現(xiàn)代測繪技術(shù)在道路橋梁工程中的應(yīng)用(中外翻譯)

1、現(xiàn)代測繪技術(shù)在道路橋梁工程中的應(yīng)用每項(xiàng)工程建設(shè)都必須以社會與經(jīng)濟(jì)效益為依據(jù)，按照自然條件和預(yù)期目的進(jìn) 行規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)，測量工作是工程建設(shè)中的一項(xiàng)最基礎(chǔ)的工作，在道路、橋梁、隧道 工程建設(shè)屮起著重要的作用，為獲取一條最經(jīng)濟(jì)、最合理的路線，首先應(yīng)進(jìn)行路 線勘測，繪制帶狀地形圖，進(jìn)行縱、橫斷面測量，進(jìn)行紙上定線和路線設(shè)計(jì)，并 將設(shè)計(jì)好的路線平面位置、縱坡及路基邊坡線在地面上標(biāo)定岀來，以指導(dǎo)施工， 當(dāng)路線跨越河流時，擬設(shè)置橋梁跨越之前，應(yīng)測繪河流兩岸地形圖，測定橋軸 線的長度及橋位處的河床斷面，橋位處的河流比降，為橋梁方案選擇及結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè) 計(jì)提供必要的依據(jù)，當(dāng)路線縱坡受地形限制，采用避讓山嶺繞線平面線形不能

2、滿足規(guī)范要求，而選用隧道方案時，測定隧道進(jìn)出口大比例尺地形圖，為隧道 洞口布置選擇提供必要的數(shù)據(jù)。可以說，測繪技術(shù)在道路橋梁工程建設(shè)中期的作 用是十分重要的?，F(xiàn)代測繪技術(shù)以遙感(rs),地理信息系統(tǒng)(gis)、全球定位系統(tǒng)(gps)為核心 和主體，在計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和通信技術(shù)的支持下，正在形成一門新的科學(xué)一一地球空 間信息學(xué)(geomatics),現(xiàn)代測繪學(xué)就是地球空間信息學(xué)?，F(xiàn)代測繪學(xué)是一門新 興的空間信息科學(xué)技術(shù)，是應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的方法、現(xiàn)代化的手段，在空間信息生成和 管理過程中用于科學(xué)研究、行政管理、法律運(yùn)作和技術(shù)工作的空間數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行獲取 和管理中所采用的所有學(xué)科的綜合體.是涉及到空間數(shù)據(jù)的量測，分析

3、、管 理和顯示的一門現(xiàn)代化的綜合技術(shù)手段和方法。其主體是遙感(rs)、全球定位系 統(tǒng)(gps)、地理信息系統(tǒng)(g1s)三門既相互獨(dú)立又密切聯(lián)系的科學(xué)技術(shù)，統(tǒng)稱為 “3s”技術(shù)?！?s”技術(shù)的集成即“3s體化”是現(xiàn)代測繪學(xué)發(fā)展的重要方向。多年來，路、橋地形圖的野外測量一直沿用平板儀(或經(jīng)緯儀)測圖的傳統(tǒng)方 法。這種方法外業(yè)作業(yè)吋間長、精度低，常常難以滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求，對工程進(jìn)度及 工程質(zhì)量都有不同程度的影響。冃前，數(shù)字化測圖己廣泛應(yīng)用到國民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)屮 的各個領(lǐng)域，同樣在交通系統(tǒng)中也已普遍得到應(yīng)用。數(shù)字化測圖具有精度高、作 業(yè)時間短、自動化程度高及操作簡便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，特別是外業(yè)工作一結(jié)束，便能提交 供設(shè)計(jì)

4、使用的數(shù)字化地形圖，大大縮短了作業(yè)工序和時間。這些優(yōu)點(diǎn)是傳統(tǒng)作業(yè) 所無法比擬的。道路橋梁等的設(shè)計(jì)、施工.管理都與地質(zhì)地理?xiàng)l件、區(qū)域綜合信息密切相關(guān), 涉及到大量的數(shù)據(jù)采集，處理、管理等工作。以g1s、gps、rs為主體的現(xiàn)代測繪 學(xué)的特點(diǎn)和結(jié)構(gòu)決定了其在公路的修筑和管理中應(yīng)用的優(yōu)越性，這既是現(xiàn)代測繪 學(xué)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域拓寬的需要，也是公路修筑和管理的必然要求。以“3 s”技術(shù)為主 體的現(xiàn)代測繪技術(shù)輔以常規(guī)測繪技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、人工智能專家系統(tǒng)技術(shù)等, 可以在公路修筑和管理的整個過程屮都提供強(qiáng)有力的技術(shù)支持，從而利用最先進(jìn) 的空間科學(xué)技術(shù)服務(wù)于公路的修筑和管理，提高工作效率，保證工程質(zhì)量，節(jié)約 工程費(fèi)用

5、。道路橋梁的修筑與該地的水文地質(zhì)條件、地形地貌條件，自然地理?xiàng)l件、社 會經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況有著密切關(guān)系。地質(zhì)資料的獲取是進(jìn)行路線選址和設(shè)計(jì)的先決條件， 但傳統(tǒng)的方法工作量大，工程周期長，投入成本大。在突變性地質(zhì)構(gòu)造及多源信 息處理方面效果并不理想?，F(xiàn)代測繪學(xué)的信息獲取，處理功能可有效進(jìn)行公路的 選線和設(shè)計(jì)。首先利用遙感技術(shù)進(jìn)行公路地質(zhì)調(diào)查，利用區(qū)域有關(guān)遙感資料，從 中提取沿線的主要地質(zhì)信息，然后結(jié)合路線調(diào)查、實(shí)地勘測和對已有資料的全面 分析，確定該地區(qū)的對公路選線有影響的所有的因素條件，為選址提供基礎(chǔ)資料。 將由遙感技術(shù)所獲得的區(qū)域地理、地質(zhì)等方面的資料輸入地理信息系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù) 庫，地形圖通過數(shù)字化儀進(jìn)行

