空氣停止進(jìn)入氣缸。Engine revers ing換向When running at manoeuvring speeds:當(dāng)機(jī)動航行時：1. Where manually operated auxiliary blowers are fitted they should be started.1. 起動輔助鼓風(fēng)機(jī) （若手動起動 ）。2.The fuel supply is shut off and the engine will quickly s

11、low down.2.切斷燃油 , 主機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速會迅速降低。3. The direction handle is positioned astern.3. 將方向手柄置于倒車位置。4.Compressed air is admitted to the engine to turn it in the astern direction.4.壓縮空氣進(jìn)入氣缸 , 從而使主機(jī)倒車轉(zhuǎn)動。5. When turning astern under the action of compressed air, fuel will be admitted.5.當(dāng)主機(jī)在壓縮空氣作用下倒車轉(zhuǎn)動時, 燃油噴入氣缸The

12、combustion process will take over and air admission cease.燃燒過程開始 , 而壓縮空氣停止進(jìn)入氣缸。When running at full speed:全速航行時：1. The auxiliary blowers, where manually operated, should be started.1.起動輔助鼓風(fēng)機(jī) （若手動起動 ）。2.Fuel is shut off from the engine.2.主機(jī)停油。3. Blasts of compressed air may be used to slow the engine

13、 down.3.可以使用壓縮空氣使主機(jī)降速。4.When the engine is stopped the direction handle is positioned astern.4.當(dāng)主機(jī)停車后 , 將方向手柄置于倒車位置。5. Compressed air is admitted to turn the engine astern and fuel is admitted to acceleratethe engine.5.壓縮空氣進(jìn)入氣缸 , 使主機(jī)倒車轉(zhuǎn)動 , 燃油供入氣缸以加速主機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。The compressed air supply will then cease.此時 ,

14、 壓縮空氣停止供入氣缸。Maintenance維修D(zhuǎn)iesel engines are remarkably simple in principle and require little in the way of routinemaintenance, although what little is required is essential to a long life.柴油機(jī)在原理上相當(dāng)簡單 , 且僅需較少的日常維護(hù) , 雖然該維護(hù)對于柴油機(jī)維持較長的使用 壽命至關(guān)重要。The nozzles of the engine should when necessary be freed fr

15、om coke, which, especiallywhen heavy fuel oils containing asphalt are used, may deposit around and in the nozzleholes.發(fā)動機(jī)噴油嘴應(yīng)無積炭 , 當(dāng)使用含瀝青重質(zhì)燃料油時 , 積炭會沉積在噴油孔周圍及其內(nèi)部。If these deposits become so large that the spraying of the fuel oil is impaired, thecombustion will be poor and the exhaust smoky.如果積炭過多 ,

16、 以致妨礙燃油噴射 , 燃燒質(zhì)量會變差并且導(dǎo)致冒黑煙。The engine should be regularly cleaned and inspected.應(yīng)定期清潔和檢查發(fā)動機(jī)。How often this should be done, depends, of course, principally on the working conditions,and the engineer in charge of the engine should therefore form an idea himself of thisguided by experience and make out

17、 a schedule of necessary operations.清潔和檢查的周期原則上應(yīng)依發(fā)動機(jī)的工況而定 , 并且主管輪機(jī)員應(yīng)根據(jù)其經(jīng)驗制訂必要 的維修計劃。The following schedule may be useful as a guide.下述維修計劃可作為有益參考。It assumesordinary running conditions, careful attendance and the use of suitablelubricating and fuel oils.該計劃旨在保證運(yùn)行狀況正常、管理周到 , 并且使用合適的滑油和燃油。A further con

18、dition is that the engine is well run in.更進(jìn)一步是為了使發(fā)動機(jī)運(yùn)行良好。When necessary:有必要：1. Clean the nozzles.1.清潔噴油嘴。2.Clean the lubricating oil filters and sec that their strainer inserts are free from defects.2.清洗滑油濾器并且保證其濾芯完整無損。3. The lubricant nipples of the scavenging pump-fitted at each valve shaft bearin

19、g and atthe bearing and catch device of the manoeuvring segment - are lubricated with greasefrom time to time.3.掃氣泵潤滑劑噴嘴應(yīng)經(jīng)常潤滑 , 噴嘴裝于軸承的各個閥及位于操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的軸承和接合處。Some of the lubricant nipples are located under the protecting cap. (Does not concernturbo charged engines)某些噴嘴位于保護(hù)罩之下 (增壓柴油機(jī)不在考慮之列 )。After about 3

20、00 hours running:經(jīng) 300 h 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后：1. Clean the fuel oil fillers and see that their strainer inserts are free from defects.1.清洗燃油濾器并且保證其濾芯完整無損。2. Clean the air intake strainer.2.清洗空氣進(jìn)氣濾器。3. Check the tightening of the stay-bolt nuts first time and afterwards once yearly.3 撐桿螺栓初次使用時應(yīng)檢查預(yù)緊力 , 以后每年檢查一次。4. Lub

21、rication of the lubricating nipples on the control board (when such occur).4.潤滑控制板上的噴嘴 ( 如果有 )。After about 2,000 hours running:經(jīng) 2 000 h 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后：1. Inspect the starting and safety valves.1.檢查起動閥和安全閥。2.Remove and clean the working pistons. Check the compression chamber andmeasure the cylinder liners.2.吊出

22、活塞并清潔。檢查壓縮室并測量缸套。Replace worn piston and scraper rings. When renewing piston rings, place then in thelower grooves.更換磨損壞的活塞以及刮油環(huán)。當(dāng)活塞環(huán)換新時 , 應(yīng)將其裝于下環(huán)槽。3. Clean the scavenging and exhaust ports.3.清潔掃氣口和排氣口(Note; under unfavourable working conditions or if the fuel oil used, is of a poorer quality,a more

23、 regular cleaning of pistons, scavenging and exhaust ports may be necessary.)(注：在工況惡劣或使用的燃油質(zhì)量較差時 , 有必要對活塞、掃氣口和排氣口進(jìn)行更多次的 定期清潔 )。4.Inspect the ring piston blower.4.檢查環(huán)形活塞式掃氣泵。Dismount the charge valves or valve covers and inspection covers.拆解排氣閥或閥蓋并檢查閥蓋。Check the piston slackness and the minimum dista

24、nce between piston wings and thepartition walls.檢查活塞“松緊度”及活塞邊緣和部分缸壁的最小間隙。Check the outer radial clearances between piston and housing. (Does not concern turbocharged engines).檢查活塞與殼體的外部徑向間隙 (增壓柴油機(jī)不在考慮之列 )。5. Inspect the elastic coupling rubber bushes. (Does not concern turbo chargedengines).5.檢查彈性連接

25、器橡皮墊子 (增壓柴油機(jī)不在考慮之列 )。After about 4,000 hours running:經(jīng) 4000h 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后：1. At plants having lubricating oil tanks, drain and clean the tanks thus full with fresh orproperly cleaned oil.1.動力裝置有滑油柜時 , 應(yīng)進(jìn)行放殘和清潔 , 并加滿新油或清潔過的油。Engines with wet sump must be subject to cleaning and replacement of oil whennecessar

26、y.當(dāng)發(fā)動機(jī)有“濕油底殼”并需要對滑油清潔和換新時 , 必須清潔和換新。For all plants, more frequent cleaning and replacement of oil is necessary when theengine is new.對所有的動力裝置 , 如發(fā)動機(jī)是新的 , 應(yīng)更加頻繁地對滑油清潔和換新。2.Check the crankshaft and its alignment in the bearings.2.檢查曲軸及其軸承的對中。3. Inspect the ring piston blower. Dismount the piston.3.檢查環(huán)

27、形活塞式掃氣泵。拆卸活塞。Check the radial and axial clearances and the slackness of the piston.檢查活塞的徑向和軸向間隙以及搭口間隙。Check the min. distance between the piston wings and the partition walls.檢查活塞邊緣和部分缸壁的最小間隙。Check the gear wheels, the bearings and the bearings clearances. (Does not concernturbo charged engines).檢查齒

28、輪、軸承及其軸承間隙 ( 增壓柴油機(jī)不在考慮之列 ) 。4.Dismount and inspect the elastic coupling rubber bushes. (Does not concern turbocharged engines).4.檢查彈性連接器橡皮墊子 (增壓柴油機(jī)不在考慮之列 )。5. Clean the lubricate oil cooler. Check the tightness of water and oil systems.5.清潔滑油冷卻器。檢查系統(tǒng)的油水密封。After about 8,000 hours running:經(jīng) 8 000 h 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

29、后：1. Dismantle the working pistons and clean their oil chambers.1.吊出活塞并清潔油腔。2.Remove deposits from the cooling water spaces of the working cylinder cover andcylinders.2.清除氣缸蓋及其氣缸冷卻水空間的沉積物。3. Check and adjust the bottom and top end bearings.3.檢查并調(diào)整上下底端軸承。4.Dismantle the exhaust pipe and the silencer

30、Remove soot and coke deposits.4.卸下排煙管和消音器 , 清除煙灰和積炭。5. Drain and clean the fuel oil tanks.5.燃料油艙放殘和清潔。After about 16,000 hours running:經(jīng) 16 000 h 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后：1.Remove and adjust the main bearing brasses if necessary. Measure the wear, checkthe clearances and adjust them if necessary.1.若有必要 , 清除并調(diào)整主軸承銅套。測量磨損

31、量 , 若有必要 , 檢查并調(diào)整間隙。2. Inspect the crankshaft carefully to see whether any cracks have developed.2.仔細(xì)檢查曲軸 , 看是否有裂紋。B.Multiple Choice 選擇題Questio ns 1-3 are based on paragraphs on Preparati ons for Stan dby.根據(jù)課文備車的準(zhǔn)備工作部分回答問題1-51.The engine is now available for sta ndby. What will the len gth of time in

32、vo Ived inthese preparatio ns depe nd upo n主機(jī)現(xiàn)在可以備車，備車時間取決于什么？答案.CA. The size of fuel oil system.燃油系統(tǒng)的大小B. The turning gear.盤車機(jī)C. The size of the engine.主機(jī)的大小D. The scave nge blower.掃氣鼓風(fēng)機(jī)2.Which of the follow ing stateme nts does not bel ong to preparatio n for sta ndby?下列哪一表述不屬于備車的準(zhǔn)備工作？答案.DA.The va

33、rious supply tanks, filters valves and drains are all to be checked各種補(bǔ)給柜、濾器閥和泄放口都要檢查。.B.All control equipment and alarms should be examined for correct operation.檢查 所有控制設(shè)備和報警裝置，確保其運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常C.The fuel oil system is checked and circulated with hot oil.檢查燃油系統(tǒng)并用熱油 循環(huán)。D.The fuel supply is shut off and the eng

34、ine will quickly slow down.D.關(guān)閉燃油， 主機(jī)迅速減速。3.The in dicator cocks are ope ned, the turning gear en gaged and the engine tur nedthrough several complete revoluti ons. In this way_ which may have collected inthe cyli nders will be forced out.打開示功旋塞，合上盤車機(jī)，轉(zhuǎn)動主機(jī)幾整轉(zhuǎn)。 這樣如果 有_聚集在氣缸里將被排出。答案:CA. any fuel oil任何

35、燃油B. any lube oil.任何滑油C. any water任何水D. any air任何空氣4.Before a marine diesel engine is started the cylinders and pistons shouldbe_.在船用柴油機(jī)啟動前氣缸和活塞應(yīng)該答案.BA.cooled to appropriate temperatures卻到適當(dāng)溫度B.warmed up gradually to appropriate temperatures漸加熱到適當(dāng)溫度C.opened up and renewe打開換新D.ground and polished研磨拋光

36、5.After the engine is warmed, we should_the turni ng gear before starti ng theengine.主機(jī)暖缸后，我們應(yīng)在啟動主機(jī)前一盤車機(jī)。答案.CA.take in吸人B. put in合上C.take out脫開D. put out熄滅6.The mano euvri ng han dle is moved to_This will admit compressed air intothe cyli nders in the correct seque nce to turn the engine in the desi

