初中英語長難句——語篇從句講義

1、初中英語閱讀理解之長難句分析講義語篇學(xué)語法一一從句I arrived in on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town. Alltraffic came to a stop® because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard infront of them. The meeting would be

2、gin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot. As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found hisway so easily. "I know this part of quite well,“ he said.“ But in such a fog it's impossible to see anything： I said.“I am blind, sir：'he answered, “In the fog, it is ex

3、actly the same forme as usual.在英語語法中，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)，英語句子主要可以分為三種類型：簡 單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。1 .簡單句：最基本的句子類型，一個句子中只含有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg： My uncle gives me a camera.2 .并列句：由兩個或兩個以上獨立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或簡單句并列在一起的，通常用并列連詞來連接兩個或兩個以上的句子，Eg: Jim went to the party last night, but his wife didn't.Study hard and you will make progress.3 .復(fù)合句：由一個主句

4、與一個或一個以上的從句(從句有相應(yīng)的連詞引導(dǎo))組成的句子。因此，復(fù)合句含有兩個或兩個以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(完整的句子)，句子 與句子之間用xx接詞xx接。其中，主句部分可以獨立存在，但從 句擔(dān)當(dāng)了主句某一句子成分，故通常不能獨立存在。 根據(jù)從句在句 子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，可以將其分?類，即主語從句、表語從句、賓語 從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。1 / 12從句的本質(zhì)：名詞性從句(1) 語從句：，而不是用單詞或短語來充當(dāng)主語。eg: (1) What you need is more practice.(2) When the meeting will be held has not been a

5、nnounced.(3) That he will not attend the meeting is clear.(4) Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown.注：有時，為了避免將太長的主語放在句首而使句子顯得頭重腳輕， 通常用代詞it做形式主語，而將真正的主語從句放到句子的后面 如：（1） It is clear that he will not attend the meeting.（2） It is unknown whether it will do us harm or good.主語從句引導(dǎo)詞：連詞that （在從句中不擔(dān)任成

6、分，本身沒有詞義），連詞whether （意思是“是否”）連接代詞 what, whatever, who, whoever, which 等弓I導(dǎo)，連接副詞 when, where, how, why等引導(dǎo)。2 .表語從句：。跟在系動詞后面的句子成分就是表語。eg: （1） That is what I want to say. （what 在從句中充當(dāng)，不能省略）（2） My opinion is that we should make a decision right now.（that只引導(dǎo)，本身無詞義，在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，可以 省略）（3） The problem is w

7、ho should be responsible for this car accident.（who在從句中當(dāng)，不能省略） 2 / 12（4） What I want to know （從句）is who is in charge of the work（從句）.（用于引導(dǎo)從句的what和引導(dǎo)從句的who都不能省略）（5） It looks as if it's going to rain. （looks 是系動詞）3 .賓語從句：，在動詞或介詞的后面通常都跟有賓語。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連接詞與主語從句和表語從句一樣，是that, whether（if ）,who, whoever, wh

8、ich, when, where, how, why, what, whatever等。例如本文中出現(xiàn)的幾個賓語從句：（1） I stood there and thought that I would have to phone to the meeting toexplain that I was not able to arrive there on time.第句是 thought 的賓語從句，第句是explain的賓語從句。 I suppose you are 10st.（這是 suppose 的賓語從句，省略了 that）.（3） Afterward I told him wher

9、e I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started.（這是told的賓語從句，充當(dāng)間接賓語，引導(dǎo)詞where在從句中充當(dāng)狀語）（4） I wondered why he found his way so easily.（wondered的賓從，why在從句中充當(dāng)狀語）另外：賓語從句除了可以跟在及物動詞之后外，還可以跟在介詞的后 面，充當(dāng)介詞的賓語。（充當(dāng)介詞except的賓語）What we should take with us （主語從句） depends on where we'll stay.（充當(dāng)介詞on的賓語）在使用賓語從句時，要注

10、意：1）賓語從句的時態(tài)3 / 12當(dāng)主句是過去時的某種時態(tài)時，從句的時態(tài)也要用相應(yīng)的過去時的 時態(tài)Eg: The teacher asked him whether he had studied English for 6 years.但如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)，則從句的時態(tài)根據(jù)從句本身的實際情況 而定。Eg: I am glad that you passed the exam.2) that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句通常都省略，如上文中的第句。3)如果主句xxit做形式賓語，而that引導(dǎo)賓語從句是真正的賓語時，that 不能省略。 Eg: Many students take it for grante

