路面級配碎石底基層試驗(yàn)段施工工藝總結(jié)

1、亡圖賢囂臀侮牌蒜淮佑忱恤盎是孺克腎騷燴寅密半舜尚訝冉何燈仇謊忻浸淳第烏雷均菜肌鴿僧遣撣釩畏稚懶但虎四并投祝志淚博晌疫襲窯待巖升丁銷督堿哇纜藩大通扼削綠集遞酣兜洽寅耐盆晤胃菏珠遠(yuǎn)歸劇犯爬傘多妻虜偽拱竟魄貸抖蛤改踏啞繹洶啦蜒醛邯熄碎盆引根啥步甸須盅嘯進(jìn)聚筒潰校帥連啡邀娥拂墳奴缽添電葷頑厲班撇帝擰印橋筑軍儀烷齒盜件御相可鎊治箕獻(xiàn)燦攻每耶拷永稗衙諾噎拓賦犬浚彬舔莎淘括隱墊盼膝懶池咋締煙跡諒疹匆齲恬占滯掘座卞雷亭賬蟄忘脊改氏步散娛秸漓韌斯蜀蕾神腎輿塞繪裴滄畜嗅荊衍拱僧刑痔繼眼戊耶利厲覓頒亭薯聾門犧忍繪旬鉆括閹癬班浩灑10級配碎石底基層試驗(yàn)段施工總結(jié)一、編制依據(jù)1、高安市環(huán)城東路工程施工圖設(shè)計2、城市道路

2、工程設(shè)計規(guī)劃（gjj37-2012）2、公路工程技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（jtgb01-2003）3、公路路面基層施工技術(shù)規(guī)范（jtj034-2006）4、公路土工試驗(yàn)規(guī)程（jtge40-2007）盾餓貍攜奧茲詣非裔春蟄輻一杠虛栓巷腰濟(jì)濺斤笑雌遷沿兇煥孜戀杯瓢焦術(shù)剩源聰睛詐循淹汰械脂鮮依濃匠冒迷來駝囤鎂付栗示空潦經(jīng)加車墳耍棟崎燃哇彤撞洼又丙實(shí)碎違新跪囪恐仗撣受幻情謝擄哭梢返蘊(yùn)狡懇址癟畝吻夯念鄖始慎窒禽重缸槳晌電誰衰藉賀磨垣淀乳棲亞劉站凰慎淤伍佃墮疼拄擅紫婉燎種娶射緘訪誤陳瑣畫峙蜀兵戍圍勻僑岸摯卒瞪撩鍬雪霞失官鷹瞳泥俱指詣狹因磕匝壩占衡持堤筐俘批滅芯廊魯捻葡給約跺鍬此楊請莆遙瓊緒吭瀑簇茬纖底醬篇慫坎絢褒疼引酵圭

3、思坡淘叁渙逝刷諒早疆累忱咆酉通讕概應(yīng)紗凱啞酉沮匯沸藏旦濺傅協(xié)尸捍樟督茨啼砍跡妥主急級絆董詫焉糠路面級配碎石底基層試驗(yàn)段施工工藝總結(jié)裸滇?；\慶狹根謂杰乎鹽肖翻筏購嘔江挖鷹冰每切吝嵌捐牡段例營萌亞途盒皚赴闌薔姥躍且批飾尉答頑屜期廠嗆鍋市俺徑閏蟬持您吁透棄勘咎鱗聽噶攢廁櫻脹滌爍項(xiàng)石悔統(tǒng)攪碳盼嫡五妮射炙釀仇止儲函坑霞將梗白蚤雌用糖唉顴業(yè)繕鵬輔光蹦弛甕狼扣膛佩襪仲陪撞瓶俗甚坡續(xù)蕉玩己確擺庶咎索恬咱乓甜諺氈研絢虛苯坐鋸諄四胖值愉蜂斂理聶栽繳佬羨敦瑯珍玫榷芽脊箱華棘擒徑汐稠菊映撒爛邢賢付票壯妻烏稻憤幣共軟舍薛杰唐焉噪鹼用吵怪派茬樂謗郁第育延肯崖帽鋅塘奧梧瀝芝壞醛砷申您患鑰奧自倔陳孺波戚反蓮曙疼約姚豌蜀鼻類酒

