高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)京津魯瓊版講義：專題一閱讀理解第一部分題型分類概述版含答案

1、 “閱讀理解”和“七選五”占據(jù)著高考試卷的第一部分?！傲己玫拈_端是成功的一半”，前面這兩個(gè)題型解答的順利與否，直接影響著后面其他試題的答題時(shí)間和答題心態(tài)，準(zhǔn)做快做閱讀理解類試題，為攻克后面的題目節(jié)省時(shí)間。 第一部分 題型分類概述|掌握四種題型選項(xiàng)特征，快速閱讀不失分 閱讀理解·題型細(xì)分類 正誤選項(xiàng)·特征巧識(shí)別 超重點(diǎn)1 正確選項(xiàng)特征 【考情調(diào)研】 在閱讀理解的備考過(guò)程中，明確閱讀理解常設(shè)選項(xiàng)的特征是快速準(zhǔn)確鎖定答案的關(guān)鍵。高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的正確選項(xiàng)一般通過(guò)以下途徑設(shè)置： 關(guān)鍵詞直接復(fù)現(xiàn)：直接復(fù)現(xiàn)類可從問題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查閱的技巧迅速定位即可。此類題目較

2、為簡(jiǎn)單，考查頻率不高。 對(duì)原文關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換、正話反說(shuō)和細(xì)節(jié)概括：此類題目需對(duì)原文信息進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確理解并簡(jiǎn)單推理，觀察詞義、詞性及語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。這是命題人常用的設(shè)題方式，復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)掌握英語(yǔ)的多種表達(dá)法。 特征1 同義轉(zhuǎn)述 從近幾年的高考題來(lái)看，細(xì)節(jié)理解題不僅數(shù)量有所增加，而且難度也稍有加大，主要表現(xiàn)為題目信息與原文信息表達(dá)方式不一致。命題人一般會(huì)對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)加以轉(zhuǎn)述來(lái)考查考生準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的能力。轉(zhuǎn)述的主要方式有以下三種： 1同義詞轉(zhuǎn)化：把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞，設(shè)為正確選項(xiàng)。 2詞性或語(yǔ)態(tài)等的變化：把原文中的詞變換一下詞性，或者改變?cè)木渥拥恼Z(yǔ)態(tài)，用另一種表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)述原文信息。 3語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化概括：

3、把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化或概括成為正確答案。 典例 (2019·全國(guó)卷·C片段)In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very

4、 low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 30What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard? AIt'll be environment-f

5、riendly. BIt'll reach consumers soon. CIt'll be made of plastics. DIt'll help speed up typing. 解析 B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)上段中的最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知，該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)希望在不久的將來(lái)將智能鍵盤推向市場(chǎng)，故選B。 特征2 正話反說(shuō) 正話反說(shuō)是閱讀理解題目中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，通常有以下幾個(gè)高頻考向： 1It looks/sounds like/as if類：表示看/聽起來(lái)好像是，實(shí)際上并

6、不是。 2虛擬語(yǔ)氣句：用虛擬語(yǔ)氣來(lái)表述與事實(shí)相反的情況，讓讀者推斷事實(shí)內(nèi)容。 3讓步論述：先假設(shè)作者的觀點(diǎn)反面成立，從而引出一系列荒謬的、不合理的結(jié)果，倒過(guò)來(lái)證明作者觀點(diǎn)的正確性。 4反問句。 典例 (2019·北京卷·C片段)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be sca

7、ms(欺詐). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it's too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解決方案) become widely available, scammers wi

8、ll have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real. 38How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?

