第十二章從句

1、 第12章 從句根據(jù)從句在全句中的不同作用，從句可分為賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。前四種從句在復(fù)合句中的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為名詞性從句。一、名詞性從句名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句，分別作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)。（一）主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)?？梢砸龑?dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：連接詞that, whether ；連接代詞what, which, who, whom, whose； 連接副詞when, where, why, how；復(fù)合代詞whatever, whoever等。主語(yǔ)從句是指句子中作主語(yǔ)的從句，按引導(dǎo)詞的不同，可分

2、為下面三類(lèi)：（1）有從屬連詞引導(dǎo)That the earth turns around the sun is known to all.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)這一點(diǎn)是眾所周知的。Its not sure if he will succeed.他是否會(huì)成功還不能確定。（2）由連接代詞引導(dǎo)What you need is more practice.你需要的是更多的練習(xí)。Who will go is not important.誰(shuí)將去那兒并不重要。Which team will win the championship is uncertain.哪一個(gè)隊(duì)會(huì)得冠軍還說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)。Whatever I have d

3、one is only for you.無(wú)論我做什么都是為了你。（3）由連接副詞引導(dǎo)。Where the meeting will be held hasnt been decided.會(huì)議在什么地方召開(kāi)還沒(méi)有決定。When he will return is the important question.重要的問(wèn)題是他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。Why they are reducing price does not matter.他們?yōu)槭裁礈p價(jià)并不重要。However you do it is all right with me.你無(wú)論怎樣做這件事對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)都行。（4）it作形式主語(yǔ)。1.that所引導(dǎo)的

4、主語(yǔ)從句常放到句子后部去，由代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。如：It makes everyone happy that the girl is still alive.那女孩還活著讓所有人都很高興。It is impossible that I go and attend the meeting.我不可能參加會(huì)議。2.在it is a party, it is a shame, it is strange(surprising),it is no wonder, it is necessary(essential, important)等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語(yǔ)從句中常采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式should+動(dòng)詞原形（或完成

5、形式），表示遺憾、驚奇、重要等作用，should有時(shí)可省略。如：It is a great pity that he should be so greedy.真遺憾，他竟然那么貪婪。It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings.真奇怪，他竟沒(méi)有看出自己的缺點(diǎn)。（二）賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句即在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)。在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞、動(dòng)詞、不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞之后都可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句。某些形容詞之后也可帶賓語(yǔ)從句。（1）及物動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。.由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)The headmaster said that the scho

6、ol reports had been sent off.校長(zhǎng)說(shuō)成績(jī)通知單已發(fā)出了。I want to know whether/if you can repair the recorder or not.不知道你能否修錄音機(jī)。She asked whether/if there are any chemists shops in this street.她問(wèn)這條街上有沒(méi)有藥房。.由連接代詞引導(dǎo)Please tell me who the first to invent the television set was.請(qǐng)告訴我電視機(jī)是誰(shuí)發(fā)明的。I want to know whose noteb

7、ook is left on the table in the reading room.我想知道誰(shuí)的筆記本遺忘在閱覽室的桌子上了。.由連接副詞引導(dǎo)Do you know where the great pyramid is?你知道大金字塔在什么地方嗎？The salesman asked them how many television sets they were going to buy.售貨員問(wèn)他們打算買(mǎi)多少臺(tái)電視機(jī)。（2）介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句Im thinking of how I can finish the work on time.我正在想怎么按時(shí)完成工作。It depends o

8、n whether the mayor will agree to the proposal.這事取決于市長(zhǎng)會(huì)不會(huì)同意那項(xiàng)建議。（3）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句。Knowing how heat travels, it is possible for us to control heat.知道了熱如何傳播，我們就可能控制它。On being asked where he came from, he kept silent. 一問(wèn)到他來(lái)自哪里，他就保持沉默。（4）某些形容詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。I am afraid (that) I may not be able to see you off at t