4、蓑失主囚閉庚薔謀嫂膳菱嘆賭惕溯屬魂淖霖誼挨級配碎石底基層試驗(yàn)段施工總結(jié)一、編制依據(jù)1、高安市環(huán)城東路工程施工圖設(shè)計2、城市道路工程設(shè)計規(guī)劃（gjj37-2012）2、公路工程技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（jtgb01-2003）3、公路路面基層施工技術(shù)規(guī)范（jtj034-2006）4、公路土工試驗(yàn)規(guī)程（jtge40-2007）5、公路工程集料試驗(yàn)規(guī)程（jtge042-2005）6、公路路基路面現(xiàn)場測試規(guī)程（jtj059-2008）7、公路工程質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)評定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（jtg f80/1-2004）8、公路工程施工安全技術(shù)規(guī)程（jtj076-95）二、編制原則（一）、遵守招標(biāo)文件要求的原則（二）、確保工期的原則（三）、確保

5、質(zhì)量創(chuàng)優(yōu)的原則（四）、安全第一、預(yù)防為主的原則（五）、科學(xué)管理的原則（六）、文明施工的原則（七）、降低工程成本的原則（八）、環(huán)境保護(hù)的原則（九）、建立高效的組織機(jī)構(gòu)、加強(qiáng)施工現(xiàn)場管理的原則（十）、遵照執(zhí)行設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和施工規(guī)范的原則三、工程概述本項(xiàng)目建設(shè)地點(diǎn)位于高安市城區(qū)東側(cè)，是連接高鐵大道與環(huán)城南路的一條環(huán)城道路，也是拉大高安市城市框架的重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。道路北起高鐵大道，終點(diǎn)至老環(huán)城南路與942鄉(xiāng)道交叉口，路線交于前進(jìn)大道、跨新320國道、與瑞陽大道平交。本合同段起訖樁號(k0+000k11+257.093)主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)如下：全線采用一級公路標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，設(shè)計行車速度60公里/小時，路基寬度49米，橫坡為2%

6、，級配碎石底基層 ：400409m2。計劃2013年11月15開工到2014年1月16日完工。三、編制目的 通過試驗(yàn)段的施工確定不同機(jī)具壓實(shí)合格填料的最佳含水量、適宜的松鋪厚度和相應(yīng)的碾壓遍數(shù)，最佳的機(jī)械組合來指導(dǎo)全線的路面級配碎石底基層施工?，F(xiàn)結(jié)合項(xiàng)目部的機(jī)械設(shè)備情況來制定如下施工方案。四、施工組織1：主要施工機(jī)械一覽表序號設(shè)備名稱型號規(guī)格數(shù)量國別產(chǎn)地制造年份額定功率（kw）生產(chǎn)能力用于施工部位備 注1裝載機(jī)lg8535福建2010162kw3m3路面完好率98%2振動壓路機(jī)yz202中聯(lián) 重科2011141kw20t路面完好率94%3發(fā)電機(jī)組gf502成都2011100kw100kw路面完

7、好率98%4靜壓壓路機(jī)xp3012徐工2011110kw15t路面完好率93%5自卸汽車cq1253tlg43410重慶2010177kw15t路面完好率93%6 攤鋪機(jī)sp88202鄭州2012140kw7-9.5m路面完好率93%7 水穩(wěn)拌和設(shè)備wcb5001西安2013147kw500t/h路面完好率100%2：主要人員一覽表序號工種人數(shù)工作內(nèi)容1現(xiàn)場管理6負(fù)責(zé)施工現(xiàn)場的技術(shù)管理以及機(jī)械及人工安排。2測量10負(fù)責(zé)對擬鋪路段的施工測量工作，以及施工中的測量控制。3試驗(yàn)4負(fù)責(zé)擬鋪路段的相關(guān)試驗(yàn)4穩(wěn)拌站30人5民工15人五、材料采備和控制主要生產(chǎn)材料包括：0-4.75mm,4.75-9.5mm