9、 APanicked. BConfused. CEmbarrassed. DDisappointed. 解析 D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)上段中的“By the time these solutions'(解決方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.”可知，等到這些“解決方案”被廣泛使用時(shí)，不法分子就會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向更聰明的手段；由此可推知作者對(duì)自動(dòng)語(yǔ)音電話問題的解決方案感到很失望，D項(xiàng)意為“失望的”，故選D。 特征3 理解概括 閱讀理解除了考查考生對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)信息的準(zhǔn)確理解外， 還要求考生通過(guò)思維分析

10、將信息進(jìn)行歸納概括，使之系統(tǒng)化、條理化。 典例 (2019·浙江卷6月·C)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素) The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 squar

11、e miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern Calif

12、ornia the decline was nearly 75 percent. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with

13、small trees that compete with big trees for resources(資源) But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcu

14、tting or development. The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such t

15、hings as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪) Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water

16、supply available to trees during the dry season. 30What can be a suitable title for the text? ACalifornia's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? BCutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon CWhy Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests? DPatrick McIntyre: Grow More B

17、ig Trees in California 解析 A 標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)全文可知，文章主要講述了美國(guó)加州森林中大樹數(shù)量急劇下降的現(xiàn)象，并分析了其原因。因此A項(xiàng)能很好地概括全文。故選A。 超重點(diǎn)2 干擾項(xiàng)特征 【考情調(diào)研】 高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)就是命題人用以干擾考生思維的陷阱。高考英語(yǔ)中，由于詞匯量的限制，挑選的文章不能過(guò)難。命題人就在問題和干擾項(xiàng)上做文章，使考生即使能基本讀懂文章，也不能輕松做對(duì)題目。現(xiàn)在的干擾項(xiàng)不僅語(yǔ)言復(fù)雜，而且欺騙性強(qiáng)，兩個(gè)語(yǔ)言水平相當(dāng)、對(duì)文章理解程度相差不大的考生會(huì)因?yàn)閷?duì)干擾項(xiàng)的辨別能力不同，而影響答題的準(zhǔn)確率。為了提高辨別錯(cuò)誤和干擾信息的能力，有必要分析干擾項(xiàng)的種

18、種特征，使考生在命題人設(shè)置的種種陷阱前，做到胸有成竹。 特征1 偷梁換柱 干擾項(xiàng)用了與文章中某一句話相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞，卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個(gè)單詞，造成句意的改變。 典例 (2019·全國(guó)卷·D片段)During the rosy years of elementary school(小學(xué)), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my twee

19、ns and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. 32What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? AUnkind. BLonely. CGenerous. DCo

20、ol. 解析 C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)上段的第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school(小學(xué)), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.”可知，作者在小學(xué)時(shí)樂于分享。unkind“不友好的”，lonely“孤獨(dú)的”，generous“慷慨的，大方的”，cool“酷的”，故選C。 易錯(cuò)分析 該題易誤選A項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)A屬于偷梁換柱，由“Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls

21、and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.”可知A項(xiàng)是作者青少年時(shí)期的情況。 特征2 張冠李戴 干擾項(xiàng)表述的內(nèi)容在原文里可以找到信息依據(jù)， 但與題干所問的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者不一致。不注意動(dòng)作主語(yǔ)的差異， 張冠李戴， 極易造成誤選。 典例 (2019·全國(guó)卷·A片段) The Audience Helen

22、Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan, about Queen Elizabeth of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld, 236 W45th St.212-239-6200.) 2Who is the d

23、irector of The Audience? AHelen Mirren. BPeter Morgan. CDylan Baker. DStephen Daldry. 解析 D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問的是“誰(shuí)執(zhí)導(dǎo)了The Audience？”。根據(jù)該部分中的“Stephen Daldry directs.”可知答案。 易錯(cuò)分析 本題容易誤選B項(xiàng)。有些考生一看到原文中的“Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan”就貿(mào)然下結(jié)論，以為這部戲劇的導(dǎo)演是Peter Morgan。 特征3 絕對(duì)化表達(dá) 干擾項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)如all, none, everyone

24、, each, everything, impossible 等絕對(duì)化的表達(dá)， 一般不符合客觀事實(shí)和原文信息。 典例 (2019·江蘇卷·C片段)Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has

25、 led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending ele

26、ctricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into f

27、ancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money. 62The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should _ Atake people's essential needs into account Bmake their programmes attractive to people Censure that each child gets financial support Dprovide more affordable internet facilities 解析 A 推理判斷題。根據(jù)上段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what the dev