lecture 11 翻譯技巧十 常見句型的翻譯

1、一、定語從句的翻譯一、定語從句的翻譯 二、狀語從句的翻譯二、狀語從句的翻譯三、名詞性從句的翻譯三、名詞性從句的翻譯 Attributive clauses are widely used in English. In many cases, sentences are made very long because of attributive clauses. Hence it is important to have a correct comprehension and an accurate translation of attributive clauses. Different at

2、tributive clauses may express different meanings such as purpose, concession, result and so on. An attributive clause usually follows the word it modifies. This is different from Chinese. In Chinese there is no post-position attribute and there cant be too many modifiers preceding the modified word.

3、 All this causes changes in translating some sentences which contain attributive clauses.I、譯成前置定語、譯成前置定語 一般說來，限制性的定語從句可提前譯成定語。還有一些定語從句，雖然并不明顯地帶有限制性質，但本身較短，和被修飾語的關系緊密，也可譯成前置定語。1. To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.誠然，一個宏偉的重建計劃也許能為許多需要工作需要工作的的人

4、提供就業(yè)機會。2. This is the solider who just returned from the front. 這是剛從前線回來的剛從前線回來的戰(zhàn)士。3. ChengduA city you will never want to say goodbye after arrival.成都 一個你來了就不想離開的城市。 4. In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.

5、可是，近幾年來人們開始意識到城市也是問問題成堆的題成堆的地方。 當然，有些起附加說明作用的非限制性定語從句，對先行詞也有不同程度的修飾限制作用，有時也可以譯為前置定語。5. The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.那個整天躲在云層里的那個整天躲在云層里的太陽,現在又光芒四射地露面了。6. He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof冷漠 and arroga

6、nt高傲.他喜歡熱情愉快的熱情愉快的妹妹，而不喜歡冷漠高傲的冷漠高傲的哥哥。II . 譯成后置定語譯成后置定語 A、一些結構比較復雜，或者意思上有較強的獨立性的限制性定語從句，通常可譯為后置的并列句。采取這種譯法往往要重復關系代詞所代替的詞，比如：有時可在此詞之前加指示詞“這”、“這些”或人稱代詞“他”、“他們”等等，來使譯文明確。7. This volume is prepared as examples for writing compositions which, as it were, has been taken as a difficult task. 本書旨在為寫作提供范例，可以

7、說這一直是一個難可以說這一直是一個難題。題。8. Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.物質是由分子組成的，而分子又是由原子組成的。而分子又是由原子組成的。9. But listen, I met a man, who said you could solve this problem.聽著， 我遇見一個人，這這個人說你是有權解決這個問題的。10. Day light comes from the sun, which is a mass of hot, glowing gas. 日光來自太陽，太陽是一團熾熱、發(fā)光

8、的氣體太陽是一團熾熱、發(fā)光的氣體。B、 非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關系不十分密切，只是對先行詞加以說明，描述或解釋，或對整個句子所陳述的事實或現象加以總結、補充說明，其前都有逗號分開。在漢譯時一般譯為后置并列分句后置并列分句。如：11.He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.他把一切錯誤都歸罪于我，我認為這很不公平。我認為這很不公平。12. These books, which are only a small part of my collection, I picked up in American. 這些書是我在美

9、國買,它們在我的藏書中只占一小部它們在我的藏書中只占一小部分分。13. She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 她對孩子們很耐心，而她丈夫卻很少這樣她丈夫卻很少這樣。14. They seem to enjoy those rewards which they had purchased by a course of unmerited fatigue, and by victories which almost exceeded belief.他們對那些酬勞看來是很得意的，那些酬勞是他們

10、歷經那些酬勞是他們歷經千辛萬苦，通過取得令人難以置信的勝利得來的千辛萬苦，通過取得令人難以置信的勝利得來的。 15. I told the story to John, who(=and he) told it to his brother. 我把這件事告訴了約翰，約翰又告訴了他的弟弟。這種采取后置的辦法來處理非限制性定語從句，一般也使用指示代詞來重復英語關系代詞所代表的含義。（如例13） 16. There are many people who want to select this major. 許多人要選這個專業(yè)許多人要選這個專業(yè)。17. There is a man downstai