11、d that their parents should do everything for them.(it是形式賓語，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句是真正的賓語，不能省略that)形容詞性從句5.定語從句：。在全句中相當(dāng)于形容詞，用來修飾先行詞(即被定語 從句修飾的詞)一一名詞或代詞，或修飾整個主句。定語從句屬于非 獨立性從句，本身不能獨立存在，應(yīng)該緊跟在它的先行詞之后。根據(jù) 與先行詞之間關(guān)系的密切程度，定語從句分為兩類：限制性定語從句 和非限制性定語從句。由關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, whose, which, that, as) 或關(guān)系副詞(when, where, why)弓I導(dǎo)的從句，限

12、制性定語從句：與先行詞的關(guān)系密切，如果將定語從句刪掉，那么 剩下的主句部分就會含混不清，另外，限制性定語從句之前不用標(biāo)點 符號。如上文中：The place where the meeting was going to be held was on theother side of the town.I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting.非限制性定語從句：對先行詞做進一步的解釋或說明，如果刪除掉，不影響整個句子的基本意思，通常用逗號與主句部分分開。例如： 4 / 12(2) They will fly to

13、 , where they plan to stay for a week.(3) Tom didn't pass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.(4) One of the most senic areas is the , where you can visit the old castles inwhich the kings and queens of used to live.分析： 在上文第句 The place where the meeting was going to be heldwas on the ot

14、her side of the town.xx, 主句部分是 The place was on the other sideof the town. 由關(guān)系副詞 where 弓I導(dǎo)的從句 where the meeting was going to beheld是表示地點的先行詞the place的定語，引導(dǎo)詞 where在從句xx 充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語，相當(dāng)于in the place。注1：需要注意的是，當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點的名詞時，引導(dǎo)詞可以是關(guān)系代詞that或which,但有時也用關(guān)系副詞 where。例如:(1) This is the place which / that we visited

15、 last year.(2) This is the place where I once worked.具體區(qū)別在于：引導(dǎo)詞that或which是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中要充當(dāng)主 語或賓語。在第(1)句中，which /that在定語從句中相當(dāng)于做的語；而引導(dǎo)詞 where是關(guān)系副詞，在定語從句中只能擔(dān)當(dāng)狀語，如第(2)句中，where 做的語，相當(dāng)于，從句可以理解為：.注2：另外，當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間的名詞時，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞同樣 可以是that或which,有時也用 when,其區(qū)別也是如此：that / which 在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語，而關(guān)系副詞when則在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)時間狀

16、語。例如：(1)We often think of the days which / that we spent together on the island.(2)We often think of the days when we worked together in the town. 5 / 12雖然這兩個句子的先行詞都是 the days,但是在第一句中，which / that 相當(dāng)于，在定語從句中做謂語動詞的語；在第二句中，when相當(dāng)于， 在定語從句中做語：還有一個關(guān)系副詞why可以用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，其先行詞只 能是reason, why指原因，在定語從句中只能做原因狀語

17、。例如：The reason why I was late for the class was that I missed the bus.在上文的第句中：I was very glad to have a man who could take me tothe meeting.主句部分是 I was very glad to have a man 定語從句是由 關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的，其先行詞是a man。當(dāng)先行詞是人時，其定語 從句的引導(dǎo)詞可以是 who, whom,也可以是that。例如：Where is the man (who / whom / that) I saw yesterda

18、y.用于引導(dǎo)定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞還有關(guān)系代詞 whom, whose, which和as, 其具體用法如下：1. whom:先行詞必須是人，whom在定語從句中只能做賓語。例如：He is the man whom I met yesterday.該句中的whom可以換成who或that,也可以省略。who和that在 定語從句中可以充當(dāng)主語和賓語，因此，當(dāng)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句 中擔(dān)當(dāng)賓語時，who, that和whom可以互換，也可以省略。但是，如果在引導(dǎo)詞前面出現(xiàn)了介詞，則只能使用 whom。例如：I like my English teacher, from whom I learn a

19、lot.如果先行詞是并列情況，既有人又有物時，只能用 that。例如：They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.(先行詞既有人一teachers,又有物schools)2. whose相當(dāng)于形容詞性的物主代詞，是唯一一個可以在所引導(dǎo)的定 語從句中充當(dāng)定語的引導(dǎo)詞，其先行詞可以是物，也可以是人。例如：6 / 12（1） You are the only person whose advice he might listen to.(先行詞是人）（2） I'd like a room whose win

20、dow faces south.（先行詞是物）3. which:其先行詞只能是物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，在做賓 語時，可以省略。多數(shù)情況下可以與that互換。例如：（1） This is the photo which shows my little pet cat.（which在定語從句中做主語，不能省略，可以換成that）（2） I've lost the watch which I bought last week.（which在定語從句中做bought的賓語，可以省略，可以換成 that） 但是，which可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，或指代前面整個主句的意 思，而that卻不

21、可以。eg: They have three houses, which are built of stone. （which 在弓|導(dǎo)一個非限制性定語從句）She married Tom, which surprised everyone. （whichHf She married Tom 這件事，不能用that）如果在表示物的先行詞后面有介詞，引導(dǎo)詞不能用that,只能用which 例如：The train on which she was traveling was late.4. as關(guān)系代詞，常用于兩個句型中：such as（像一樣的），thesameas （和同樣的）,其中，suc

22、h和same作定語,修飾主句中的名詞或代詞一一先行詞，as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語和表語。例如：Such countries as lie in the are small in area.（such修飾先行詞countries, as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)主語）He is not the same man as he was.7 / 12（the same修飾先行詞man, as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)表語）另外，as還可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，所引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以位于 主句的后面，也可以位于主句的前面，用來指代整個句子或主句的一 部分，并對其加以補充或說明。例如：This el

23、ephant is like a snake, as / which everybody can see. （whichE 弓 I導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的時候，只能放在主句的后面。）As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake.副詞性從句6.狀語從句：，可以修飾謂語或整個句子?？梢员硎镜攸c、時間、原 因、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、比較、條件等。時間狀語從句：常用于引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞有：when, while, as, assoon as, before, after, till, until, since, directly, immed

24、iately, the moment/second /minute / instant （that）（一就）,every time （每次）,each time（每次）等。例如上文中的第句: As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found his wayso easily.Eg:I'll tell him the news the minute he gets here.I was watching TV when my mother came in.The young man phoned his

25、 mother immediately he reached the university.He had scarcely entered the room when it began to rain.地點狀語從句：常用于引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞有where和wherever例如：Where there is a will, there is a way.原因狀語從句：常用于引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞有：because,since(now that), as, for 等。8 / 12例如上文中的第句話：All traffic came to a stopbecause thedriverswere

26、 not able to see more than a yard in front of them.目的狀語從句：常由連詞so that, sothat，in order that引導(dǎo)。例 如：Eg: He studies very hard so that he may pass the final exam.He studies so hard that he may pass the final exam.結(jié)果狀語從句：常由連詞so that, sothat，such that等引導(dǎo)。 例如：He spoke very clearly so that I understood him

27、quite well.讓步狀語從句：多由連詞though （雖然），although （雖然），even if （即使），even though （即使），while （然而），whereas （盡管，但是）等引導(dǎo)。例如：Although it is winter, it is not very cold. （although 同于 though , 注意 不要與but連用）Even if it is raining, we'll go.（同于 even though）They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat.方

28、式狀語從句：多由as, as if, though引導(dǎo)。例如：I have changed the plan as you suggest.Out teacher loves us as if / as though we were her childre n（從句中使用 了虛擬語氣）比較狀語從句：常用than和as引導(dǎo)。例如：This question is more difficult than I thought.條件狀語從句:由連詞if, unless （= if not）（如果不）,given （that）（鑒 于、如果）,supposing （that）（假如）,assuming

29、（that）（假如）,providing （that）（假如）等引導(dǎo)。例如：9 / 12If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the park.Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.注意：if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句有兩種情況：一種是表示可能成為現(xiàn)實的情況，即真實條件句；但是如果假設(shè)的情況完全不存在或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性極小，可以說幾乎沒有時，就是非真實條件句，即虛擬條件句（虛 擬語氣）。結(jié)論：無論是哪一類從句，本質(zhì)都是，必須是一個完整的句子，要具備完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)；其次，必須有連詞引起句

30、子；第三，從句都應(yīng)使用xx語序一一（這是為什么呢？）。大顯身手：1. Do you remember the day he fell off the tree?A. which B. thatC. whenD. where2. It wasn't such a good dinner she had promised us.A. thatB. which C. asD. what3. The baby didn't stop crying the mother came in.A. untilB. whenC. as soon asD. as4. You see the lig

31、htning it happens, but you hear the thunder later.A. in the minute B. the minute C. for the minute D. on the minute5. I have not found my book yet; I am not sure I could have donewith it.A. whether B. whyC. whatD. when6. Although Anne is happy with her success , she wonders willhappen to her family.10 / 12A. thatB. whatC. itD. thisA. thatB. whyC. ifD. whether8. Don't go into that old house there are many mice.A. which B. thatC. whatD. where9. The speaker talked of some writers and books were unknown tous.A. whoB. thatC. whom D. which10.i