外研社必修五module5Grammar

1、1.定義：定義： 又稱形容詞性從句，在復(fù)合句中修又稱形容詞性從句，在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞，起定語作用。飾名詞或代詞，起定語作用。2.先行詞：先行詞：被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞3.關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞who, whom, whose, which, thatwhen, where, why在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語在定語從句中作狀語在定語從句中作狀語A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of wor

2、ds.句子主干：句子主干：定語從句：定語從句：先行詞：先行詞：關(guān)系代詞：關(guān)系代詞：A dictionary is a book.which gives the meaning of words.bookwhich4. 分類：限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句分類：限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句限定性定語從句是句中限定性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分不可缺少的組成部分，使先行詞區(qū)別于同類其使先行詞區(qū)別于同類其他事物他事物; 主句和從句之主句和從句之間間不用逗號不用逗號隔開隔開非限定性定語從句是非限定性定語從句是對對主句先行詞的補充說明主句先行詞的補充說明, 沒有這種從句不影響主沒有這種從句不影

3、響主句意思完整句意思完整.一般一般用逗號用逗號把主句和從句分開把主句和從句分開引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞: 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，作系副詞，作賓語賓語時一時一些關(guān)系代詞些關(guān)系代詞可以省略可以省略引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞: as, who, whom, whose, which, of which, when, where等，等，不用不用that或或why,不能省略不能省略限制性定語從句舉例：限制性定語從句舉例： 1. The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 2. China is a country wh

4、ich has a long history. 3. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 非限制性定語從句舉例：非限制性定語從句舉例：1. His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 2. China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 3. Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many importan

5、t meetings are held every year. 1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.(她還有其他哥哥。她還有其他哥哥。)(她只有一個哥哥。她只有一個哥哥。)2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written. All the books, which

6、 have pictures in them, are well written. (帶插圖的書寫得好。帶插圖的書寫得好。)(所有的書都寫的很好。所有的書都帶所有的書都寫的很好。所有的書都帶插圖插圖)指代內(nèi)容指代內(nèi)容所做成分所做成分是否可省略是否可省略that人人; 物物主語主語, 賓語賓語,表語表語作賓語可省作賓語可省which物物主語主語, 賓語，賓語，作賓語可省作賓語可省who人人主語主語, 賓語，賓語，作賓語可省作賓語可省whom人人賓語賓語可省可省whose(人人/物物)的的定語定語不可省不可省關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞的用法As 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，在定語從句中做主語，表語，賓語，這

7、個定語從句說明整個句子，可放于主語之前也可放于主語之后As we all know, he studies very hard.Einstein , as we all know, is a famous scientist.She has been absent again,as it often happens.1. who指人指人, ,作主語或賓語作主語或賓語 ( (作賓語可略）作賓語可略）The boys who are playing football are from Class One. A person who steals things is called a thief.2

8、. whom指人指人, ,作賓語作賓語 ( (作賓語可省略作賓語可省略, ,如介如介 詞提前則不能省詞提前則不能省) ) The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li.The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.3. whose 在定語從句中作定語，與后面的在定語從句中作定語，與后面的 名詞為所屬關(guān)系。名詞為所屬關(guān)系。 whose多指人，也可多指人，也可 指物，指物時可與指物，指物時可與 of which互換使用。互換使用。1. He has a friend whose father is a doctor.2. The clas

9、sroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. =The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.3. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? =Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? Do you know the girl whose hair is very short in our class?Do you know the girl?Her ha

10、ir is very short in our class.He is the student.I broke his pencil yesterday.He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. 4which 指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓 語，做賓語時?？墒÷?。語，做賓語時?？墒÷?。 1. Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 2. The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not inter

11、esting at all.5. that指人時，相當(dāng)于指人時，相當(dāng)于who 或或whom；指；指物時，相當(dāng)于物時，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中作主。在定語從句中作主語語,賓語賓語,表語，作賓語時?？墒÷?。表語，作賓語時?？墒÷?。1. Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 2. The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 3 After this he is not the man that he used to be that和和which在指物的情況下一般都可以互在

12、指物的情況下一般都可以互換換, , 但在下列情況下但在下列情況下, , 一般用一般用that而不用而不用which。Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. Ive read all the books that are not mine. (1) 限制性定語從句中先行詞為限制性定語從句中先行詞為all, few, everything, anything, nothing, none, little, so

13、me,someone, anyone等不定代詞或被這些等不定代詞或被這些詞修飾時。詞修飾時。(2)There be 句型中用句型中用that。There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.(3)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或最高級修飾。先行詞被序數(shù)詞或最高級修飾。This is the first book (that) he has read.This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.This is the first time (that) I am in Beijing.(4)先行詞是先行詞是who或或

14、which引導(dǎo)的主句。引導(dǎo)的主句。Who is the girl that drove the car? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?(5)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物。當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物。They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. (6)先行詞被先行詞被 the only, the very, the last, just, right等修飾。等修飾。This is the very book that belongs to him.That s

15、the only thing that we can do now(1) 緊跟介詞作賓語緊跟介詞作賓語Those are many trees under which they can have a rest.(2) 在非限制性定語從句中在非限制性定語從句中 Football, which is a very popular game, is played all over the world.在下列情況下在下列情況下, ,一般用一般用which而不而不that。as 和和which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別 which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后；引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在

16、主句之后；as引導(dǎo)的從句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。引導(dǎo)的從句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。 which既可代指先行詞，又可代指整個主句既可代指先行詞，又可代指整個主句的內(nèi)容。相當(dāng)于的內(nèi)容。相當(dāng)于 “and this” 或或 “and that”. 譯為譯為“這一點這一點”。as只能代指整個主句的內(nèi)只能代指整個主句的內(nèi)容。常帶有容。常帶有“正如正如”之意，且已形成固定結(jié)之意，且已形成固定結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu): as is known, as is reported, as is said, as is expected, as we know, etc.1. Einstein, as is known, is a

