內(nèi)分泌英文文章教學(xué)文案

1、內(nèi)分泌英文文章1. ABBREVIATION SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretionThe syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a disorder in which water excretion is partially impaired because of the inability to suppress the secretion of ADH . In severe cases, the u

2、rine output does not exceed one liter per day, despite a water intake well above this level. The ensuing water retention leads to the development of hyponatremia. The syndrome is defined by the hyponatremia and hypo-osmolality TPP thyrotoxic periodic paralysis Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TTP) is

3、a rare complication of hyperthyroidism, more common in Asian males between the second and fourth decades of life and is characterized by thyrotoxicosis, hypokalemia and proximal muscle weakness. Thyrotoxic normokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare entity and has so far only been reported in adult ma

4、les. Patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis have recurrent muscular weakness of the four extremities, affecting mainly the lower extremities. The onset of paralytic attacks usually coincides with the onset of hyperthyroidism, though overt findings of thyrotoxicosis are rarely present with the i

5、nitial paralytic attack. In some cases, the periodic paralysis is the sole manifestation of the hyperthyroidism2. AITD autoimmune thyroid disease Autoimmune thyroid diseases are common diseases that occur when the thyroid gland is attacked by the immune system. Autoimmune thyroid diseases result in

6、abnormal functioning of the thyroid gland. In autoimmune thyroid diseases, the thyroid gland is either over active or under active. Autoimmune thyroid diseases include Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Autoimmune thyroid diseases are more common in women than in men. The autoimmun

7、e thyroid disease called Hashimoto's thyroiditis occurs most often in females between the ages of 30 and 50 years. The Hashimoto's thyroiditis also appears to have a genetic component because it can run in families. People over the age of fifty who have hypertension or atherosclerosis are at

8、 risk for developing the autoimmune thyroid disease called Graves' disease.3. PPT postpartum thyroiditis Postpartum thyroiditis is a phenomenon observed following pregnancy and may involve hyperthyroidism,hypothyroidism or the two sequentially. It affects about 5% of all women within a year afte

9、r giving birth. The first phase is typically hyperthyroidism.Then, the thyroid either returns to normal or a woman develops hypothyroidism. Of those women who experience hypothyroidism associated with postpartum thyroiditis, one in five will develop permanent hypothyroidism requiring life-long treat

10、ment.Postpartum thyroiditis is believed to result from the modifications to the immune system necessary in pregnancy, and histologically is a subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis. The process is normally selflimiting, but when conventional antibodies are found there is a high chance of this proceeding t

11、o permanent hypothyroidism. Postpartum thyroiditis is a member of the group of thyroiditis conditions known as resolving thyroiditis.4. PHP pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a condition associated primarily with resistance to the parathyroid hormone. Patients have a low serum calc

12、ium and high phosphate, but the parathyroid hormone level (PTH) is actually appropriately high (due to the hypocalcemia). Its pathogenesis has been linked to dysfunctional G Proteins (in particular, Gs alpha subunit). GDM gestational diabetes mellitus Gestational diabetes (or gestational diabetes me

13、llitus, GDM) is a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes generally has few symptoms and it is most commonly diagnosed by screening during pregnancy. Diagnostic tests detect inappropriately high levels of

14、 glucose in blood samples. Gestational diabetes affects 3-10% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied. No specific cause has been identified, but it is believed that the hormones produced during pregnancy increase a woman's resistance to insulin, resulting in impaired glucose toleran

15、ce.5.IGT impaired glucose tolerance Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia that is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology. IGT may precede type 2 diabetes mellitus by many years. IGT is also a risk factor for mortality. Acco

16、rding to the criteria of the World Health Organization and the American Diabetes Association, impaired glucose tolerance is defined as:two-hour glucose levels of 140 to 199 mg per dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol) on the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. A patient is said to be under the condition of IGT when h

17、e/she has an intermediately raised glucose level after 2 hours, but less than would qualify for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thefasting glucose may be either normal or mildly elevated6.IFT impaired fasting glycaemia or impaired fasting glucose Impaired fasting glycaemia or impaired fasting glucose (IFG

18、) refers to a condition in which the fasting blood glucose is elevated above what is considered normal levels but is not high enough to be classified as diabetes mellitus. It is considered a pre-diabetic state, associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology, althou