9、he station.恐怕我不能到車(chē)站去送你了。I am certain that we will succeed in solving the problem.我確信我們將成功地解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。（5）作形式賓語(yǔ)。I find it necessary that we should ask him for help.我覺(jué)得請(qǐng)求他幫助是必要的。We made it clear that we were determined to carry out the plan.我們已明確表示我們決心去執(zhí)著這個(gè)計(jì)劃。（三）表語(yǔ)從句在句子中作系動(dòng)詞表示的從句，叫表語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：連接詞that,

10、 whether, as if, as though；連接代詞what, which, who, whom, whose； 連接副詞when, where, why, how等。表語(yǔ)從句按引導(dǎo)詞的不同，可分為下面三類(lèi)：（1）由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)（if不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句）。The fact is that we are behind other groups.事實(shí)是我們落在別的組后面。The question is whether we should ask them for help.問(wèn)題是我們是否要他們幫忙。（2）由連接代詞引導(dǎo)。China is not what she used to be.中國(guó)

11、已不是從前的樣子了。What she wants to know is which dress she should buy.她想知道的是她應(yīng)該買(mǎi)哪件衣服。（3）由連接副詞引導(dǎo)。This is where you are wrong.這正是你錯(cuò)的地方。That was how they were defeated.他們就是那樣給打敗的。That is why he didnt pass the exam.那就是他考試不及格的原因。（4）有時(shí)as, as if ,as though, because 也可以引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。如：Things are not always as they seem t

12、o be.事情并不總是像表面上看來(lái)的那樣。It looks as if it were going to rain.天看上去好像要下雨。（四）同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句一般由that, WH-類(lèi)（包括how）引導(dǎo)。常與具有概括性的抽象名詞連用。如：fact, news, idea, suggestion等。if不能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。如：You cant get around the fact that its against the law.你不能回避違法這一事實(shí)。I have no idea that you were here.我不知道你在這兒。He made a promise that he

13、will lend us some money.他承諾他將借給我們一些錢(qián)。Answer my question whether you agree to my decision.回答我的問(wèn)題，你是否同意我的決定。He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there.他還沒(méi)有作出決定是否去那里。I have no idea what she is doing now.我不知道她現(xiàn)在在干什么。二、定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句是修飾名詞或代詞的從句。定語(yǔ)從句在句中起定語(yǔ)的作用，被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞語(yǔ)稱(chēng)為先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句通常緊放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的有：1.關(guān)

14、系代詞that 2.關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which 3.關(guān)系副詞when, where, why。who, whom, which, that, whose等關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所指對(duì)象是人、物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。它們的形式變化如下：指代對(duì)象人事物人+事物主格who/thatwhich/thatthat賓格who(m)/thatwhich/thatthat所有格whosewhose/of which（一）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞往往是表示人或物的名詞或代詞，關(guān)系代詞要在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等句子成分。（1

15、）who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想見(jiàn)你的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）He is the man whom/that i saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見(jiàn)到的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）（2）whose用來(lái)指人或物，只用作定語(yǔ)（若指物，它還可以同of which互換）。如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車(chē)壞了，大家都跑過(guò)去

16、幫忙。Please pass me the book whos (of which) cover is green.請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠色的書(shū)。（3）which, that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which/that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快

17、散了。（which/that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）（4）as也可用作關(guān)系代詞，既可以單獨(dú)引出定語(yǔ)從句，又可與主句中的the same或such相呼應(yīng)，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常省略。如：She is not the same girl as she was.她和以前不一樣了。I have never seen such a man as you talked about.我從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)你談起過(guò)的那種人。（二）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。（1）關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)交替

18、使用。如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？（2）that代替關(guān)系副詞，可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略。如：His father di

19、ed the year (that/when/in which) he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他40年前居住過(guò)的地方。（三）限定性和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句（1）定語(yǔ)從句有限定性和非限定性?xún)煞N。限定性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句的意思往往不明確；非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。如：It happened at the time when

20、 I left the office.事情發(fā)生在我離開(kāi)辦公室的時(shí)候。（限定性）She married Mike, which surprised us.她嫁給了邁克，這使我們很吃驚。（非限定性）（2）當(dāng)先行詞是專(zhuān)有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限定性的。如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理*史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買(mǎi)的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園

