十英語(yǔ)詞匯的新發(fā)展

1、第十單元 英語(yǔ)詞匯的新發(fā)展一 新詞和新詞學(xué)習(xí)二 新詞發(fā)展的原因三 英語(yǔ)新詞的翻譯 I. I.什么是新詞什么是新詞 NeologismsNeologisms1. 1. Some people think it an easy matter Some people think it an easy matter to create a new word for some new idea to create a new word for some new idea or new artifact without basing it on some or new artifact without b

2、asing it on some preexisting word or part of a word, and it preexisting word or part of a word, and it just was a purely arbitrary combination of just was a purely arbitrary combination of letters, just like:letters, just like:pBlurbBlurbpKodakKodakpQuarkQuarkpTylenolTylenol一新詞和新詞學(xué)習(xí) In the world of

3、marketing, such creations In the world of marketing, such creations generally are the result of massive commercial generally are the result of massive commercial research efforts.research efforts. 2. Actually, most of the 2. Actually, most of the new words that even new words that even advertising e

4、xperts come advertising experts come up with are derived from up with are derived from old words, just like:old words, just like:pAleveAlevepLubriderm Lubriderm New words reflect our cultureNew words reflect our culture 1. As the American writer and editor 1. As the American writer and editor Howard

5、 Rheingold saysHoward Rheingold says，“Finding a name Finding a name for something is a way of conjuring its for something is a way of conjuring its existence, of making it possible for people existence, of making it possible for people to see a pattern where they did not see to see a pattern where t

6、hey did not see something before.something before.”So new wordsmost So new wordsmost important job is to help us name or describe important job is to help us name or describe what is in the world.what is in the world.2. If language 2. If language describes the world, describes the world, and if the

7、world and if the world changes, then changes, then language must also language must also change as a way of change as a way of keeping up with the keeping up with the world. So each new world. So each new word reflects word reflects something about the something about the culture.culture. Here is th

8、e lexicographer Victoria Neufeldt on Here is the lexicographer Victoria Neufeldt on this neologism-as-cultural-reflection idea:this neologism-as-cultural-reflection idea: The neologisms that especially capture our The neologisms that especially capture our attention are indeed remarkable; some with

9、their attention are indeed remarkable; some with their metaphorical baggage can constitute miniature metaphorical baggage can constitute miniature sociological studies in themselves like McJob, for sociological studies in themselves like McJob, for instance, which for comprehension depends on all th

10、e instance, which for comprehension depends on all the associations and connotations of the name associations and connotations of the name McDonalds, as well as an awareness of the McDonalds, as well as an awareness of the difficulties of the current employment situation, in difficulties of the curr

11、ent employment situation, in particular for new graduates wanting to enter the particular for new graduates wanting to enter the workforce.workforce. . 新詞研究新詞研究Research of new wordsResearch of new words 1. It is valuable to set off new words typographically so that 1. It is valuable to set off new w

12、ords typographically so that we may reflect on the changes they signal. we may reflect on the changes they signal. 2. However, lists of new words, by themselves, would be 2. However, lists of new words, by themselves, would be indigestible an unreadable.indigestible an unreadable. 3. Therefore Gozzi

13、.R. has sorted these words into related 3. Therefore Gozzi.R. has sorted these words into related categories and this technique contextualizes the new words, and categories and this technique contextualizes the new words, and also allow us to see what stories can be told with them.also allow us to s

14、ee what stories can be told with them. . . 新詞研究的意義新詞研究的意義 Why study new wordsWhy study new words 1. New words are the cutting 1. New words are the cutting edge of language. They carve edge of language. They carve sounds into new shapes and give sounds into new shapes and give form to new aspects of

15、experience.form to new aspects of experience. 2. Recalling and pointing out 2. Recalling and pointing out the new words serves a useful the new words serves a useful purpose: for those who have lived purpose: for those who have lived through the period studies, as a way through the period studies, a

16、s a way to look back and imagine what life to look back and imagine what life was like before they had the word.was like before they had the word. 3. A new word is a condensed, 3. A new word is a condensed, codified bit of experience. Therefore codified bit of experience. Therefore new words are mak

17、ers of cultural new words are makers of cultural attention. By studying new words, we attention. By studying new words, we can tell where the culture has newly can tell where the culture has newly focused its attention, what it has focused its attention, what it has been talking about. New words bee

18、n talking about. New words answer the eternal question: what is answer the eternal question: what is new?new? 4. Putting new words together 4. Putting new words together can tell stories and gain perspectives can tell stories and gain perspectives on the changes of the times. on the changes of the t

19、imes. 5. New words are largely part of the 5. New words are largely part of the working vocabulary of the culture. working vocabulary of the culture. They are in use, doing what language They are in use, doing what language dose and carving out an interpreted dose and carving out an interpreted real

20、ity, within which we live, think, and reality, within which we live, think, and act, to some extent, we follow where act, to some extent, we follow where their implications lead us.their implications lead us. 6. So a study of new words 6. So a study of new words becomes a study in prediction. Using

21、becomes a study in prediction. Using this view of language as a reality-this view of language as a reality-constructor, we can ask ourselves just constructor, we can ask ourselves just what labels and what interpretations what labels and what interpretations our vocabulary provide us with to face ou

22、r vocabulary provide us with to face the newness of the future.the newness of the future.二、新詞發(fā)展的原因The change of vocabularyInventory of words 英語(yǔ)詞匯的發(fā)展The vocabulary of English is not an unchanging lists of words. New words enter the language every day, and words cease to be used.The two sources of new

23、 words are borrowing and word-creation.We borrowed mainly from Latin,Greek,French.The change of vocabularyInventory of words A quick scan of a couple of pages in that records the origin of our vocabulary reveals that many entries in it are historically “un-English”Rapid growth of high-tech language

24、Politicization in technopollsThe computer interface社會(huì)文化原因The progress of modern science and technology is the main reason for the development of English new words.Like black hole (黑洞) neutrino (中微子) nanometer (納米) radar (雷達(dá)) hovercraft (氣墊船) laser (激光)Rapid growth of high-tech language The changes in the world economic situation can often be reflected in English words and expressions.With the increase in the number of users, some of the new words have stabilized.To Express specific meaning to reflect some prominent political rhetoric or rhetoric features Su