中考名詞專項講解

1、中考專項-名詞考點講解和訓練一、名詞的數(shù) 1單數(shù)和復數(shù) 可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式。復數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式后加詞尾“-s”構(gòu)成，其主要變法如下：（1）一般情況在詞尾加-s，例如：bookbooks，girlgirls，boyboys，penpens,doctordoctors, boyboys。（2） 以s，x，ch，sh，結(jié)尾的詞加-es，例如：busbuses，classclasses，boxboxes，watchwatches，brushbrushes。 （3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，例如：orangeoranges。（4）以輔音母加y結(jié)尾的詞變“y”為“i

2、”再加-es,例如：citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復數(shù)形式只加s，如：boyboys, daydays。（5）以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)都加-es。例如:heroheroes，potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes,但詞末為兩個元音字母的詞只加-s。例如：zoozoos，radioradios，還有某些外來詞也只加-s，例如：photophotos，pianopianos。 （6） 以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f為v再加-es，例如：knifeknive

3、s，leafleaves, halfhalves。復數(shù)詞尾s（或es）的讀音方法如下表所示。復數(shù)詞尾s（或es）的讀音方法情況 讀法 例詞 在ptkf等清輔音后 s cups, hats, cakes 在szt F等音后 iz glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces 在bd v等濁輔音后 z beds, dogs, cities, knives （7）少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的復數(shù)形式，例如：manmen，womanwomen，toothteeth，footfeet，childchildren，mousemice?！咀⒁狻颗cman和woman構(gòu)成的合

4、成詞，其復數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復數(shù)形式為 Germans；man, woman等作定語時，它的單復數(shù)以其所修飾的名詞的單復數(shù)而定，如：menworkers， women teachers。有個別名詞單復數(shù)一樣，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但當fish表示不同種類的魚時，可以加復數(shù)詞尾。（8）單數(shù)形式但其意為復數(shù)的名詞有：people, police等。（9）數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式，中間加連字符。例如：ten-minutes

5、 walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。（10）還有些名詞僅有復數(shù)形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。（11）只用作單數(shù)的復數(shù)形式的名詞有：科學名詞：physics, mathematics/maths游戲名稱：bowls專有名詞：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名詞：news, falls2不可數(shù)名詞“量”的表示方法在英語中，不可數(shù)名詞如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下兩種方法：（1）用much, a l

6、ittle, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottleIs there any water in the glass？I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice（2）用a piece of 這類定語，例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a gla

7、ss of water（milk） a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“兩杯茶”、“四張紙”這類概念時，在容器后加復數(shù)，例如：two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可數(shù)名詞也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等來修飾。二 名詞復數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意：與

8、 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。 如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞，故復數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復數(shù)是the Bowmans。 2）單復同形 如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復數(shù)形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實為復

9、數(shù)。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是復數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時，作復數(shù)用。 如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。 4）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如： a. maths，politics，physics等學科名詞，為

10、不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)。 b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞。 c. the United States，the United Nations 應視為單數(shù)。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。 d. 以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。 5) 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses (眼鏡) trouser

11、s, clothes 若表達具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對，雙); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚三 作定語名詞作定語時，一般用單數(shù)形式，但在個別情況下也有用復數(shù)的。例如： goods train貨車，sports meeting運動會，machines hall展覽機器的大廳。 注意：被修飾的名詞變復數(shù)時，一般情況下，作定語用的名詞不需要變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式，但由man或woman作定語修飾的名詞變成復數(shù)時，兩部

12、分皆要變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式。例如： man doctormen doctors 男醫(yī)生 woman singerwomen singers 女歌手 有的作定語用的名詞有與之相應的同根形容詞。一般情況下，名詞作定語側(cè)重說明被修飾的名詞的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)；同根形容詞作定語則常常描寫被修飾的名詞的特征。例如："bold watch"指手表含有金的性質(zhì)；而"golden watch"則表示手表是金色的特征，不一定含有金。再二、名詞的所有格 名詞所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。1. 表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加 's,其復數(shù)形式是s'，例如

13、：a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。2. 如其結(jié)尾不是s的復數(shù)形式仍加 's，如：Children's Day。3. 在表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價格、世界、國家等名詞的所有格要用 's，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。4. 無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：a ma

14、p of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。5. 雙重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。【注意】如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有 's，則表示“分別有”，例如：John's and Mary's rooms（約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間）；Tom's and Mary's bikes（兩人各自的自行車）。兩個名詞并列，只有一個's，則表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's

15、room（約翰和瑪麗共有一間）；Tom and Mary's mother（即Tom與Mary是兄妹）?！緦嵗馕觥?1.These _ have saved many childrens lives. A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor 答案：C。該題考查的是名詞作定語時的變化。woman 作定語時要和被修飾的名詞保持數(shù)的一致。2.This is _ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anne and Jane B. Annes

16、 and Janes C. Annes and Jane D. Anne and Janes 答案：D。該題考查的是并列名詞的所有格。兩人共有一個房間時，只在后面的名詞后加s。 3.-Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep 答案：D。該題考查的是特殊名詞的復數(shù)形式。從謂語動詞來判斷，主語應該是復數(shù)名詞。只有sheep可用作復數(shù)名詞。 4.-What would you like to drink, _ or orange? -Orange, please. A

17、. hamburger B. chip C. tea 答案：C。該題考查的是名詞的類別。三種東西中只有tea能喝。(整理：胥桂苓)【中考演練】一. 單項填空1- Where have you been, Tim? - Ive been to _.A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. The Henrys home D. Henrys2In England, if _ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. food B. lunch C. breakfast

18、 D. dinner3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try _ .A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once4- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters5Mike h

19、urt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear6There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears7In England, the last name is the _ .A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name8The are going to fly _ to Beijing.A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Ge

20、rmans9The_ has two _ .A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch10The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths11Whats your _ for being late again?A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news12- Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly.- But I think we should le

21、t _ go out first.A. woman and children B. women and childC. woman and child D. women and children13- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_ ”on the door of his shop.- Thanks.A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING14Are they going to have a picnic on _ ?A. Childrens Day B. Childr

22、enss Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day15Where are the students? Are they in _ ?A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room二. 根據(jù)下列句子的情景及所給漢語注釋，寫出所缺單詞。1. Weve got a lot of new _(雜志) in our school library.2. Please turn to another _（頻道）, I dont like this show.3. Yesterday the _(航班) to Lo

23、ndon was put off because of the bad weather.4. Autumn is my favourite (季節(jié)) 5. -How many _(小刀) do you have? -Three.6. _ are widely used in the modern world. 7. June 1st is _(兒童) Day.8. Mary, would you please tell me your new _(地址) so that I can write to you.9. -Does this piece of _(音樂) sound nice? -Yes. Its wonderful!10. May 12th is the International _(護士) Day. Lets say “ Thanks” to them for their work.三. 根據(jù)句意和所給首字母寫出所缺的單詞。1. “Whats your n_?” “Li Lei.”2. How many d_ d