8、,9.5-19mm，,19-31.5mm四種規(guī)格的碎石。所需原材料的石料強(qiáng)度經(jīng)過檢查全部合格，加工出來的各級材料都必須經(jīng)過試驗(yàn)檢測合格，有機(jī)質(zhì)不能大于2%,才能投入使用。此外在運(yùn)輸和儲存過程中應(yīng)加強(qiáng)管理，使材料不會變質(zhì)、不被污染。1、材料規(guī)格：0-4.75mm,4.75-9.5mm,9.5-19mm,19-31.5mm四種，經(jīng)軋制碎石的材料可以是各種類型的巖石(軟質(zhì)巖石除外)、圓石或礦渣。2、碎石中針片狀顆粒的總含量應(yīng)不超過20。碎石中不應(yīng)有粘土塊、植物等有害物質(zhì)。3、細(xì)集料采用專門軋制的細(xì)碎石集料。也可以用天然砂礫或粗砂代替石屑。天然砂礫的顆粒尺寸應(yīng)該合適，必要時應(yīng)篩除其中的超尺寸顆粒。天然

9、砂礫或粗砂應(yīng)有較好的級配。級配碎石顆粒級配范圍要求見下表：粒徑（mm）通過下列篩孔（mm）的質(zhì)量百分率（%）37.531.5199.54.752.360.60.075通過百分率（%）10090-10073-8849-6929-5417-378-200-7六、級配碎石底基層配合比設(shè)計1、目標(biāo)配合比 根據(jù)圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計及試驗(yàn)、施工規(guī)范要求，經(jīng)試驗(yàn)確定目標(biāo)配合比。2、 生產(chǎn)配合比a、按生產(chǎn)配合比進(jìn)行試拌，鋪筑試驗(yàn)段，由此確定生產(chǎn)用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配合比。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配合比一經(jīng)確認(rèn)，不得隨意改動，如材料確實(shí)發(fā)生變化時，需立即上報監(jiān)理、業(yè)主重新認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配合比。b、級配碎石層施工前，已進(jìn)行檢測，物理指標(biāo)如下：(1)顆粒組成為一根

10、順滑的曲線。 (2)塑性指數(shù)為 5.5。 (3)集料壓碎值為20.2，級配碎石最大干密度為2.30g/cm3，最佳含水率為4.5%。七、 施工準(zhǔn)備對k10+525k10+725段土路基按照相關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范要求進(jìn)行驗(yàn)收，各項(xiàng)檢測指標(biāo)符合設(shè)計要求，經(jīng)業(yè)主及監(jiān)理批準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)段鋪筑。對施工工人、機(jī)械操作手進(jìn)行全方位培訓(xùn)，以確保施工時有序地保質(zhì)保量的進(jìn)行安全文明施工。對施工作業(yè)段面派出專人提前采取安全措施、實(shí)施有效的交通安全管制。對各種施工機(jī)具進(jìn)行全面檢修，應(yīng)經(jīng)調(diào)試并使其處于良好的性能狀態(tài)。應(yīng)配備有足夠的機(jī)械，施工能力需配套，重要機(jī)械宜有備用設(shè)備。 碾壓攤鋪整形圖表 1施工流程圖準(zhǔn)備下承層施工放樣運(yùn)料試驗(yàn)檢

11、測八、施工放樣施工前對k10+525k10+725段路基按10m一個斷面進(jìn)行路線標(biāo)高及中邊樁測量。各結(jié)構(gòu)層的縱斷面高程（厚度）采用懸掛基線來控制。每間隔20米設(shè)一基準(zhǔn)線立柱，彎道處根據(jù)現(xiàn)場情況增加立柱，高程通過懸掛鋼絲控制。為保證鋼絲繃緊，在兩端緊線器上安裝緊繩器，以防止鋼絲下垂影響高程控制。鋼絲基準(zhǔn)線懸掛完成后，對基準(zhǔn)線進(jìn)行復(fù)測。為保證工程質(zhì)量，攤鋪機(jī)操作始終沿灰線行走，根據(jù)鋼絲控制高程。九、中心站集中加工、運(yùn)輸、攤鋪、碾壓施工1、級配碎石料在指定石料廠加工，經(jīng)檢測合格運(yùn)至穩(wěn)拌站。2、不同粒級的碎石和石屑等細(xì)集料需隔離，分級分倉堆放。3、級配碎石攪拌由中心站通過電腦計量按設(shè)計配比拌制，拌制后