11、rs who wants to see you.樓下有人要見你有人要見你。III、溶合譯法、溶合譯法溶合法就是把原句子中的主語和定語從句溶合在一起譯成一個獨立句子的翻譯方法。另外，由于限制性定語從句與主句的關系密切，所以，限制性定語從句似乎更適合采用溶合法。英語中突出的 “there be” 句型就是這樣處理的。 18.You are the only person who could do it.只有你才能做這件事。 19. He has a son of twenty who is now at the college.他有個二十歲的兒子現在正上大學二十歲的兒子現在正上大學。 20. Th

12、is was the first time I had serious trouble with my leader. 這是我第一次和領導發(fā)生嚴重糾葛。和領導發(fā)生嚴重糾葛。IV. 譯成狀語譯成狀語 有些定語從句從形式上看是定語，但在意義上與主句有邏輯狀語關系，對主句其原因、結果、目的、條件、讓步等狀語作用，翻譯時應盡可能按照其語法功能，譯成與漢語相對應的復句。21. The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain.由于計算機起著類似人腦的作用，所以常

13、常被稱作電腦。（譯成原因狀從）22. She insisted on buying another pair of roller skates, which she had no use of.她堅持要買多一雙旱冰鞋，結果卻一點用處也沒有。23. Rose took Chinese medicine which relieved her symptoms.羅斯服了中藥，結果緩解了癥狀。（譯成結果狀從）24. There is no bad habit that may not be cured by a strong willpower.只要有堅強的意志，就沒有什么壞習慣改不掉。（譯成條件狀從

14、） 25. The newswoman wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to shipwreck.這位女記者想寫篇文章， 以便能夠引起公眾對那起沉船事件的注意。（譯成目的狀語從句）A rocket engine can work in space where there is no air.She has invited me to visit her family, which is very kind of her .He would be a short-sighted man who did n

15、ot look beyond.Here is the man whom you have been looking for.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.定語從句翻譯練習：定語從句翻譯練習： 1. 火箭發(fā)動機能夠在太空中缺乏空氣的狀態(tài)下運行。 2. 她善意地邀請我去她家。 3. 沒有洞察力的人等于近視。 4.這就是你一直在找的人。 5. 我們兩國是有著長久友誼的鄰邦。 I. 按照原文順序譯出狀語從句按照原文順序譯出狀語從句1. If you do not mind, I will tur

16、n off the heating. 如果你不介意，我就把暖氣關上了。2. As far as I know, there isnt such a word in English. 據我所知， 英語里并沒有這個單詞。3. Where water resources are plentiful, hydroelectric power stations are being built in large numbers.哪里有充足的水源，哪里就在興建大批的水電站。4. Wherever you work, you must always serve the people whole-hearted

17、ly. 不論你在哪里工作，你一直都要全心全意地為人民服務。狀語從句的翻譯5. Though he was defeated in the election, he became famous for his fiery speeches against slavery.雖然他競選失敗了，卻以其反對蓄奴制度的激烈演說而出了名。II. 狀語從句譯在主句之前狀語從句譯在主句之前6. She is sure to come unless she has some urgent business.除非她有急事，她一定會來的。狀語從句的翻譯7. Please turn off the light when

18、 you leave the dormitory. 離開宿舍，請關上電燈。8. I will never give in, no matter what happens. 不管怎么樣，我永遠也不會屈服。9. You should not get off until the bus stops.車未停穩(wěn)之前，你不要下車。10. They started out as soon as the rain stopped.雨一停，他們就出發(fā)了。狀語從句的翻譯III. 狀語從句轉譯成其他類型的狀語從句狀語從句轉譯成其他類型的狀語從句11. Skill and patience will succeed

19、where force fails.在體力做不到的時候，技巧和耐心會幫助人成功。（地點（地點狀從譯為時間狀從）狀從譯為時間狀從）12. Though not in substance, yet in form, economic reforms are at first a nation-wide revolution.如果不就內容而就形式而言，經濟改革首先就是一場全國性的革命。（讓步狀從譯為條件狀從）（讓步狀從譯為條件狀從）13. Why did you give up when you could make it?既然你能成功，干嘛要放棄呢？（時間狀從譯為讓步狀從） 狀語從句的翻譯14.

