全球化的利與弊Economicglobalization(英漢)

1、全球化的利與弊Economic globalization全世界都在談?wù)撊蚧?，有的人認(rèn)為它是本世紀(jì)的發(fā)明，有的人看到它的負(fù)面影響。經(jīng)濟(jì)上的利與弊：隨著電子貨幣的到來，投資變得很方便，只要點(diǎn)擊一下，大量貨幣就會(huì)從一個(gè) 國家流通到另一個(gè)國家。這就開辟了個(gè)人投資的新渠道。提高了勞工的流動(dòng)性，因此開辟了前所未有的就業(yè)和培訓(xùn)前景。激烈的競爭促使價(jià)格下降和服務(wù)的改進(jìn)，例如送貨上門和售后服務(wù)。全球化導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生統(tǒng)一市場，從而使那些不在這個(gè)市場中的國家受到更多的剝削。僅僅3 0 0家公司就占全球產(chǎn)值的三分之一，占國際貿(mào)易的一半。而食品生產(chǎn) 則由1 2家公司控制。貧困的勞工群體越來越被排斥在外。不穩(wěn)定性在增加，1

2、 9 9 7年在歐洲拋售 黃金儲(chǔ)備的傳聞就使南非5萬礦工失業(yè)。這就是多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)。All over the world about globalization, some people think that it is the invention, somepeople see its negative effects.Economic advantages and disadvantages:With the arrival of electronic money, it's very convenient for investment, click, a lot ofmoney

3、from one country to flow into another country. It opened up new avenues of personalinvestment.To improve the labor mobility, and thus opened an employment and training.Competitive price and service to the improvement, such as door-to-door and after-salesservice.Globalization leads to a single market

4、, so that the market in the country is more exploitation.Only 300 companies is one-third of global output, accounting for half of the internationaltrade. While food production is controlled by 12 companies.Poverty and labor group is excluded. Instability in 1997 in Europe, selling gold reserves rumo

5、urs that South Africa is 5 million miners unemployment. This is the domino effect.統(tǒng)一供應(yīng)的危險(xiǎn)性在增長，忽視了市場上產(chǎn)品的多樣性。Supply risk in growth, has neglected the diversity of products on the market.社會(huì)上的利與弊：在政治上，歐盟和聯(lián)合國等組織的權(quán)力在擴(kuò)大，這可以在全球決策的舞臺(tái)上抵消多國公司的作用。媒體的跨國力量有助于控制不公正現(xiàn)象，有助于各國的言論自由。南北差距在擴(kuò)大。貧困世界在全球收入中只占14%, 1 0年前占23%。最

6、嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)后果是犯罪全球化，對貧困國家勞動(dòng)力的剝削有增無減。非法移民在增加。文化上的利與弊：文化的傳播更快了，政治和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的障礙減少了，誰也不能阻止一種文化產(chǎn)品在其國內(nèi)的傳播。“逆殖民化”在加強(qiáng)：例如美國邁阿密和洛杉磯的拉丁化。亞洲和非洲繁榮城市人口的增長成為文化傳播的新的推動(dòng)力。最近一份聯(lián)合國人文發(fā)展報(bào)告顯示，全球文化只朝著一個(gè)方向傳播：從富國向窮國，而不是從窮國向富國。在文化生產(chǎn)上，商業(yè)利潤至上，質(zhì)量和多樣性被忽視。Politically, the European Union and the United Nations organization such as power in th

7、eworld, which can be expanded in the decision on the stage of the multinational corporationoffset. Multinational force helps to control the media injustices, helps countries freedom ofspeech.The north-south gap is widening. Poverty in the world in the global income accounts foronly 1 percent 10 year

8、s ago, of 2, 3.The most serious social consequences of poor countries, the crime of globalization of labor exploitation unabated. Illegal immigrants.Cultural advantages and disadvantages:The spread of culture, politics and faster obstacles of intellectual property rights, nobody can stop a kind of c