21、。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。（3）非限定性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主語(yǔ)作為先行詞，對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾，這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)要用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液態(tài)水變成蒸汽，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。易錯(cuò)警示關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞

22、why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。（四）關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法區(qū)別（1）that和which一般可以換用，只用that的情況有：1.當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, any, little, few, none, much, one等（something作先行詞有時(shí)可以用）。如：Is there anything that you dont understand about the problem?關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題你們還有不懂的地方嗎？All that you are willing to do should be done

23、well.所有你愿意做的事就應(yīng)該做好。2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：The worst matter that I am afraid of happened in the end.我擔(dān)心的最壞的事情終于發(fā)生了。The third tree that I planted was cut down by someone again.我種下的第三棵樹(shù)又被某人砍到了。3.當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only, the same, the last修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that。如：This is the very book that I have been looking f

24、or.這正是我一直在找的那本書(shū)。Can you lend me the same book that you are reading?能把你正在讀的書(shū)借給我嗎？4.當(dāng)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered in school.他們談到了他們還記得的學(xué)校中的人或事。5.主句是who或which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句。如：Which of the book that you bought yesterday was writer by mark twain.你昨天買(mǎi)的哪本書(shū)是馬

25、克*吐溫寫(xiě)的？（2）只用which不用that的情況有：1.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句用which不用that。如：They pretended not to understand what I said, which made me angry.他們假裝沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂我的話(huà)，這使我很生氣。The rubbish, which lies around the classroom, should be swept away.這些垃圾在教室周?chē)?，?yīng)該被掃走。2.介詞+which引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句不用that，如果介詞位于句末可用that。如：China has hundreds of island, the la

26、rgest of which is Taiwan.中國(guó)有好幾百座島，臺(tái)灣島最大。The music to which they are listening is popular.他們正在聽(tīng)的這首音樂(lè)很流行。（五）定語(yǔ)從句的特殊情況（1）定語(yǔ)從句中介詞不可提前的情況。定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞可以作動(dòng)詞或介詞的短語(yǔ)，且介詞可以提到關(guān)系代詞之前。但固定動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的介詞則不可提前。如：look after, take care of, care of ,see to等。There are lots of things (that) I have to see to myself.有很多事情我必須親自處理。T

27、he three children (who/whom/that) she looked after are at the same school now.她照看過(guò)的那三個(gè)孩子現(xiàn)在在同一所學(xué)校讀書(shū)。（2）定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致。關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上要與先行詞保持一致，先行詞是個(gè)句子時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式。The recorder that has been given to me is home-made.給我的那臺(tái)錄音機(jī)是國(guó)產(chǎn)的。I ,who am your classmate, will share the work with you.我是你的同學(xué)

28、，要和你分擔(dān)這項(xiàng)工作。“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作先行詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句修飾的是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故若關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，則從句謂語(yǔ)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但當(dāng)one前有the(only)或the(very)修飾時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)則要用單數(shù)。He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大進(jìn)步的學(xué)生之一。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾）Mr. Wang is the (only) one of my friend who has been invited to have dinner with us.王先生是我朋友中唯一被邀請(qǐng)和我們一起共進(jìn)晚餐的一個(gè)。（定語(yǔ)從

29、句修飾one）三、狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，可以用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、讓步、比較等。（一）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常由以下連接詞引導(dǎo)：when（當(dāng)時(shí)）,as（一邊一邊）,while（在過(guò)程中）,before（在以前）,after（在.之后）,since（自從以來(lái)）,till (until) (直到為止),as soon as（一就）,hardlyWhen（一就）。（1）when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，常譯為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”，表示主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。如：He was working at the table when I wen

30、t in.當(dāng)我進(jìn)去的時(shí)候，他正在桌旁工作。Someone knocked at the door when I was sleeping.當(dāng)我正在睡覺(jué)時(shí)，有人敲門(mén)。易錯(cuò)警示:when也可以作并列連詞，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)詞正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候，突然間發(fā)生了另外一件事。如：I was fishing by the river, when someone called for help.我正在河邊釣魚(yú)，就在那時(shí)有人求救。（2）while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，常譯為“與同時(shí)，在期間”，while所引導(dǎo)的從句中常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的詞。如：They rushed in while we were discussin