20、She sang resonantly, if slightly nasally. 她唱歌聲音洪亮，盡管鼻音略顯重了些。（條件狀從譯為讓步狀從） IV. 狀語從句譯成非狀語從句狀語從句譯成非狀語從句15. The boy shouted as he ran.那個男孩一邊跑，一邊喊。（譯成并列句）狀語從句的翻譯16. If you melt two or more metals together, you can get a new metal.將兩種以上的金屬熔化在一起，就可以產生一種新金屬。（譯成復合句的主語）18. The monkey was feeling a bit scared w

21、hen suddenly the crocodile dived under the water.猴子正感到有點兒害怕，鱷魚突然向水下潛去。19. As he had lots of time, he decided to go to the embankment first.時間還早，他決定先到河岸大道去一下。（內含因果關系的并列句）20. I was just going to explain, when the bell rang.我正要解釋，鈴聲響了。（譯成并列句）21. They asked her to stay where she was.他們讓她呆在原處。(譯成賓語）22. T

22、he greedy officials dared to accept any presents, whoever sent them.無論是誰送給他們的禮品無論是誰送給他們的禮品,這些貪官都敢收下。這些貪官都敢收下。（譯為定語）You may do as you please. （譯成謂語）When you have tanks of air on you, you can stay in deep water for a long time. （時間狀從譯成條件狀從）Where there is a will, there is a way. （地點狀從譯成 條件狀從）We left in

23、 such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. (直譯）Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life. （倒譯）練習：練習：1. 你愿意怎么做都行。（譯成謂語）2. 如果背著空氣箱，你就能長時間地呆在深水中。（時間狀從譯成條件狀從）3. 有志者事竟成。（地點狀從譯成 條件狀從）4. 我們走得很匆忙，結果門都忘鎖了。5. 生活中既有悲劇，文學作品就可以寫悲劇。狀語從句的翻譯 練習答案n主語從句的常見譯法主語從句的常見譯法n賓語從句的常見譯法賓語從句的常見譯法

24、n表語從句的常見譯法表語從句的常見譯法n同位語從句的常見譯法同位語從句的常見譯法 英語名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。在翻譯時，詞序一般不變，但有時也需采取一些其他處理方法。名詞性從句的翻譯.“It+被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)+that”句型句型這種句型通常要譯成漢語里的主動句，并增譯出這種句型通常要譯成漢語里的主動句，并增譯出“大家大家”“”“我們我們” “有人有人” “人們人們”等泛指等泛指性的主語。該譯法的特點保留了原文句子結構性的主語。該譯法的特點保留了原文句子結構的前后順序，即：先主句，后從句。有時也可的前后順序，即：先主句，后從句。有時也可譯為譯為“據據”的句型。如：

25、的句型。如：It is reported that the Summit Meeting will be held in December. 據報道，這個峰會將在月舉行。據報道，這個峰會將在月舉行。2. It could be argued that the radio performs this service just as well; but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人會提出，無線電廣播同樣能夠做到這一點；但是在電視屏幕上，每個節(jié)目都顯得更加生動，更加真實。3. It is well

26、known that alloy is a metal product containing two or more elements.眾所周知（大家都知道），合金是一種含有兩種或兩種以上元素的金屬產品。B. “It +謂語（表語）謂語（表語）+that”句型句型 這樣的主語從句句型可處理為: (1) 先把主句的謂語或表語部分譯成獨立語，然后順譯出從句；(2) 顛倒原文句子結構，先譯出從句，再譯出主句。如：4. It is strange that she have failed to see his advantages.真奇怪，她竟然沒有看出他的優(yōu)點。5. It goes without

27、saying that plants cannot grow without sunshine.毋庸置疑，沒有陽光，植物就不能生長。6. It is quite obvious that the girl still loves you deeply.很明顯，這個女孩依然深愛著你。7. It is quite possible that someday John will come to see you again.總有一天約翰會來找你的，這是很有可能的哦!8. It is frequently the case that his car breaks down on the highway.

