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1、 xxxxxxxxx 大 學(xué)外語學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文Analysis on the Development of Chinese Marriage Custom 淺析中國婚俗的發(fā)展姓名 xxx 年級:xxx級 學(xué)號: xxxxx指導(dǎo)教師姓名和職稱: xxxx 講師申請學(xué)位級別: 學(xué) 士 專業(yè)名稱: 英語專業(yè)提交論文時間: 年 月 論文答辯時間: 年 月學(xué)位授予單位: xxxxx學(xué)位授予日期: _ 答辯委員會主席:_ 評閱人:_xxxxxx 外語學(xué)院年 月 日9淺析中國婚俗的發(fā)展摘要:人的歷史,國家的歷史,從一定意義上說便是婚姻的歷史。無論是在制度意義上還是私人情感生活意義上,它都是家庭的基本單位,
2、從而構(gòu)成了人類社會?;橐鲇谌祟?,其重要性幾乎超過了任何一種社會現(xiàn)象。它在受文化深刻影響的同時也全面的反應(yīng)了社會文化。中國是一個擁有自己文明和悠久歷史的國度,因而它具備很多獨特的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。其中婚俗從古至今歷經(jīng)了多元長期的發(fā)展,這一發(fā)展從古代復(fù)雜的婚禮儀式發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代自由的婚禮形式。本文將通過研究中國婚俗的發(fā)展來研究中國中國文化的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r及未來的發(fā)展軌跡。中國是一個多民族國家,本文將會集中探索漢族的婚俗軌跡。本文的目的亦有,人們應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重自己的國家的文化傳統(tǒng)。關(guān)鍵詞:文化;婚俗;變遷Analysis on the Development of Chinese Marriage Custom Abstr
3、act: The history of human being and a nation, in some terms, is a history of marriage custom. Because no matter in personal aspect or in institutional aspect, it can act as the foundation stone of family, which is the smallest component part of society. The importance of wedding is beyond any other
4、social phenomenon. It reflects a nations culture; meanwhile, it is influenced greatly by culture. China is a country with ancient civilization, a long history and many customs. The wedding custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient complex ceremony to the modern free mar
5、riage custom. This paper will study the development of wedding ceremony in China to find the tendency and actuality of the civilization of the whole society. In China these are many nationalities. This paper will focus on Han nationalitys marriage custom. This paper will also propose that people sho
6、uld respect the civilization of their own nation. Key words: culture; wedding custom; tendencyAnalysis on the Development of Chinese Marriage CustomIntroduction As a union of man and woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only being married but also the culture significance. For e
7、xample, the main purpose of getting married in China is to continue the male offspring. The so called “there are three forms of impiety of which the most serious is to have no heir” reflects the importance of serving ancestors and the filial piety virtues in traditional China. It includes not only m
8、arriage but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities. It runs through the whole process of life. These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in culture and ethnic studies. I.The Marriage Custom of Feudal
9、ity1. The Precondition of Marriage From Qin to Qing Dynasty, the feudal system dominated over two thousand years. During this period, the significance of getting married was far more important than a person finding his better half. Chinese people once thought that marriage was a way to increase fami
10、lies offspring and protect and enhance familys reputation and position. Thus to choose an ideal partner was vital for both the individuals and the families. The two families intending to get married must be equal in social status. What else taken into consideration were wealth and the authority of t
11、heir families. Marriage would add a girl of a clan other than ones own. So the love between the man and woman was not the first condition of marriage. The wealth possession and the social status were taken into consideration to help both the families develop their relation and promote the two famili
12、es up to a higher social status. The marriage of the young people was under the control of their parents. They had no freedom in making decision of their own marriage. In the old times, girls almost had no chance to step out of her house, not to mention meeting the suitable boy and fell in love with
13、 him. Another reason was, in old China, children must follow their parents decision and respect their meaning absolutely. There is an old saying: if the parents are still alive, the children shouldnt leave them to seek their future. The filial piety was a moral character of a person. The basic rule
14、of filial piety was obedience. This traditional marriage custom was influenced deeply by Confucianism. This phenomenon was also caused by the traditional Chinese culture. Under this kind of education, young people naturally had to hand up their own right of deciding their own marriage to their paren
15、ts. Concluding the marriage custom in traditional marriage, matchmakers played a pivotal role in marriage from the very beginning to the end. Only after a matchmakers introduction and when parents considered the two families condition was similar and the two could be matched, would the marriage proc
16、edures go forward. 2. The Procedures of the MarriageThere were many procedures in Chinese marriage custom. The common one was “three letters and six etiquettes”. The three letters were the betrothal letter; the gift lists letter and the wedding letter. Six etiquettes were proposing, asking the name,
17、 asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girls family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. 2.1 ProposingProposing was the first etiquette in marriage and the first meeting between the two families. If the boys parents thought that the girl was suitable, they would as
18、k a matchmaker to send the gifts and brought the two parts together. If the gifts were accepted by the girls family, the next etiquette would be followed. 2.2 Asking NameIt aims to ask for girls name and birthday. In ancient times the girls name would not be known by other people until the girl was