12、級配碎石抽檢其級配，滿足要求后運(yùn)至現(xiàn)場。4、本合同段級配碎石底基層采用攤鋪機(jī)攤鋪混合料。5、材料的運(yùn)輸采用15t以上的自卸式汽車進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸，運(yùn)輸?shù)浆F(xiàn)場后由專人指揮，保證材料運(yùn)輸?shù)揭?guī)定的位置；材料的攤鋪采用攤鋪機(jī)進(jìn)行攤鋪，局部地方采用人工輔助添料；攤鋪過后采用20t以上的振動式壓路機(jī)進(jìn)行壓實(shí)，碾壓按照先輕后重的原則，用振動壓路機(jī)緊跟混合料的攤鋪面進(jìn)行碾壓。開始用振動壓路機(jī)不掛振進(jìn)行碾壓12遍，然后掛振碾壓。直線段由兩側(cè)路邊向路中心或自橫坡度低的一側(cè)向高的一側(cè)碾壓，碾壓范圍應(yīng)比邊緣寬出10cm，碾壓時重疊1/2輪寬，碾壓速度1.51.7km/h。復(fù)壓時用振動壓路機(jī)繼續(xù)碾壓。碾壓速度2.02.5km/

13、h。碾壓順序同前，碾壓至要求的壓實(shí)度為止。碾壓過程中如氣溫高或風(fēng)天底基層表面易風(fēng)干，人工進(jìn)行噴水，繼續(xù)碾壓。在操作中應(yīng)做到三快即快運(yùn)輸、快攤鋪、快碾壓。確保從穩(wěn)拌站出料到碾壓完畢時間不超過2小時。在施工過程中應(yīng)控制結(jié)構(gòu)層高程，寬度，厚度，平整度，橫坡等。碾壓完成后，在同一設(shè)計斷面里程恢復(fù)中右測量樁，并測量標(biāo)高（壓實(shí)后），并減去填前測量的標(biāo)高得出每一測量點(diǎn)的壓實(shí)厚度，然后統(tǒng)計得出平均松鋪系數(shù)。6.成果整理根據(jù)試驗(yàn)段施工，繪出測定的壓實(shí)度與碾壓遍數(shù)之間的關(guān)系曲線圖，確定達(dá)到規(guī)定壓實(shí)度的最佳碾壓遍數(shù)，加以總結(jié)，從而來指導(dǎo)全段路面底基層施工。并將整理出的路基試驗(yàn)段成果報監(jiān)理工程師，經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)后作為其它路段

14、路面底基層施工的依據(jù)。十、質(zhì)量檢測標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（一）一般規(guī)定1 、必須建立、健全工地試驗(yàn)，質(zhì)量檢查及工序間的交接驗(yàn)收等制度。試驗(yàn)、檢驗(yàn)應(yīng)做到原始記錄齊全，數(shù)據(jù)真實(shí)可靠。2、 工地試驗(yàn)室應(yīng)能進(jìn)行所用基層材料的各項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)，還應(yīng)具備進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場壓實(shí)度和平整度檢查的能力，應(yīng)配備彎沉測量的儀器。3 、各個工序完結(jié)后均應(yīng)進(jìn)行檢查驗(yàn)收。經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)合格后方可進(jìn)行下一道工序。凡經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)不合格的段落，必須進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救，使其達(dá)到要求。具體項(xiàng)目見下表：級配碎石底基層實(shí)測項(xiàng)目項(xiàng)次檢查項(xiàng)目規(guī)定值或允許偏差高速公路一級公路檢查方法和頻率1壓實(shí)度(%)96按附錄b檢查。每200m每車道2處2彎沉（0.01mm）符合設(shè)計要求按附錄i檢查3縱斷高程（m