19、gh of lesser risk than impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IFG sometimes progresses totype 2 diabetes mellitus. There is a 50% risk over 10 years of progressing to overt diabetes. IFG has no symptoms and can often go undiagnosed for years. Although there are no symptoms, many people diagnosed with IFG

20、 are overweight. Nine out of 10 people with IFG have high blood pressure, raised cholesterol levels or a family history of the condition. MODY maturityonset diabetes mellitus in young Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) refers to any of several hereditary forms of diabetes caused by mutation

21、s in an autosomal dominant gene(sex independent, i.e. inherited from any of the parents) disruptinginsulin production.7. MODY is often referred to as "monogenic diabetes" to distinguish it from the more common types of diabetes (especially type 1 and type 2), which involve morecomplex comb

22、inations of causes involving multiple genes (i.e., "polygenic")and environmental factors. MODY 2 and MODY 3 are the most common forms. The severity of the different types varies considerably, but most commonly MODY acts like a very mild version of type 1 diabetes, with continued partial in

23、sulin production and normal insulin sensitivity. MODY is not type 2 diabetes in a young person, as might erroneously be inferred from the name.8. DKA diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially lifethreatening complication in patients with diabetes mellitus. It happens predomi

24、nantly in those with type 1 diabetes, but it can occur in those with type 2 diabetes under certain circumstances. DKA results from a shortage of insulin; in response the body switches to burning fatty acids and producing acidic ketone bodies that cause most of the symptoms and complications. DKA may

25、 be the first symptom of previously undiagnosed diabetes, but it may also occur in known diabetics due to a variety of causes, such as intercurrent illness or poor compliance with insulin therapy. Vomiting, dehydration, deep gasping breathing, confusion and occasionally coma are typical symptoms. DK

26、A is a medical emergency, and without treatment it can lead to death. DKA was first described in 1886; until the introduction of insulin therapy in the 1920s it was almost universally fatal. It now carries a mortality of less than 5% with adequate and timely treatment.9. MS metabolic syndrome Metabo

27、lic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It affects one in five people, and prevalence increases with age. Some studies estimate theprevalence in the USA to be up to 25% of the population. Metabolic syndrome is also

28、known as metabolic syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, Reaven's syndrome (named for Gerald Reaven), and CHAOS (in Australia). A similar condition in overweight horses is referred to as equine metabolic syndrome; it is unknown if they have the same etiology.10. CSII continuous subcutaneous i

29、nsulin infusion continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: the constant, continuous infusion of a short-acting insulin driven by mechanical force and delivered via a needle or soft cannula under the skin. Also known as insulin pump11. ESS euthyroid sick syndrome Euthyroid sick syndrome, sick euthyroi

30、d syndrome, non-thyroidal illness syndrome or low T3 low T4 syndrome is a state of adaptation or dysregulation of thyrotropic feedback controlwhere the levels of T3 and/or T4 are at unusual levels, but the thyroid gland does not appear to be dysfunctional. This condition is often seen in starvation,

31、 critical illness or patients in intensive care unit.12. DI diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, with reduction of fluid intake having no effect on the latter.There are several different

32、types of DI, each with a different cause. The most common type in humans is central DI, caused by a deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The second common type of DI is nephrogenicdiabetes insipidus, which is caused by an insensitivity of the kidneys to

33、 ADH. It can also be an iatrogenic artifactof drug use. Excessive urination and extreme thirst (especially for cold water and sometimes ice or ice water) are typical for DI. Symptoms of diabetes insipidus are quite similar to those of untreated diabetes mellitus, with the distinction that the urine

34、does not contain glucose and there is no hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose). Blurred vision is a rarity. Signs of dehydration may also appear in some individuals since the body cannot conserve much (if any) of the water it takes in.13. GO Graves ophthalmopathy Graves' ophthalmopathy (also kn

35、own as thyroid eye disease(TED),dysthyroid/thyroid- associated orbitopathy (TAO), Graves' orbitopathy) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting the orbit around the eye, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, swelling (edema), redness (erythema), conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes (proptosis). It is part of a systemic process with variable expression in the eyes, thyroid and skin, caused by autoantibodies that bind to tissues in those organs, and generally occurs with hyperthyroidism. The most common form of hyperthyro