9、ultural products in its domestic communication. "Inverse colonization" in Miami and strengthen: such as Los Angeles latinized.Asian and African prosperity of urban population growth as the new impetus culture communication.A recent UN humanities culture development worldwide, the report sh

10、owed only in onedirection spread from rich countries to poor countries, rather than from poor to richcountries.In the cultural production, commercial profits paramountcy, quality and diversity are ignored.教育上的利與弊：新的全球技術(shù)使人們能以低廉的價(jià)格，在遙遠(yuǎn)的地方獲得信息。殘疾人擁有學(xué)習(xí)的新手段。先進(jìn)技術(shù)在國際化。世界上有2 0 0個(gè)國家，但在國際新聞界，經(jīng)常提及的只有1 5至2 0個(gè)國家

11、。司法上的利與弊：將制訂國際行動(dòng)法典或建立國際法庭，以解決全球化中的糾紛。出現(xiàn)了一種新的可能性：干預(yù)一些國家的內(nèi)政。軍事、政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)行動(dòng)(封鎖、禁運(yùn)等)成為實(shí)現(xiàn)和平的手段。A new global technology can make people with low prices, in the distant place obtaininformation. The new method has learning disabled. In the international advancedtechnology.The world has 200 countries, but in the

12、 international press, often mention only 15 to 20 countries.The advantages and disadvantages of the judicial:International action to establish the international court, code or to solve the disputes in the globalization.A new possibilities: the interention some country's internal affairs. The mil

13、itary, political and economic blockade, embargo act (etc) become peaceful means.原文提要：全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的鼓吹者抱有烏托邦式的想法，他們認(rèn)為如果向商務(wù)和資本開放其大門，發(fā)展中國家就將受益。這種淺薄的承諾不僅轉(zhuǎn)移了貧窮國家的視線，而且還分散了它們的資源，使它們無法再注重本國促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長所需要的那些至關(guān)重要的創(chuàng)新做法。The global economic integration: the utopian ideas about advocates, they think that ifTo open their do

14、ors and capital, developing countries will benefit. This commitment is notonly a transferPoor countries, but also their resources, and scatter them unable to notice its economic Growth needed those important innovation practice.【本刊訊】美國外交政策雙月刊3 4月一期刊登哈佛大學(xué)肯尼迪政治學(xué)院國際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授丹尼羅德里克的一篇文章，題為夢幻中的貿(mào)易，摘要如下：Amer

15、ican foreign policy "bimonthly 3-4 months issue of Harvard University, published ininternational politics and economics, Kennedy political college professor, DannyLuoDeLiKe an article entitled dream, the trade, the following: 與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)融為一體絕非像拆除貿(mào)易和投資壁壘那樣簡單。各國現(xiàn)在還必須遵循一 整套入場要求，從新制訂的專利規(guī)定到較為嚴(yán)格的銀行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。經(jīng)濟(jì)一體

16、化的積極 鼓吹者開列出一張實(shí)行全面體制改革的處方(根據(jù)這張?zhí)幏?，即使今天的先進(jìn)國家也需要幾代人才能完成)。屆時(shí)發(fā)展中國家可以最大程度地享受其帶來的好處，而且還可以將參與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低到最低程度。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化出于種種現(xiàn)實(shí)目的已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的替代物了。With the world economy is merged as dismantled barriers to trade and investment. Countries still must follow a new set of requirements, the provisions of the patent to stri

17、ct standards of Banks. The economic globalization actively advocates open list all-round reform prescription (according to this prescription, even today's advanced countries also need a few generations can finish). When developing countries can enjoy the maximum benefits, but also can participat

18、e in the world economy to minimize the risk reduction. The global economy integration of various practical purpose has become the development strategy of the alternatives.世界市場是技術(shù)和資本的來源。發(fā)展中國家如果不去利用這些機(jī)會(huì)，那將是愚蠢的。不過，全球化并非是發(fā)展的捷徑。成功的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略一般都需要將引進(jìn)的方法與本國制度上的創(chuàng)新做法巧妙地結(jié)合在一起。決策者需要依靠本國的投資者和本國的制度來制訂發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化設(shè)想中代價(jià)