31、g problems.當(dāng)我們正在討論問(wèn)題時(shí)，他們沖了進(jìn)來(lái)。Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games.當(dāng)我正在打電子游戲時(shí)，爸爸正在清洗汽車(chē)。易錯(cuò)警示:While也可以作并列連詞，表轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于but，譯為“然而”。如：I like listening to music, while my brother likes doing sports.我喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè)，而我的兄弟愛(ài)好運(yùn)動(dòng)。（3）as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，常譯為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候，一邊一邊”，as所引導(dǎo)的從句中可使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可使用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞。She sang s

32、ome pop song as she walked home.她一邊往回走，一邊唱著流行歌曲。As time goes by, we have a better understanding of things around us.隨著時(shí)間的推移，我們對(duì)自己周?chē)氖挛镉辛烁玫睦斫?。?）before和after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，before強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之前，而after強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之后。It was long before I met him again.過(guò)了很久我才再次碰到他。He called me after he had finished his

33、 work.他在工作完之后給我打了個(gè)電話(huà)。注：若主句和從句兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序十分接近，那么也可以不用完成時(shí)態(tài)，列如上面的第二句可改為：He called me after he finished his work.（5）as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，譯為“一就”。As soon as he sat down, the telephone rang.他一坐下電話(huà)就響了。She got everything ready as soon as she got to school.她一到學(xué)校就把一切都準(zhǔn)備好了。（6）since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，譯為“自從”，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句常用

34、一般過(guò)去時(shí)。He hasnt been at home since he was ill.自從他生病以來(lái)，他就一直不在家。We havent seen each other since we parted.我們自從分手以后一直沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)面。注：常用句型：It is+時(shí)間段+since從句譯為：自從.有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。It is six years since she graduated from the university.自從她大學(xué)畢業(yè)已有六年的時(shí)間了。（7）till和until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，譯為“直到為止”，nottill/until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，譯為“直到才”。前者強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作的結(jié)

35、束，用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作的開(kāi)始，用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞。I will wait for my friend until/till him comes.我要一直等到我朋友來(lái)。Not until you realize your mistake can you make progress.直到你意識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)誤，你才能取得進(jìn)步。（8）有一些表示時(shí)間的名詞短語(yǔ)也可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：the minute, the moment, every time, the first time。I recognized him the moment/ minute I saw him.我一見(jiàn)到他就認(rèn)出了他。E

36、very time I saw the straw hat, it reminded me of the tour I made years before.每當(dāng)我看到那頂草帽，它就使我想起幾年前的那次旅游。I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次見(jiàn)到她就覺(jué)得她誠(chéng)實(shí)而友善。（二）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句表示地點(diǎn)、方位（1）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句由where, wherever引導(dǎo)。如：Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。They will go where they are

37、 happy.他們想到他們覺(jué)得快樂(lè)的地方去。Wherever you go, you should do your work well.無(wú)論到哪里都要把工作干好。（2）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別Where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句前應(yīng)有一個(gè)表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作先行詞；而狀語(yǔ)從句前則無(wú)需先行詞。如：Go back where you came from.（where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句）你從何處來(lái)到何處去。Go back to the village where you came from.（where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾village）回到你來(lái)的那個(gè)村子里去。（3）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的省略。如：Fill in t

38、he blanks with articles necessary.（necessary前省略了where it is）在需要的地方填上冠詞。（三）原因狀語(yǔ)從句（1）引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有because, as, since, for, seeing(that), now(that), considering(that) 等。如：He did not speak to you; it was because he didnt recognize you.他沒(méi)有跟你講話(huà)是因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有認(rèn)出你。I cant get to sleep because of the noise outside.