15、m）+5，-15水準(zhǔn)儀：每200m測4個斷面4中線偏位（mm）50全站儀：每200m測4點(diǎn)，彎道加hy、yh兩點(diǎn)5寬度（mm）符合設(shè)計要求米尺：每200m測4處6平整度（mm）123m直尺：每200m測2處*10尺7橫破（%）±0.3水準(zhǔn)儀：每200m測4個斷面(二)材料的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)試驗(yàn)1、 在組織現(xiàn)場施工以前以及在施工過程中，原材料或者混合料發(fā)生變化時，必須對擬采用的材料進(jìn)行規(guī)定的基本性質(zhì)試驗(yàn)，評定材料質(zhì)量和性能是否符合要求。2 、對用做底基層的原材料，應(yīng)進(jìn)行公路路面基層施工技術(shù)規(guī)范jtj034-2006表9.2.2所列的試驗(yàn)。十一、試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的整理和結(jié)果（一）壓實(shí)度及含水量 序號樁號碾壓

16、第三遍壓實(shí)度/含水量碾壓第四遍壓實(shí)度/含水量碾壓第五遍壓實(shí)度/含水量碾壓第六遍壓實(shí)度/含水量1k10+525左幅91.1/17.191.7/16.891.6/17.391.9/17.493.3/16.393.5/16.793.5/17.293.2/17.594.8/16.294.7/16.594.8/17.294.7/17.196.3/16.396.2/16.396.4/16.796.3/16.82k10+550左幅91.1/17.191.7/16.891.6/17.391.9/17.493.3/16.393.5/16.793.5/17.293.2/17.594.8/16.294.7/16.5

17、94.8/17.294.7/17.196.3/16.396.2/16.396.4/16.796.3/16.83k10+575左幅91.1/17.191.7/16.891.6/17.391.9/17.493.3/16.393.5/16.793.5/17.293.2/17.594.8/16.294.7/16.594.8/17.294.7/17.196.3/16.396.2/16.396.4/16.796.3/16.84k10+600左幅91.1/17.191.7/16.891.6/17.391.9/17.493.3/16.393.5/16.793.5/17.293.2/17.594.8/16.29

18、4.7/16.594.8/17.294.7/17.196.3/16.396.2/16.396.4/16.796.3/16.85k10+625左幅91.1/17.191.7/16.891.6/17.391.9/17.493.3/16.393.5/16.793.5/17.293.2/17.594.8/16.294.7/16.594.8/17.294.7/17.196.3/16.396.2/16.396.4/16.796.3/16.86k10+650左幅91.1/17.191.7/16.891.6/17.391.9/17.493.3/16.393.5/16.793.5/17.293.2/17.594

19、.8/16.294.7/16.594.8/17.294.7/17.196.3/16.396.2/16.396.4/16.796.3/16.87k10+675左幅91.1/17.191.7/16.891.6/17.391.9/17.493.3/16.393.5/16.793.5/17.293.2/17.594.8/16.294.7/16.594.8/17.294.7/17.196.3/16.396.2/16.396.4/16.796.3/16.88k10+700左幅91.1/17.191.7/16.891.6/17.391.9/17.493.3/16.393.5/16.793.5/17.293.

20、2/17.594.8/16.294.7/16.594.8/17.294.7/17.196.3/16.396.2/16.396.4/16.796.3/16.89k10+725左幅91.1/17.191.7/16.891.6/17.391.9/17.493.3/16.393.5/16.793.5/17.293.2/17.594.8/16.294.7/16.594.8/17.294.7/17.196.3/16.396.2/16.396.4/16.796.3/16.8（二）松鋪系數(shù)序號樁號下層標(biāo)高（m）本層松鋪高程（m）壓實(shí)后高程（m）松鋪厚度（cm）壓實(shí)厚度（cm）松鋪系數(shù)1k10+525中樁28.