19、in an age of marriage. First, the boys family must have the matchmaker to inform of the mans family through a card containing the information of the boy. And then the two families exchanged the two childrens Eight-characters. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the mans fa
20、mily wanted to know the girls name, but also wrote down the womans birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a persons birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters
21、 would not harm the man, the mans family would send bride-price to the girls family.2.3 Asking for Fortune After asking the name, the boys side had got the girls birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller, which was called “asking for fortune”. Usually, the fortune-telle
22、r would tell whether the marriage is suitable. 2.4 Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girls FamilyThe significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is to thank the womans parents for feeding her up. The other is to help the womans family prepare for dowry. 2.5 Discussing the Date of Marriag
23、eIn the past, the bridegrooms side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the womans family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was th
24、e time that everything comes back to life and when spring was changing into summer it was favor to get pregnant with new life; autumn was the season of harvest. After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the marriage. 2.6 Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five
25、procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day. And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom. 3. The Position of Male and Female after MarriageChinese men were hold up as “sky” and women w
26、ere considered as “earth” in old times. One man could have one wife and several concubines. This decided that women should become an appendage to the men and be subordinate to the family interest. It was also characterized by strong feudal political color. Ancient people regarded female virtues as t
27、he most important in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to ones father before marriage, obedience to ones husband after marriage, and obedience to ones son after the husbands death and four virtues: morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Con
28、fucian ethics. In the traditional sexual relations, women were treated as inferior to conform to the moral standard. They were regarded as the accessories of men, they did not have the independent personality, also did not have the independent social position. 4. The End of the MarriageIn traditiona
29、l Chinese, women had no right to stop a marriage. What a woman could do was doing her best to obey her husband and other family members of her husband. If she “made mistakes” as follows, she would be quitted by her husband. The so-called “seven rules” were not obedient to the parents or her husband,
30、 not having given birth to a baby(especially a boy), having sexual relationship with the men beside her husband , having some incurable diseases , having too much words and stealing things. When a woman infracted one rule of the seven, her husband could write a quit letter and expelled her out of ho
31、me. . The Marriage Custom in Republic of ChinaWith the end of the feudal system, the wedding customs experienced some changes. Qing Dynasty was wiped out in 1912, and the Republic of China was founded. The politics, economy and culture were totally different with old feudal society. The wedding cust
32、oms also changed along with it . 1. The Precondition of MarriageThe government advocated loving and marrying freely. Some advanced culture had influenced the intelligentsia. Under this condition some young intelligentsia had freedom in deciding their marriage. Some advanced western cultures supporte
33、d this development very much. A few students had the chance to study aboard. They accepted the western education and were deeply influenced by the western freedom conception. So they didnt want to be controlled by their parents or the matchmaker. They believed that love was the foundation of marriag
34、e, not the wealth or social status. Among these intelligentsia, the beautiful girl Lin Huiying was a typical example of love and marrying freely. But this kind of freedom was so limited that in most area of China the marriage of young people were still controlled by their parents. Another typical ex
35、ample was the writer Lu Xun, he accepted the advanced culture and conception and was famous for enlightening the young people to fight against the feudal confines and hampers, to struggle for their freedom to pursuit the better life. But he couldnt escape from bad fortune. He was forced by his mothe
36、rs committing suicide to marry a country girl he never met before. The common situation of marriage could be reflected by his position. 2. The Procedures of MarriageIn this period, there were two kinds of wedding customs. Because the development and the spread of advanced civilization were not balan
37、ced in every place, and the economic condition was totally different in various areas, the wedding customs couldnt be developed equally. The first was the western style which was applied by some intelligentsia in urban area. The other was traditional wedding customs applied in countryside, which was
38、 the same as what people followed in the feudal society. 2.1 Modified Western Marriage CustomThe male and female intending to get married must be above the legitimate age. After both agreed on this marriage, they could choose the date to have an engagement, in which the engagement letter should be w
39、ritten down. After engagement, if one side of the prepared couple wanted to get married, he or she should write a letter to the other one and propose the date. If this letter was accepted and replied, the marriage could continue. After fixing date, the male and female were required to have a medical