39、由于外面聲音嘈雜我睡不著。Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, youd better give him a chance.既然許多人一生都會(huì)犯一些錯(cuò)誤，你最好給他一次機(jī)會(huì)。易錯(cuò)警示：除以上提到的大家比較熟悉的引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞外，有時(shí)也可引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句（when表示“既然”）。I wont tell you when you wont listen.既然你不想聽(tīng)，我就不告訴你了。（2）關(guān)于notbecause結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的否定詞有時(shí)否定主語(yǔ)，有時(shí)否定從句，一般要根據(jù)句子的意思作出正確或合乎邏輯的理解。若not否定主語(yǔ)，最好在be

40、cause之前用逗號(hào)，否則會(huì)引起歧義，如下句在沒(méi)有特定上下文時(shí)就有兩種解釋?zhuān)篒 didnt go because I was afraid.我沒(méi)有去是因?yàn)榕隆?我不是因?yàn)榕虏湃ァ２贿^(guò)若because之前有just修飾，一般認(rèn)為not是否定從句的：You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.你不要因?yàn)橛腥苏f(shuō)你壞話(huà)而生氣。（3）because習(xí)慣上不與so連用，漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上說(shuō)“因?yàn)樗浴?，但英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上卻不能將so與because連用。因?yàn)橄掠辏晕覀兇粼诩依?。正：Because it was raining ,w

41、e stayed at home./It was raining, so we stayed at home. 誤：Because it was raining ,so we stayed at home.（4）because從句與because of短語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換。Because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可與because of短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換：He cant come because he is ill. /he cant come because of his illness.他因病不能來(lái)。I said nothing about it because his wife was there. /I sa

42、id nothing about it because of his wifes being there.因?yàn)樗拮釉谀莾?，我?duì)此事只字未提。（5）because, since, as和for用法比較。1. Because語(yǔ)勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見(jiàn)的或以為人知，就用as或since。I didnt go, because I was afraid.因?yàn)閾?dān)心，所以我沒(méi)去。Since/As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.由于天氣不好，我們不得不延遲旅行。2.由because引導(dǎo)的

43、從句放在句末，且前面有逗號(hào)，則可以用for來(lái)替代。但如果不是說(shuō)明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。He is absent today, because /for he is ill.因?yàn)樗×?，所以今天沒(méi)來(lái)。（四）目的狀語(yǔ)從句目的狀語(yǔ)從句：從句部分是用以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的目的的。引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句常用的連詞有：that（以便），so that（以便），in order that（為了；以便）,lest（免得；唯恐），for fear that（生怕；以免）。如：Say it louder (so) that everyone can hear you.大聲說(shuō)，以便大家都

44、能聽(tīng)到你。Ill explain it to him lest he (should) doubt me.我要向他解釋這件事，以免他懷疑我。學(xué)習(xí)目的狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)：（1）目的狀語(yǔ)從句中常含有can, could, may, might, should等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.我起的很早，目的是為了趕上頭班公共汽車(chē)。（2）在口語(yǔ)中so可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：Bring it closer so I may see it better.把它拿近點(diǎn)，我好看清楚。易錯(cuò)警示:in order that與

45、in order to的區(qū)別1. in order that后面跟從句2. in order to后面跟動(dòng)詞原形（in order to后面加的那個(gè)不叫目的狀語(yǔ)從句，叫目的狀語(yǔ)）（五）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常由soThat或suchThat引導(dǎo)，掌握這兩個(gè)句型，首先要了解so和such與其后的詞的搭配規(guī)律。其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。so還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。如：So foolish /such a foolSo nice a flower /s

46、uch a nice flowerSo many people /such a lot of people（so many已形成固定搭配，a lot of雖相當(dāng)于many，但a lot of為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。）SoThat與suchThat之間的轉(zhuǎn)換既為so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。如：The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.這個(gè)男孩太小了，不能上學(xué)。It was so hot a day that we couldnt sleep.T

47、i was such a hot day that we couldnt sleep.天如此熱以致我們都睡不著覺(jué)。（六）條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示條件或要求性質(zhì)的狀語(yǔ)從句叫做條件狀語(yǔ)從句。條件狀語(yǔ)從句用以表示“在某種條件下，會(huì).”，常用if, in case, on condition,等詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，連接詞主要有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that等。（1）主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，if或unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。固定搭配：unless=ifnot 。如： He will not leave unless it is fine tomorrow