19、最高的不利之處在于它竭力排斥他人為實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化而提出的一些認(rèn)真的想法以及作出的努力。真誠地接受經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化正統(tǒng)觀念的國家逐步發(fā)現(xiàn)，本國的開放并未給它們帶來好處。盡管自8 0年代以來降低了它們國家對貿(mào)易和投資的壁壘，但拉美和非洲許 多國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)仍然停滯不前，或者發(fā)展的速度還不如6 0年代和7 0年代進(jìn)口替代時(shí)期來得快。相比之下，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展最快的國家是中國、印度和東亞及東南亞的一些國家。這些國家的決策者也贊成貿(mào)易和投資自由化，但他們采用的并不是正統(tǒng)方式，而是逐步地、有序地，而且是在最初的高速發(fā)展之后才實(shí)行貿(mào)易和投資自由化的。他們還把這種做法當(dāng)作一攬子更廣泛的、具有諸多不同尋常特點(diǎn)的政策的一部分。Th

20、e world market is technology and capital source. In developing countries, if not to use these opportunities, it would be foolish. However, the development of the globalization is not shortcuts. Successful economic development strategy are generally need to introduce the method and its institutional

21、innovation practice ably combined together. Decision makers need to rely on domestic investors and its system to make development strategy. Economic integration in the idea of the highest price in it to reject others to achieve economic integration and put forward some ideas and earnest efforts.Sinc

22、erely accept orthodox ideas of national economic integration, the open country gradually to their benefit. Although since the 1980s reduced their countries for trade and investment barriers, but in many countries in Latin America and Africa, or stagnant economy still the speed of development as well

23、 as the 1960s and 1970s faster import substitution period. Compared with the fastest growing economy in China, India and the country's east and southeast Asian countries. These countries also approved the decision makers trade and investment liberalization, but they did not orthodox ways, but gr

24、adually, orderly, but is at the beginning of the high speed development after implement trade and investment liberalization. They also take this as a package with many more extensive, the characteristics of the unusual part of the policy.深度自由化所產(chǎn)生的這種令人失望的結(jié)果已經(jīng)被吸納到一種相當(dāng)牢固的信念中去了。那些認(rèn)為全球一體化是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的先決條件的人現(xiàn)在卻告

25、誡說，僅僅開放邊界是不夠的。他們指出，若想從開放中獲得好處，發(fā)展中國家還需要全面實(shí)行體制改革。請思考一下貿(mào)易自由化的問題。不論誰向世界銀行的任何一位官員詢問有關(guān)實(shí)施一項(xiàng)成功的貿(mào)易自由化計(jì)劃的要求是什么，他都可能獲得除降低關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘之外的一長串措施清單：為彌補(bǔ)關(guān)稅收入而進(jìn)行稅收改革、為解決失業(yè)工人的問題而建立社會(huì)保障網(wǎng)、為使貿(mào)易行為與世界貿(mào)易組織的規(guī)定相一致而實(shí)行行政改革、為提高行業(yè)之間人員的流動(dòng)性而進(jìn)行勞動(dòng)力市場的改革、為使那些因進(jìn)口競爭而傷了元?dú)獾墓镜玫秸衽d而提供技術(shù)幫助、為確保出口型公司和投資者獲得熟練工人而實(shí)施培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃等。由于貿(mào)易自由化的承諾難以兌現(xiàn)，先決條件便會(huì)越加越多。自由交

26、易在全球一體化議程中的大多數(shù)（肯定不是所有）體制改革都是十分明智的。而且在一個(gè)對金融、行政和政治幾乎都沒有什么限制的世界上，人們對實(shí)行體制改革幾乎不會(huì)提出任何異議。不過，在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中，各國政府在面對如何利用它們的財(cái)力、行政管理能力和政治資本時(shí)往往會(huì)面臨艱難的抉擇。為使全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化取得最大結(jié)果而確定制度上的重點(diǎn)往往要付出代價(jià)，失去一些真正的機(jī)會(huì)。The depth of liberalization produced disappointing results have been absorbing to a fairly strong belief. That globalization i

27、s the precondition of the development of economy, but warned that are now just open boundary is not enough. They point out that in the open to benefit from developing countries need to implement reforms.Please consider trade liberalization. No matter who the world bank official inquiry about any a s

28、uccessful trade liberalization plan is what he could obtain except reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers outside of a long list of measures to offset tariff revenue list: and tax reform, to solve the problem of unemployment workers and establishing social security network, to make trade behavior and

29、 the world trade organization and implement the provisions of administrative reform is consistent, and to improve the liquidity of personnel between industry and labor market reform, to make those for import competition and vitality of the company get hurt and provide technical help, to ensure the e

30、xport-oriented company and investors and implement training plan skilled workers. Due to the trade liberalization commitments, prerequisites will increasingly more.Free tradeMost of the agenda in global integration (certainly not all) system reform is very sensible.But in a financial and administrat

31、ive and political almost none of the restrictions in theworld, people to carry out reform almost never raise objections. However, in reality, thegovernments of how to use them in the face of financial and administrative managementability and political capital will often face a difficult choice. For

32、the global economicintegration and maximum results on the system of key tend to pay, lose some realopportunity.不妨請思考一下某些能夠說明問題的交易。世界銀行經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家邁克爾 芬格估計(jì)，為實(shí)施世界貿(mào)易組織三項(xiàng)協(xié)議(關(guān)于關(guān)稅估價(jià)、衛(wèi)生及植物衛(wèi)生和與貿(mào)易相關(guān)的知 識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的三項(xiàng)協(xié)議)規(guī)定的要求，一個(gè)具有代表性的發(fā)展中國家必須花費(fèi)1 桿5億 美元。正如芬格所指出的那樣，這一數(shù)額相當(dāng)于許多最不發(fā)達(dá)國家一年的發(fā)展預(yù)算。 盡管執(zhí)行金融規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而支出的費(fèi)用難以全面估計(jì)，但它無疑會(huì)使財(cái)政和人力資 源大量

33、流失。發(fā)展中國家的政府難道應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)出更多的銀行審計(jì)師和會(huì)計(jì)師，即使這種投資意味著中學(xué)老師的減少和女孩受小學(xué)教育的費(fèi)用下降也罷嗎？有關(guān)融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的各種規(guī)則不僅反映出某些人幾乎不了解發(fā)展重點(diǎn)，而且這 些規(guī)則本身經(jīng)常是與可行的經(jīng)濟(jì)原則毫不相干的。例如，世界貿(mào)易組織關(guān)于反傾銷、 補(bǔ)貼及其相應(yīng)措施、農(nóng)業(yè)、紡織品、與貿(mào)易相關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)等領(lǐng)域的協(xié)議缺少任何 經(jīng)濟(jì)上的合理性，有的只是先進(jìn)工業(yè)國家為數(shù)不多有勢力的組織的重商主義利益。一些雙邊和地區(qū)貿(mào)易協(xié)議的情況更糟，因?yàn)樗鼈優(yōu)樘岣?市場準(zhǔn)入”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而對發(fā)展中國家強(qiáng)加了更為苛刻的先決條件。Might as well, please consider some of

34、 the problems that can trade. The world bankeconomist Michael finger estimates for the implementation of the world trade organization,three agreements (about tariff appraisal, health and plant health and trade of intellectualproperty rights related to the three agreements) requirements, a representa

35、tive of thedeveloping countries must spend 1 桿 5 billion dollars. As the finger points, the amountequivalent to many least-developed countries the development budget year. Althoughexecute financial regulations and standards and the expenses to comprehensive estimation,but it will definitely make fin

36、ancial and human resources loss. The governments ofdeveloping countries don't should develop more bank certified public accountants andauditors, even if the investment means high school teacher education and school fees by thegirl let down?Relevant integration into the world economy of various r