40、 examination. Only when both of the people were healthy would the marriage go forward. The next procedure was sending invitations to witness introducer and relatives. In the wedding ceremony, the couples wore modified western wedding dresses. Compared with traditional procedures, these procedures ha
41、d some development. The first was the females parents couldnt ask for betrothal present or money from male. The second was during these procedures, the young people themselves had some right instead of being totally controlled by their parents. The third was in this period each man was allowed to ha
42、ve only one wife. And the last was the importance of matchmaker was weaker, and was renamed as introducer. This change would help two families recognize more of each other. That's because in old times, some matchmakers distorted the reality of the male and female with the aim to promote more mar
43、riages and earn more money. 2.2 The Traditional Marriage CustomAs time went by, wedding customs had experienced various changes, but “six etiquettes” as the basic pattern had not been changed much. It was still essential and core in marriage custom. 2.3 The Position of Male and Female after Marriage
44、 In this period, men and women were more equal in marriage than before, especially in urban areas. Women had the equal social status with men. But in countryside women were still regarded as a tool to give birth to baby and look after her husband and the husbands parents. 2.4 The End of the Marriage
45、The freedom of marriage contains two parts. The one is the freedom to get married, the other is the freedom to end the marriage. Compared with before, in this period people enjoyed more freedom in ending marriage. In old times, the female almost had no right to quit her husband. The freedom of endin
46、g the marriage was totally under the control of the male or males family. After the divorce law was put into force, the female was offered the right to divorce her husband. But this development was limited, because this law did not offer the right to female as equal as male. Only when the male did n
47、ot obey the law and was put into prison the female could divorce her husband. This phenomenon reflected that under the influence of traditional moral conception, the government tried to avoid more divorce through this way. And also under this influence, only some intelligentsia and bourgeoisie got a
48、 divorce through the law procedures. In most areas, the divorce was still in old fashion, which was the male wrote a quit letter. What we can get from the marriage custom of this period is that the spread of new civilization was weaker in countryside than in urban areas, the economic development was
49、 unbalanced; the marriage custom in different areas was different, the common tendency of the wedding custom was simplified in this period, the controlling force of the parents on marriage was weaker than old times and the females social status was higher than before but still below the males. . The
50、 Marriage Custom in New ChinaThe thorough development happened only after the found of New China. 1. The Precondition of MarriageThrough long time bondage, young people finally have the freedom to choose their spouse. They tend to have an ideal marriage. Due to the influence of traditional Chinese c
51、onception, the condition of an ideal spouse is still in the contradiction of reality and ideal. The phenomenon can reflect that the male and female still take the economic condition and social status into consideration. In 1950s the political condition was the first point taken into account. In 1970
52、s, not only the extinguish political backgrounds but also the knowledge, scholarship, genius, social skill and income were the factors which must be taken into consideration. The traditional marriage was determined by parents desire and matchmakers introduction. After New China was founded, the numb
53、er of this kind of marriage shrinks quickly. But in some underdeveloped areas, some marriages are still under the control of parents, the matchmaker still noticeable. In urban areas, the matchmakers are replaced by leader, classmates and relatives. These introducers play an important role in promoti
54、ng marriage. Matchmaker agency and media matchmaker are accepted after 1970s. From that time on people can choose their love freely. 2. The Marriage CeremonyThe marriage ceremony in this period becomes manifold. At the beginning of the New China, the bad economic condition of the whole society made
55、people have no choice but to hold simple marriage ceremony. This phenomenon was also caused by the diligent and frugality virtues advocated by government. From 1980s, with the economic development in China, the lifting standard speeds up. Various marriage ceremonies come forth along with this develo
56、pment. Traveling marriage, simplified marriage, western marriage, traditional marriage and ceremonious marriage exist together. The development of marriage ceremony can reflect the change of the culture. Simultaneously, the innovation of culture can influence the marriage custom. In the history of N
57、ew China, there were two big innovations in Chinese society. The first was the “great civilization innovation”. The “innovation” forced people to abandon everything not belonging to proletariat, the so called “four degenerated things”. The ten-year disaster almost ruined the various marriage culture
58、s. In the ten years, no one was allowed to dress in traditional red wedding dress or western wedding dress. On the contrary, the open and reform policy is a progressive innovation. It helps people to break the bonds shackled by the old tradition and offers a free polity environment to the development of marriage custom. Under the pilot of the opening policy, the marriage customs have become multiplex. Western marriage custom and modified traditional marriage exist
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