48、.除非明天天晴，否則他不走。If you wake up before me, give me a call.如果你比我醒得早，叫我一聲。（2）if引導(dǎo)的條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句兩種：1.真實(shí)條件句。如：If it rains tomorrow, we wont go on a picnic.如果明天下雨，我們就不去野餐。2.非真實(shí)條件句是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的一種，表示與事實(shí)相反。如：If I were you, I would go with him.如果我是你，我會(huì)跟他一起走。（3）由as (so) long as, in case引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。So long as youre hap

49、py, it doesnt matter what you do.只要你高興，你做什么都沒(méi)有關(guān)系。You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持書(shū)的清潔，你就可以把我的書(shū)借去。Take your umbrella in case it rains.帶著你的傘吧，以防下雨。（七）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句讓步狀語(yǔ)從句常由though, although（雖然；盡管）,even if（即使）,even though（即使；盡管）,however（不管怎樣）,whatever（無(wú)論什么）,no matter how(who.)無(wú)論多么（無(wú)論誰(shuí)）等

50、連接詞或詞組來(lái)引導(dǎo)。1.though,although,as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句（1）.though與although語(yǔ)意相同，但although比though語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，兩者可換用。主句中可以用yet, still, nevertheless與其呼應(yīng)，但不可使用。Though I believe it, yet I must consider.雖然我相信這一點(diǎn)，但我還得考慮考慮。（2）though可用作并列連詞，表示“yet, however, but”等意，although卻不可。It wasnt my decision, though I think I agree with it.這不是我的

51、決定，不過(guò)我認(rèn)為我是贊同的。（3）though可作副詞，放在句末，意為“不過(guò)；但是”。 Although無(wú)此用法。He said he would help me; he didnt, though.他說(shuō)他會(huì)幫助我，但是他并沒(méi)有幫我。（4）在短語(yǔ)even though及as though中不可換用althoughHe will come even though he is ill.即使他病了，他也會(huì)來(lái)。（5）在有些含as的句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞前置時(shí)，從句主句后用may, might, can, could, will, would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，若沒(méi)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞則加上一個(gè)do(does或did）。若前置動(dòng)

52、詞是及物動(dòng)詞，則其賓語(yǔ)也隨其一同提前。Try as he may, he never succeeds.盡管他很努力，但他從未成功。Change your mind as you will, you will get no help from us.即使你改變主意，你也不會(huì)得到我們的幫助。（6）although只能用于自然語(yǔ)序引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，不能用于異常語(yǔ)序。Although he got there early, he was unable to buy a ticket.雖然他早早地到了那里，但還是沒(méi)能買(mǎi)到票。（7）as引導(dǎo)的這種結(jié)構(gòu)的從句，有時(shí)可以表示原因，而不是讓步。Tired as

53、 she was, I decided not to disturb her.由于她累了，我決定不去打擾她。2.even if ,even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句（1）even if /even though是引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)的連詞，作“即使”，“盡管”解。其中even though與even if可交替使用，意思相同。如：She wont leave the TV set, even though/if her supper is on the table.即使晚飯已擺在桌上，她也不愿意離開(kāi)電視機(jī)。They will stand by you even if/though you don

54、t succeed.即使你不會(huì)成功，他們也會(huì)支持你。（2）even though表示過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的，even if表示將來(lái)的。Even if和even though后要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：Well go even if it rains.即使下雨我們也要去。Even though you do not like it, you must do it.即使你不喜歡這工作，你也得做。（3）當(dāng)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的假說(shuō)或一般的行為習(xí)慣時(shí)，通常用even though/ even if，一般不用although, though和as。如：Even if/ even though I hav

55、e to walk all the way, Ill go there.即使我得一路走著去，我也要走到那里。（4）當(dāng)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞用虛擬式表示與事實(shí)相反的假說(shuō)時(shí)，大多數(shù)用even if/ even though，而不用though, although和as。如：You are not stupid, even though/Even if you were slow at study, you shouldnt give up your studies.你并不傻，即使你學(xué)得慢一點(diǎn)，也不應(yīng)該放棄學(xué)習(xí)。（八）方式狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as,(just) asSo, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。（1）as,(just) asSo引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常位于主句后，但在 (just) asSo結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是