37、ules not only reflect some peoplealmost don't understand, but these rules on itself is often and feasible economic principle ofrecipients. For example, the world trade organization about anti-dumping, subsidies andcorresponding measures, agriculture, textiles, and trade fields related to intelle

38、ctual propertyrights of the agreement on the economic rationality of lack of any advanced industrialcountries, only a few of the organization's mercantilist interests. Some bilateral and regionaltrade agreements worse, because they "market access for improving the standard of" fordevel

39、oping countries impose more demanding prerequisites.在金融準(zhǔn)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的適用性方面同樣存在類似的問題。這些準(zhǔn)則完全是建立在 英美公司管理方式和拒人于千里之外的金融發(fā)展模式的基礎(chǔ)之上的。它們堵死了通向金融發(fā)展的其它道路，如今天的許多富裕國家(日本、德國和韓國等)所走過的那種道路。在這些領(lǐng)域，一種“全球化至高無上”的戰(zhàn)略排斥著可能更有利于發(fā)展的其它模式。融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)所需要的許多制度性改革就個(gè)體而言可能是可取的，或者能夠帶來較為廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)好處。但是，這些重點(diǎn)未必與全面發(fā)展議程中的重點(diǎn)相吻合。In financial criteria and stan

40、dards in the applicability of the same similar problems. These principles established in the company is completely and management style and is the base of financial development mode. They have also leads to financial development, such as the other way many of today's rich countries (Germany and

41、Japan and Korea etc) of the road.In these areas, a kind of "global" strategy, with the supreme rejection is beneficial to the development of other may be more mode. Involved in the world economy needs many institutional reform indiiduals may be advisable, or can bring more extensive econom

42、ic benefits. However, the key is the key comprehensive development agenda.亞洲神話即使人們需要為實(shí)行加入國際經(jīng)濟(jì)體所需要的體制改革而付出巨大代價(jià)，而且這樣做還可能會(huì)影響其它關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的投資，但經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的鼓吹者仍然申辯說，進(jìn)入全球市場不可避免帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展是這些代價(jià)所無法比擬的。他們說，人們可以以東亞四小龍和中國為例來說明這一問題。假如沒有國際貿(mào)易和外國資本的流入，它們又會(huì)是一個(gè)什么樣子呢？毋庸置疑的是，這些國家因逐步融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)而獲得了巨大好處。不過，只要密切注意一下是什么政策產(chǎn)生這些效果的，你就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些國家

43、當(dāng)時(shí)執(zhí)行的政策與今天的規(guī)則手冊幾乎沒有什么相似之處。韓國和臺(tái)灣在六七十年代的成形發(fā)展時(shí)期幾乎不受各種國際規(guī)則的限制，而且也沒有為現(xiàn)代的經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化付出多少代價(jià)。當(dāng)時(shí)全球的貿(mào)易規(guī)則還不完整，各國經(jīng)濟(jì)也不存在今天那種要求對資本流動(dòng)開放邊界的壓力。這些國家因此將它們向外拓展的戰(zhàn)略與下述非正統(tǒng)的政策結(jié)合在一起：高高的關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘、對主要的銀行和工業(yè)實(shí)行公有制、實(shí)行出口補(bǔ)貼、確定滿足于國內(nèi)的要求、侵犯專利權(quán)和版權(quán)、限制資本流動(dòng)（其中包括外國的直接投資）等。但是，這些政策要么已經(jīng)被今天的貿(mào)易規(guī)則所排斥，要么為國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行等國際組織所不齒。中國奉行的是極不正統(tǒng)的雙軌戰(zhàn)略。它違反了指導(dǎo)手冊上的

44、幾乎每一條規(guī)則（尤其是有關(guān)私有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的規(guī)定）。印度在8 0年代初大幅度提高了其經(jīng)濟(jì)增長率。它仍然是世界上經(jīng)濟(jì)受到保護(hù)最多的國家之一。Even people who need to implement to join the international economies need system reform and expensive, but doing so may also affect other key areas of investment, but the advocates of economic globalization, still argued that inevita