28、他的車在路上拋錨，這是常有的事兒。9. It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.物體在水中比在空氣中輕，這是一種（大家共有的）常識。 10.It follows that the Chinese comrades consider Koreas cause as their own.由此得出，中國同志把朝鮮的事情看成自己的事情。比較上述各句，聯系英漢民族思維差異：英語民族重直線思維，要點先給出，其他信息再一一增補；漢語民族重曲線思維，先側面，外圍，后點出信

29、息的重點。因而，英語（前重心）是頭短尾長，漢語是（后重心），頭大尾小。C. 有有what, whatever, whoever, when, whether等等引導出的主語從句通常可按正常語序譯出。如：引導出的主語從句通?？砂凑ＵZ序譯出。如：11. What is hard is to do good all ones life and never do anything bad.難得的是一輩子做好事而不做壞事。12. What the students find most difficult in English is its idiomatic usage.學生感到， 英語最困難的地方是

30、它的習慣用法。主語從句的翻譯13. Whatever was said here must be kept secret.這里說的每句話都應當保密。14. Who will monitor the class is not decided yet.誰當班長還沒決定。15. When her parents will come hasnt been under consideration.她的父母什么時候到來還沒有（納入）考慮。普通句型普通句型以從屬連詞、連接代詞或介詞引起的賓語從句漢譯時，詞序一般不變。如：16. I have not made up my mind as to what el

31、ective course I am to take next term.我還有決定下學期上哪些選修課。17. This shows that something unexpected may have turned up.這表明可能出現了意外情況。引導詞的處理：that不譯，疑問詞譯出，whether譯為：“是否）。18. Lei Feng always thought how he could do more for people.雷鋒總是想到怎樣為人民做更多的事。19. She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.她從不滿足于她取

32、得的成就。20. Zhang San replied that he was very sorry.張三回答說說，他感到很遺憾。B. 用用it 作形勢賓語的句子，漢譯時，賓語從句可按原文作形勢賓語的句子，漢譯時，賓語從句可按原文譯出，但譯出，但it 可省譯。可省譯。21. I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.我讓你自己判斷，這件事該不該做。22. I made it clear to the students that they must hand in their assignments before 11 a.m

33、.我給學生講明，他們必須在上午11點前交作業(yè)。23. I think it quite true that he ventured out to Shangri-la.他冒險去香格里拉了，我覺得這件事千真萬確。 賓語從句的翻譯C.英語中有時為了修辭強調，英語中有時為了修辭強調， 把賓語從句置于主把賓語從句置于主句前，漢譯時句前，漢譯時 也可遵從該修辭效果，順序譯出。也可遵從該修辭效果，順序譯出。如：24. Whether they like it or not, I dont care.他們喜不喜歡，我可不管。25. What they were asked to do in 10 days,

34、 they finished in two.讓他們十天做的事，他們兩天就做完了。一般情況可以按原文譯出。26. Thats what we should do. 這正是我們的本分（應該做的事）。27. The question which worries everyone today is: how long will these fuels last?今天人人都擔心的問題是：這些燃料能維持多久？28. “If I have seen farther than other man, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants” (

35、Newton)“要說我比別人望得遠了一點，那是因為我已經站在了巨人的肩膀上。”（牛頓）極少數的表語從句也可以按照漢語的表達習慣，把表語從句提前。29. That is why the “know-all” is ridiculous.“萬事通”之所以可笑，原因就在于這個地方。30. That is why she is so happy.她如此高興的原因就在這里。第六章：常見句型的翻譯表語從句的翻譯 表語從句句型譯法總結：表語從句句型譯法總結：1、在、在 “that (this) is why”結構中，如先譯主句，后譯從結構中，如先譯主句，后譯從句就成了句就成了“這就是為什么這就是為什么” ,

36、 “ 這就是為什么這就是為什么的的原因原因 （緣故）（緣故）”；如先譯從句，后譯主句，常譯為；如先譯從句，后譯主句，常譯為“ 的原因（理由）就在這里的原因（理由）就在這里”。2、在、在 “that (it) is because”句型中，常先譯主句，后句型中，常先譯主句，后譯從句，成為譯從句，成為“這是因為這是因為”，“這是因為（由這是因為（由于）于）的緣故的緣故”。3、在、在“This is what”結構中，先主后從就譯為結構中，先主后從就譯為“這就這就是是的（內容）；若先從后主就譯為的（內容）；若先從后主就譯為“ 就是這個就是這個道理（意思）道理（意思） ”。 英語中的同位語從句與其所修

37、飾的名詞（代詞）處于同等地位，對其作進一步的解釋。當然，同位語可以是單詞、短語或從句。一般有三種處理方式：同位語從句不提前31. There can be no doubt that he is qualified for the job. 毫無疑問他能勝任這項工作。32. Can you produce any evidence that he was not at college that night? 你能不能提出證明，斷定那天夜里他不在這兒。同位語從句的翻譯33. I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你也在這兒。B. 同位語從句提前34. There c