37、red direct ion.將操縱手柄轉(zhuǎn)到位置。這樣壓縮空氣將按正確的順序進(jìn)人氣缸，以使主機(jī)按期望的方向轉(zhuǎn)動。答案；CA. ahead正車B. astern倒車C. start啟動D. ahead or astern正車或倒車7.When the engine reaches its firing speed the mano euvri ng han die is moved to thepositi on.當(dāng)主機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到發(fā)火轉(zhuǎn)速時，操縱手柄移至位置。答案.cA. ahead正車B. astern倒車C.running運(yùn)行D. start啟動8.When there are large d

38、eposits on the no zzles of the engine, what will happe n to thecombusti on?當(dāng)主機(jī)噴嘴處有大的積炭，燃燒會怎樣？答案.BA.The combustion will not be affected.燃燒不會受影響B(tài).The combustion will be poor and the exhaust smoky燃燒會不良，且冒黑煙C.There will be no combustion.不會有燃燒D.No ne of the above is true.以上都不對9.After about 300 hours, r u

39、nning, what should we do?300 h 的運(yùn)行后，我們應(yīng)該做什么 ?0 素:DA.Clea n the fuel oil filters and see that their stra in er in serts are free from defects.清潔燃油濾器，確保其濾芯無損壞B.Clea n the air in take strai ner.清潔進(jìn)氣濾器C.Check the tightening of the stay-bolt nuts對拉桿螺栓螺母的擰緊度進(jìn)行初次檢查，以后每年檢查一次D.All of the above.以上全部。10. After

40、 about 2, 000 hours, running, we11 do the following procedures except約 2 000 h的運(yùn)行后，我們將進(jìn)行下列步驟，除了_。答案:DA.in spect ing the starti ng and safety valve檢查啟動閥和安全閥B.clea ning the scave nging and exhaust port清 潔掃氣口和排氣口C.inspecting the ring piston blower檢查環(huán)形活塞式鼓風(fēng)機(jī)D.checking the crankshaft and its alignmen檢查曲軸

41、及其對中情況A. Technical Terms 專業(yè)術(shù)語Tran slate the followi ng into Chi nese.將下列詞組譯成漢語。1.radial and axial cleara nce_1 徑向和軸向間隙2.輔助掃風(fēng)機(jī)示3 功旋塞4.操縱手柄5 方向手柄9.控制板6.滑油濾器10.環(huán)形活塞式鼓風(fēng)機(jī)7 積炭8.潤滑嘴11 彈性聯(lián)軸節(jié)橡皮墊2.auxiliary scave nge blower3.in dicator cock_4.mano euvri ng handl _5.direct ion handl _6.lubricat ing oil filter_

42、7.cock deposit_8.lubricat ing n ipple_9.con trol board_10. ring pist on blower_11. elastic coupli ng rubber bush_B. Active Words 常用詞Complete the followi ng sen ten ces by filli ng in the bla nks with the words in the table.Change the form of the words if n ecessary.從框中選詞完成句子，如有必要改變詞的形式。drainaccelera

43、teimpairin spectinvo Ivemeasuredism ount1.Fuel is admitted and the combustion process will_ the engine and starting airadmissi on will cease.1 .accelerate燃油進(jìn)人氣缸，燃燒過程會使主機(jī)加速，并中止啟動空氣的供應(yīng)。2.The engine is now available for standby. The length of time_ in thesepreparati ons will depe nd upon the size of th

44、e engine.2.in volved主機(jī)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)備妥，這些準(zhǔn)備工作需要的時間的長短取決于主機(jī)的尺寸。3. If these deposits become so large that the spraying of the fuel oil is_, thecombusti on will be poor and the exhaust smoky.3.impaired如果這些結(jié)炭過多損害到燃油噴射的質(zhì)量，燃燒會不良并且冒黑煙。4.Check the compression chamber an _ the cylinder liners. Replace worn pistonand scraper rin