45、bly bring into global markets of rapid economic development is the price. They say people in east China and tigers can be as an example to illustrate this problem. If no international trade and foreign capital inflows, they would be a what?Undaunted, these countries have gradually into the world eco

46、nomy and won great benefits.However, as long as it is what pay close attention to the effect of the policy, you will find that the country was implemented policies and rules of today's handbook almost no similarities.South Korea and Taiwan in the 1960s development period of forming almost all so

47、rts of the international rules, and there is no limit to the modern economic integration paid the price. When global trade rules are not complete, economies does not exist in the requirement of capital flows today open border of pressure. These countries will therefore their outward expansion strate

48、gy and policy of the unorthodox together: high tariff and non-tariff barriersto major Banks, and industrial practice and export subsidies, ownership in domesticrequirement determination, infringe the copyright, patent right and the limited capital flows(including foreign direct investment), etc. How

49、ever, these policies have either by today'strade rules, or rejected by the international monetary fund and the world bank and otherinternational organizations have contempt.China pursues is very orthodox double strategy. It violates the instruction manual on almost every rule (especially the rel

50、evant provisions of the private property right. India in the early 1980s greatly improved its economic growth. It is still the world economy is one of the most populous countries are protected.所有這些國家都是在幾十年中而不是在幾年中逐步開放其貿(mào)易的。它們只是在經(jīng)濟(jì)向高速發(fā)展過渡之后才大幅度放寬進(jìn)口限制的。所有這些國家并沒有徹底廢除其現(xiàn)行制度，而是在現(xiàn)有制度的基礎(chǔ)之上成功地促使經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的，即便它們的制度可

51、能是不完善的。實(shí)際上，當(dāng)某些在經(jīng)濟(jì)上較成功的亞洲國家屈服于西方的壓力而迅速放寬對資本流動(dòng)的限制時(shí)，它們所得到的回報(bào)卻是陷入亞洲金融危機(jī)。因此，人們很難把這些國家當(dāng)作今天全球規(guī)則中的樣板。韓國、中國、印度等亞洲國家的成功在于它們能夠自由處理自己的事務(wù)，而且能夠充分地享受這種自由。如果不與國際貨幣基金組織或世界貿(mào)易組織發(fā)生沖突，今天主張經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的人就難以重現(xiàn)上述國家的經(jīng)歷。亞洲國家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)充分表明了下述更深層次的一種看法：能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)高增長的一種完善的整體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)行一體化方面遠(yuǎn)比一種靠開放創(chuàng)造奇跡的純一體化主義戰(zhàn)略來得有效。換言之，今天的經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化鼓吹者恰恰是在走回頭路。一體化是經(jīng)濟(jì)

52、和社會(huì)發(fā)展的結(jié)果，而不是其動(dòng)因。像越南這樣一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)受到相對保護(hù)的國家融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的速度要比像海地那種經(jīng)濟(jì)開放的國家快得多，因?yàn)樵侥喜煌诤５兀罢邠碛泻侠磉\(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和完善的政策不同于有關(guān)稅率和資本項(xiàng)目的規(guī)定，融入全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的行動(dòng)不是決策者所能直接控制得了的。對發(fā)展中國家的財(cái)政部長說他們應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步“參與國際貿(mào)易”這樣的話是有意義的，這就像告訴他們需要提高技術(shù)能力一樣，而且同樣也是有益的。決策者需要弄清楚下述問題：哪些戰(zhàn)略能夠產(chǎn)生這些效果，目前的正統(tǒng)策略所開出的具體處方能否經(jīng)得起考驗(yàn)。All of these countries are in the decades in several years

53、 instead of its trade gradually opening. They only in the economic transition to the high speed development greatly relaxed after the import restrictions. All of these countries and its current system can not be completely abolished in the existing system, but the basis of economic growth to the success of the system, even if they may be incomplete. In fact, when some of the more successful in Asia and the west succumbed to relax the