17、 famous scientist.2. As is reported, China has become an important country in the world.3. Taiwan belongs to China, as is known to all.4. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.5. He didnt come to attend the meeting, as is expected.3. as在從句中作主語，從句中的謂語必須在從句中作主語，從句中的謂語必須 是系動詞；而是系動詞；而which則不一定。則不一

18、定。 He is very strict, as is shown in his work.4. 先行詞前有先行詞前有the same, such限定時，關(guān)限定時，關(guān) 系詞只能用系詞只能用as. I have the same opinion as you (have). Dont read such books as are beyond your ability.當(dāng)先行詞受當(dāng)先行詞受the same 修飾時，有時也用修飾時，有時也用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。句意思有區(qū)別。She wore the same dress as he

19、r younger sister wore. She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 5.主從之間存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，主從之間存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，關(guān)系詞往往用關(guān)系詞往往用which。 Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞的用法指代內(nèi)指代內(nèi)容容所做成分所做成分 是否可省略是否可省略when時間時間狀語狀語否否where地點地點狀語狀語否否why原因原因狀語狀語否否Ill never

20、 forget the day when I joined the league.on whichIll never forget the time which/that was spent with you.when在定語從句中作時間狀語，先行詞往在定語從句中作時間狀語，先行詞往往是表示時間的名詞。相當(dāng)于往是表示時間的名詞。相當(dāng)于介詞介詞+ +which若定語從句缺主語或賓語，需用若定語從句缺主語或賓語，需用which或或that引導(dǎo)定語從句。引導(dǎo)定語從句。This is the house where I lived two years ago.in whichThe library (w

21、hich/that) you visited yesterday was built in 1990.where在定語從句中作地點狀語，先行詞在定語從句中作地點狀語，先行詞往往是表示地點的名詞。相當(dāng)于往往是表示地點的名詞。相當(dāng)于“介詞介詞 + + which”。若定語從句缺主語或賓語，用若定語從句缺主語或賓語，用which或或that引導(dǎo)定語從句。引導(dǎo)定語從句。where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句也可以修飾引導(dǎo)的定語從句也可以修飾case, condition, situation, instance, 等先行詞。等先行詞。There are cases where this rule does not

22、 hold good.Can you think of a situation where this word can be used?Do you know the reason why she was late.The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. why在定語從句中作原因狀語，常位于在定語從句中作原因狀語，常位于reason之后，相當(dāng)于之后，相當(dāng)于for which。the reason whyis that 的原因是的原因是他辭職的原因是他和老板吵架了。他辭職的原因是他和老板吵架了。Th

23、e reason why he resigned was that he quarreled with his boss.Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good. 在在the reason why 結(jié)構(gòu)中，結(jié)構(gòu)中，why 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)定語從句定語從句，它也可以換為，它也可以換為for which或者或者省略省略。在從句中作。在從句中作原因狀語原因狀語。 如果關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞如果關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞reason在從句在從句中中作主語、賓語、表語作主語、賓語、表語等時，

24、則用等時，則用that或或which。3. the reason is that結(jié)構(gòu)中，只能用結(jié)構(gòu)中，只能用that 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)表語從句表語從句，不要受漢語的影響，誤，不要受漢語的影響，誤用用because?！纠纠?】 I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who 【解析】解析】本題的第一個空格處應(yīng)填入表示時間

25、的關(guān)本題的第一個空格處應(yīng)填入表示時間的關(guān)系副詞系副詞when，在從句中作狀語。在從句中作狀語。答案：答案：B。 【例例2】 Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which 【解析解析】“我個人所懷疑的我個人所懷疑的”是是“到十月份這工作能到十月份這工作能否被完成否被完成”，而不是，而不是“十月份十月份”，由此判定，由此判定非限制性定語從句所修飾的不是非限制性定語從句所修飾的不是October,而是前面整個主句的內(nèi)容。而是前面整

26、個主句的內(nèi)容。答案：答案：D。 【例例3】 John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true. A. he B. this C. which D. who 【解析解析】“John說他在辦公室工作一個小時了，這說他在辦公室工作一個小時了，這件事情是真的件事情是真的” 所以要用關(guān)系代詞所以要用關(guān)系代詞which指代這件事情并引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句指代這件事情并引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。答案：。答案：C?！纠?】Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a su

27、rprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. he答案答案C。此為非限定性從句。此為非限定性從句, 不能用不能用 that修飾修飾, 而用而用which, it 和和he 都使后句成為都使后句成為句子句子, 兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選接。況且選he句意不通。句意不通?！纠?】 The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定可代替句子，用于非

28、限定性定語從句，而性定語從句，而what不可。不可。that 不能用不能用于非限定性定語從句，于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。法上行不通?！纠?】The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at whichC. in which D. on which 本句屬于本句屬于“介詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從引導(dǎo)定語從句這一情況。通過拆分我們可以

29、得句這一情況。通過拆分我們可以得 My students acted in the English play at the New Years party, 所以答案為所以答案為C。 【例例7】 _ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. A. It B. As C. That D. What【例例8】 I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. A. how B. whi

30、ch C. where D. that【例例9】 Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one在該句中，主句中所缺部分為表語，從句在該句中，主句中所缺部分為表語，從句中缺少賓語。只有中缺少賓語。只有the one既做了主句的表既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，相當(dāng)于：詞，相當(dāng)于：the one that/which 所以應(yīng)選所以應(yīng)選D。 【例例10】 Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one該句中該句中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又，又因因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中，介詞引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選用的不對，所以選A?！纠?1】 The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ th