英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌修辭手法簡(jiǎn)介Figures_of_speech

1、Figures of speechIn Poetry DefinitionnFigures of speech are forms of expression that depart from normal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.the chief functions of figures of speechn to embellish, to emphasize or to clarif

2、y. nto give tone or atmosphere to discourse, nto provide vivid examples to stimulate thought nto give life to inanimate objects, nto amuse, or to ornament.Words are either literal or figurativenLiteral 原意nWords used in their original meanings are used literally. nFigurative 比喻義nWords used in extende

3、d meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the readers or listeners mind are used figuratively. colourfulnIn “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers nin “a colourful life” or “a colourf

4、ul career” the word is used in its figurative sense because neither life or career has any colour. Figures of Speech (2)1.simile 2.metaphor 3.personification 4.metonymy 5.Synecdoche6.Antonomasia7.euphemism8.Hyperbole9.litotes 10.Antithesis11.Paradox12. Oxymoron13. Epigram14.Apostrophe 15.rhetorical

5、question 16. Irony17. Sarcasm18. Satire19. Ridicule20. Innuendo21. Parody 22. Climax23. Anti-climax24. Alliteration 25. Assonance26. Onomatopoeia 27. Transferred epithet28. Pun29. Parallelism 30. RepetitionMajor figures of speech in poetrynSimile 直喻nSimile is a figure of speech which makes a compari

6、son between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.nMetaphor 暗喻nA metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.Examples nshe has a face thats as round as the moon.

7、nTime flies like an arrow.nYou run like a rabbit.nLife is a yo-yo . Its a series of ups and downs.nAll the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players; Her lips were red, her looks were free, Her locks were yellow as gold. Her skin was white as leprosy, The Nightmare Life-in-Death was s

8、he, Who thicks mans blood with cold.她的唇色鮮紅，她的表情不羈。她的枷鎖黃如金。 她的皮膚白如麻風(fēng)。 夢(mèng)魘般的死中生命是她的存在，用冰冷濃稠了的血液。The Waning MoonBy Percy Bysshe Shelley nAndlikeadyinglady,leanandpale,nWhotottersforth,wrappedinagauzyveil,nOutofherchamber,ledbytheinsanenAndfeeblewanderingsofherfadingbrain,nThemoonaroseupinthemurkyeast,nA

9、whiteandshapelessmass.n有如蒼白、清癯、垂危的女郎，n薄紗掩面，步履踉蹌，n精神恍惚，漫游出閨房n神魂顛倒，氣吁吁游蕩，n月兒升起在朦朧的東方，模模糊糊，一片白茫茫。 Mixed metaphorsnOne danger in using metaphors is the possibility of beginning with one comparison and ending with anothernThis is called a mixed metaphor（混合隱喻；多重隱喻）AllegorynAllegory: a narrative that serve

10、s as an extended metaphor. nAllegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. Ann allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point across.n Because I could not stop for Deathby Emily Dickinson Because I could not s

11、top for DeathHe kindly stopped for meThe Carriage held but just Ourselves-And Immortality.因?yàn)槲也荒芡Ｏ聛?lái)等待死神他便好心地停下來(lái)等我那輛車(chē)上只載我們兩個(gè)以及永生。我們慢慢驅(qū)車(chē)他不慌不忙我也把我的勞與閑統(tǒng)統(tǒng)丟掉一邊，為了他的禮讓離那時(shí)已是幾個(gè)世紀(jì)卻仿佛過(guò)了還不到一天，我首次猜測(cè)到，馬頭在朝向永恒奔竄。Weslowly drove-He knew no hasteAnd I had put awayMy labor and my Leisure too,For His Civility-Since then

12、-tis Centuries-and yetFeels shorter than the DayI first surmised the HorsesHeadsWere toward Eternity-Hyperbole:nHyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects. n nShe was scared to death.nI told you a thousand t

13、imes that you shouldnt behave like that.nBelinda smiled, and all the world was gay. ( A Pope)nHer beauty made the bright world dim. (Shelly )nI have a sea of trouble.When I hear your namenMy compulsion is to blast down every wall when I hear your namenId painted on all the houses,nThere wouldnt be a

14、 wellnI hadnt leaned intonTo shout your name therenMy compulsion isnTo teach the birds to sing it,nTo teach the fish to drink itnGod will sentence me to repeating it endlessly and forever.personificationnBy definition, personification is a figure of speech which attributes human qualities to inanima

15、te objects or abstract ideas. nIt is closely related to metaphor and is sometimes called personal metaphor . There are three chief kinds of personifications: 1) That produced by the use of adjectives. the blushing rose; the thirsty ground 2) That produced by the use of verbs. the kettle sings; the w

16、aves danced 3) That produced by the use of nouns. the smiles of spring; the whisper of leavese.g.nThe wind whistle through the trees.nThunder roared and a pouring rain started.n I watched the moonlight dancing on the ripples of the lake. nThe ancient mansion spoke to me of bygone days.nThe gentle br

17、eeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my anger.The Windby James StephensnThe wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his handAnd said that hed kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.Metonymy借代nThe substitution of a

18、 noun for another closely associated noun. nThe substituted noun derives（獲得 ） its meaning in the context it is used by the association produced in the readers mind. Example of metonymynIn contemporary English when we speak of a statement from the “White House” we understand that this is not a talkin

19、g building, but an official communication with the authority of the President of the United States who lives in the White House. A. Names of persons 1. John Bull: 2. Uncle Sam: 3. Ivan:4. John Doe:England, or the English peopleThe United States of Americathe Russian people ordinary American citizenT

20、he alarm went out for a John Doe who stole the diamonds from the store.警察發(fā)出命令，搜捕一個(gè)從商店里偷盜鉆石的家伙。B. Animals 1. British Lion: 2. the bear:England or the English governmentThe former Soviet union or the Soviet governmentC. Parts of the bodygray hair: old age1. Her heart ruled her head2. Use your brains.f

21、eelings or emotionswisdom, intelligence, reasonD. Professions 1. the bar: 2. the bench: 3. the veil: 4. the press:1. He has been called to the bar.2. He has been appointed to the bench.3. She took the veil at 20.4. Hes meeting the press this morning. What has the press to say to this?the legal profe

22、ssion;position (office) of judge or magistrate;vocation of a nun;newspapers; newspaper reporters;E. Locations of government, of business or industrial enterprises 1. Downing Street: 2. The White House: 3. Capitol Hill:4. the Pentagon:5. Kremlin: 6. Fleet Street: 7. Wall Street: 8. Madison Avenue:9.

23、Hollywood: the British government or cabinetthe President or Executive branch of the U.S. governmentthe Legislative branch of the U.S.government.the U.S.military establishmentthe government of the former Soviet Unionthe British pressU.S. financial circlesAmerican advertising industryAmerican film-ma

24、king industryeuphemism委婉語(yǔ)nWords or phrases that substitute an agreeable or inoffensive term for a more direct one that might embarrass or suggest something unpleasant nProfane(非宗教的;世俗的)words and expressions are generally taken from three areas: religion, toilets, and sex. religionnGod gosh/gollynJes

25、us jeeznDevil Old NickToiletsnmens room / womens room nthe little boys room / the little girls room nrestroom nBathroomnWash my handsnthe head, (sailors terminology術(shù)語(yǔ))nlatrine (common military term)sexnSleep with someonenShagnBonknExchanging bodily fluidsnGetting laiddeathnPassed awaynPassed onnDepa

26、rtednKicked the bucketnPushing up daisiesnSleeping with the fishes(掉水里淹死)ironynStating one thing while meaning the exact opposite. nor the person could be trying to be rude, even though the words used are seemingly polite etc.Example of ironynYour friend turns up in ripped（撕裂的） jeans. With a smirk（傻

27、笑；假笑）, you say, I see you have put on your best clothes!understatement含蓄陳述nThe opposite of hyperbolenStating an idea in words that are less strong than anticipated（預(yù)期的）. nto make something appear smaller or less important than it really is. Example of understatementnIt does seem to be raining a litt

28、le.nTheres a few cars out today, arent there?sarcasmnSarcasm is a form of irony that is widely used in English especially when people are being humorous. nGenerally the sarcastic speaker or writer means the exact opposite of the word they use, often intending to be rude or to laugh at the person the

29、 words are addressed（針對(duì)） to.Example of sarcasmnI love being married. Its so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for the rest of your lifenId insult you, but youre not bright enough to notice. nNot all men are annoying. Some are dead. Synecdoche（提喻提喻 ： 是不直接說(shuō)某一事物的名稱(chēng)，而是借事物的本身所呈現(xiàn)的各種對(duì)

30、應(yīng)的現(xiàn)象來(lái)表現(xiàn)該事物的這樣一種修辭手段。提喻提喻又稱(chēng)舉偶法。）nA figure by which a more comprehensive term is used for a less comprehensive or vice vers; as whole for part or part for whole, genus（類(lèi)，種；屬） for species or species for genus, etc.Example of synedochenAll hands were summoned to the quarter-deck(后甲板), nwhere hands is us

31、ed to describe sailors .Antithesis（對(duì)比）nA direct contrast in which two sets of figures are set in opposition to one another. Example of antithesisn“And so, my fellow Americans, ask not, what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.”J F Kennedys Inaugural Address Winston Chur

32、chill, in which he challenges the Luftwaffe (the German air force): n“You do your worst - and we will do our best.”nTo err is human, to forgive divine（神圣的；非凡的）.Parallelism（排比）nParallelism refers to the figure of speech that expresses relevant ideas in the same or similar grammatical structures. nIt

33、helps make a sentence brief, smooth and coherent(連貫的)and give it rhythm, balance and force. Example of parallelismnTo have and to hold from this day forward, nfor better for worse, nfor richer for poorer, nin sickness and in health, nto love and to cherish, ntill death us do part.Oxymoron（矛盾修辭法）nAnc

34、ient Greek : Oxus = sharp Moros = dull nOxymoron = a sharp dullness or a foolish wise. n.a self contradicting phrase. oxymoronnA rhetorical figure by which contradictory or incongruous(不一致的)terms are conjoined(結(jié)合；連結(jié))so as to give point to the statement or expression; nan expression, in its superfici

35、al or literal meaning self-contradictory or absurd, but involving a point. n(Now often loosely(寬松地)or erroneously(錯(cuò)誤地；) used as if merely = a contradiction in terms, an incongruous conjunction.)Example of oxymoronnPretty uglynCivil warnMobile homenDry icenWhite goldnOld newsnOriginal copynVoice mail

36、nHalf nakednFinal draftnAlmost perfectnOpen secretnWorking holidaynMinor crisisnAct naturallynOnly choicePun(雙關(guān)語(yǔ)；俏皮話(huà))nA play on wordsnthe humorous use of a word, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applica

37、tions; a play on words. Example of punnSeven days without water makes one weak.nWhats wrong with this fish? Long time no sea.nWhat do lawyers do when they die? Lie still.nTry our sweet corn. You will smile from ear to ear(笑得合不攏嘴).Example of punnOld photographers never die, they just have flash backs

38、.nThat new mystery novel has a killer start to it.nI wondered why the baseball was getting bigger. Then it hit me.nThe hospital lab is recruiting. Theyre looking for new blood.Clich（陳詞濫調(diào)，老生常談）nA clich is a hackneyed（陳腐的；平庸的）phrase or expression. nThe phrase may once have been fresh or striking（顯著突出的

39、）, but it has become tired through over-use. Example of clichnNo pain, no gainnEvery coin has two sidesnLast, but not least, avoid clichs like the plague（瘟疫）瘟疫）. Paradox（自相矛盾，悖論）nParadox is a figure of speech in which a statement appears to be self-contradictory, but contains something of a truth.nP

40、aradox is used for emphasis or stylistic effect. Example of paradoxnThe child is father to the man.nCowards（懦夫） die many times before their death.Zenos paradox(芝諾,希臘哲學(xué)家)nThe Tortoise challenged Achilles to a race, claiming that he would win as long as Achilles gave him a small head start（先行一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)).n Ac

41、hilles laughed at this, for of course he was a mighty warrior and swift of foot, whereas the Tortoise was heavy and slow.Zenos paradoxn“How big a head start do you need?” he asked the Tortoise with a smile.n“Ten meters,” the latter replied.nAchilles laughed louder than ever.n“You will surely lose, m

42、y friend, in that case,” he told the Tortoise, “but let us race, if you wish it.”Zenos paradoxOn the contrary,” said the Tortoise, “I will win, and I can prove it to you by a simple argument.”Zenos paradoxn“Go on then,” Achilles replied, with less confidence than he felt before.He knew he was the su

43、perior athlete, but he also knew the Tortoise had the sharper wits（智慧), and he had lost many a bewildering(使人困惑的) argument with him before this.Zenos paradoxn“Suppose,” began the Tortoise, “that you give me a 10-meter head start.nWould you say that you could cover that 10 meters between us very quic

44、kly?”n“Very quickly,” Achilles affirmed(斷言；肯定）.n“And in that time, how far should I have gone, do you think?”Zenos paradoxn“Perhaps a meter no more,” said Achilles after a moments thought.n“Very well,” replied the Tortoise, “so now there is a meter between us. And you would catch up that distance very quickly?”n“Very quickly indeed!”Zenos paradoxn“And yet, in that time I shall have gone a little way farther, so that now you must catch that distance up, yes?”nYe-es,” said Achilles slowly