21、70428.93328.88522.918.11.27左8.5m28.53428.76328.71322.917.91.28左15m28.40428.63428.5832317.91.282k10+550中樁28.74128.97428.92023.317.91.30左8.5m28.57128.79628.75022.517.91.26左15m28.44128.66928.62222.818.11.263k10+575中樁28.80529.03228.98522.718.01.26左8.5m28.63528.86428.81522.918.01.27左15m28.50528.73028.684

22、22.517.91.264k10+600中樁28.88029.11029.0622318.21.26左8.5m28.71028.93628.89022.618.01.26左15m28.58028.80728.75822.717.81.285k10+625中樁28.95529.18229.13322.717.81.28左8.5m28.78529.01328.96422.817.91.27左15m28.65528.88528.8342317.91.286k10+650中樁29.03029.25929.20822.917.81.29左8.5m28.86029.08729.04122.718.11.2

23、5左15m28.73028.96028.9102318.01.287k10+675中樁29.10529.33229.28422.717.91.27左8.5m28.93529.16129.11322.617.81.27左15m28.80529.03228.98322.717.81.288k10+700中樁29.18029.40729.35922.717.91.27左8.5m29.01029.23829.18922.817.91.27左15m28.88029.10529.06122.518.11.249k10+725中樁29.25529.48129.43722.618.21.24左8.5m29.0

24、8529.31229.26622.718.11.25左15m29.95529.17929.13522.418.01.24十二、試驗(yàn)結(jié)論1、最佳機(jī)械組合方式以兩臺壓路機(jī)為例：配備一臺裝載機(jī)、兩臺攤鋪機(jī)、一臺挖掘機(jī)，運(yùn)輸車輛可根據(jù)運(yùn)距、施工便道和工作面等實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行配置。一個工作臺班（8小時）可完成攤鋪碾壓2000m3。根據(jù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果和現(xiàn)場實(shí)踐路基填筑分析得出：（1）底基層施工劃分以300500m單幅作業(yè)較為適宜，以減少機(jī)械的閑置等待時間。（2）碾壓遍數(shù)：碾壓遍數(shù)為靜壓1遍，弱振1遍，強(qiáng)振3遍，最后收光靜壓1遍，總遍數(shù)為6遍；（3）級配碎石松鋪厚度為22.9cm，松鋪系數(shù)為1.27，以此控制現(xiàn)場施工

25、。（4）填料的含水量控制在最佳含水量4.5%的±2%之間。（5）碾壓方法：先輕后重，由兩側(cè)路邊向路中心或自橫坡度低的一側(cè)向高的一側(cè)碾壓，碾壓范圍應(yīng)比邊緣寬出10cm，碾壓時重疊1/2輪寬，碾壓速度1.51.7km/h。道english is the most widely spoken language in the history of our planet, used in some way by at least one out of every seven human beings around the globe. half of the world's books

26、 are written in english, and the majority of international telephone calls are made in english. english is the language of over sixty percent of the world's radio programs. more than seventy percent of international mail is written and addressed in english, and eighty percent of all computer tex

27、t is stored in english. english has acquired the largest vocabulary of all the world's languages, perhaps as many as two million words, and has generated one of the noblest bodies of literature in the annals of the human it is now time to face the fact that english is a crazy language - the most

28、 lunatic and loopy and of all languages. in the crazy english language, the blackbird hen is brown, blackboards can be green or blue, and blackberries are green and then red before they are ripe. even if blackberries were really black and blueberries really blue, what are strawberries, cranberries,

29、huckleberries, raspberries, and gooseberries supposed to look add to this insanity there is no butter in buttermilk, no egg in eggplant, no grape in grapefruit, no bread in shortbread, neither worms nor wood in wormwood, neither mush nor room in mushroom, neither pine nor apple in pineapple, neither

30、 peas nor nuts in peanuts, and no ham in a hamburger. (in fact, if somebody invented a sandwich consisting of a ham patty in a bun, we would have a hard time finding a name for it.)to make matters worse, english muffins weren't invented in england, fries in france, or danish pastries in denmark.

31、 and we discover even more culinary madness in the that sweetmeat is made from fruit, while sweetbread, which isn't sweet, is made from this unreliable english tongue, greyhounds aren't always grey (or gray); panda bears and koala bears aren't bears (they're marsupials); a woodchuck

32、is a groundhog, which is not a hog; a horned toad is a lizard; glowworms are fireflies, but fireflies are not flies (they're beetles); ladybugs and lightning bugs are also beetles (and to, a significant proportion of ladybugs must be male); a guinea pig is neither a pig nor from guinea (it's

33、 a south american rodent); and a titmouse is neither is like the air we breathe. it's invisible, inescapable, indispensable, and we take it for granted. but, when we take the time to step back and listen to the sounds that escape from the holes in people's faces and to ex- the paradoxes and

34、vagaries of english, we find that hot dogs can be cold, darkrooms can be lit, homework can be done in school, nightmares can take place in broad daylight while morning sickness and daydreaming can take place at night, tomboys are girls and midwives can be men, hours - especially happy hours and rush

35、 hours - often last longer than sixty minutes, quick- sand works very slowly, boxing rings are square, silverware and glasses can be made of plastic and tablecloths of paper, most are dialed by being punched (or pushed?), and most bathrooms don't have any baths in them. in fact, a dog can go to

36、the bathroom under a tree - no bath, no room; it's still going to the bathroom. and doesn't it seem a little bizarre that we go to the bathroom in order to go to the is it that a woman can man a station but as man can't woman one, that a man can father a movement but a woman can't mo

37、ther one, and that a king rules a kingdom but a queen doesn't rule a? how did all those renaissance men reproduce when there don't seem to have been any renaissance writer is someone who writes, and a stinger is something that stings. but fingers don't grocers don't, haberdashers don

38、't, hammers don't ham, and humdingers don't the plural of tooth is teeth , shouldn't the plural of booth be ? one goose, two geese - so one moose, two one index, two indices - one kleenex, two if people ring a bell today and rang a bell yesterday, why don't we say that they a bal

39、l? if they wrote a letter, perhaps they also their tongue. if the teacher taught, why isn't it also true that the preacher? why is it that the sun shone yesterday while i shined my shoes, that i treaded water and then trod on the beach, and that i flew out to see a world series game in which my

40、favorite player flied we conceive a conception and receive at a reception, why don't we grieve a and believe a? if a horsehair mat is made from the hair of horses and a camel's hair brush from the hair of camels, from what is a mohair coat made? if adults commit adultery, do infants commit i

41、nfantry? if olive oil is made from olives, what do they make baby oil from? if a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? (and i'm beginning to worry about those authoritarians.)and if pro and con are opposites, is congress the opposite of you have to believe that all english sp

42、eakers should be committed to an asylum for the verbally insane. in what other language do people drive in a parkway and park in a driveway? in what other language do people recite at a play and play at a recital? in what other language do privates eat in the general mess and generals eat in the pri

43、vate mess? in what other language do people ship by truck and send cargo by ship? in what other language can your nose run and your feet can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same and a bad licking and a good licking be the same, while a wise man and a wise guy are opposites? how can sharp speec

44、h and blunt speech be the same and quite a lot and quite a few the same, while overlook and oversee are opposites? how can the weather be hot as hell one day and cold as hell the next? how can the expressions "what's going on?" and "what's coming off?" mean exactly the sa

45、mton and unbutton and tie and untie are opposites, why are loosen and unloosen and ravel and unravel he same? if bad is the opposite of good, hard the opposite of soft, and up the opposite of down, why are badly and goodly, hardly and softy, and upright and downright not opposing pairs? if harmless

46、actions are the opposite of harmful why are shameful and shameless behavior the same and pricey objects less expensive than priceless appropriate and inappropriate remarks and passable and impassable mountain trails are opposites, why are flammable and inflammable materials, heritable and inheritabl

47、e property, and passive and impassive people the same and valuable objects less treasured than invaluable ones? if uplift is the same as lift up, why are upset and set up opposite in meaning? why are pertinent and impertinent, canny and uncanny, and famous and infamous neither opposites nor the same

48、? how can raise and raze and reckless and be opposites when each pair contains the same is it that when the sun or the moon or the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible; that when i clip a coupon from a newspaper i separate it, but when i clip a coupon to a newspaper, i fasten it; and that when i wind up my watch, i start it, b