6、輸入，圖像信息在掃描進(jìn)入g i s后通過柵格矢量 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換以需要的形式進(jìn)行存儲，屬性信息由鍵盤輸入或由數(shù)據(jù)庫移植， 同時要充分利用gis中已有的該地區(qū)的信息.將需要的多源地理信息進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一管 理。公路的修筑既要盡量減少對耕地的占用，又要盡可能選取地質(zhì)條件好、施工 難度小的地區(qū)，同時還要考慮路線的曲直程度、安全等各方面的問題。因此道路 的選線是一個綜合的多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化問題。對這一問題的解決要充分利用g i s的空 間分析模塊進(jìn)行。工程中首級控制網(wǎng)常采用gps進(jìn)行四等控制，為方便施工再 利用常規(guī)方法進(jìn)行一級導(dǎo)線的加密，首級控制網(wǎng)往往采用與國家點(diǎn)聯(lián)測分帶換算 得到實(shí)地任意坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)，以控制整體系統(tǒng)的連

7、接及與已有線路進(jìn)行銜接纟思而在線 路主要控制壞物如特大橋、長隧道等（為便于施工需進(jìn)行誌等控制網(wǎng)的布設(shè)，這 類控制網(wǎng)內(nèi)部精度要求較線路首級控制高，這時多采用獨(dú)立網(wǎng)的形式，這種獨(dú)立 網(wǎng)不同于其它獨(dú)立工程如大壩、樞紐、廠房等一般獨(dú)立控制網(wǎng)，作為線路整體的 一部分，需要與路線進(jìn)行坐標(biāo)銜接，坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)一致，以便施工過程中保持線路的 連續(xù)性，控制平差采用獨(dú)立網(wǎng)自由平差求定長基線后再進(jìn)行約束平差，然后再對 兩端一級導(dǎo)線重平差方法。利用遙感和地理信息系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行公路的地質(zhì)勘察和選址 及輔助設(shè)計(jì)，充分利用了現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，具有考慮因素系統(tǒng)全面，采用信息實(shí)時準(zhǔn)確、 分析過程高效可靠、操作利用簡便易行等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，已獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用

8、。例如烏奎 （烏魯木齊奎屯）公路、太【口（太原【口關(guān)）高速公路的設(shè)計(jì)階段都充分利用了遙感技 術(shù)。道路在其使用過程中，必然要受到當(dāng)?shù)刈匀粭l件、環(huán)境變化、人類活動等因 素的影響，利用現(xiàn)代測繪技術(shù)可以進(jìn)行公路宏觀監(jiān)測。以公路修筑過程中的兒何 信息為基礎(chǔ)，將道路及其所在區(qū)域各方面的信息通過gis的數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊輸入gis 數(shù)據(jù)庫，在gis的基礎(chǔ)上建立公路管理系統(tǒng)，對整個公路的狀況、沿線地理信息 等在系統(tǒng)屮進(jìn)行綜合管理。由于地下采礦、區(qū)域發(fā)展等各方面的影響，公路所在 地區(qū)的自然地理?xiàng)l件可能發(fā)生演變，這些變化極有可能對公路引發(fā)大的破壞。及 時對公路所在區(qū)域的自然地理環(huán)境進(jìn)行動態(tài)綜合監(jiān)測，發(fā)現(xiàn)可能引起公路破壞

9、的 因素并采取有效的維護(hù)措施?？梢詮暮暧^上保證對公路的動態(tài)監(jiān)測。遙感信息是 進(jìn)行公路動態(tài)綜合監(jiān)測的基本信息源。基于gis的公路管理系統(tǒng)是實(shí)施監(jiān)測的技 術(shù)支扌掌，該系統(tǒng)可以充分繼承g(shù)is已有的空間分析功能，并結(jié)合公路管理的要求 進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)亩伍_發(fā)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)管理工作的自動化，規(guī)范化。橋梁的沉降觀測亦是一項(xiàng)非常重要的工作，特別是本次對試驗(yàn)橋梁的觀測， 對高速公路新建加寬橋梁的灌注樁拋高提供了較為科學(xué)的參考數(shù)據(jù)。一般橋梁灌 注樁拋高的經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)為25mm。通過我們對試驗(yàn)橋梁的觀測數(shù)據(jù)表明，在本文所 提到的地質(zhì)條件下，橋梁拋高要大一些，達(dá)到了十幾毫米。但同時，也可以說， 在橋梁施工過程中，灌注樁的拋高問題

10、是多樣性的，與橋梁的結(jié)構(gòu)和地質(zhì)情況有 很大的關(guān)系。在實(shí)際橋梁施工過程中，要加強(qiáng)橋墩臺的沉降觀測的頻率，保證觀 測數(shù)據(jù)的正確性、可靠性和連續(xù)性；其次，具體問題具體分析，對觀測數(shù)據(jù)要及 時分析，從而真正做到利用沉降觀測數(shù)據(jù)來指導(dǎo)施工。此外，測繪還有多方面應(yīng)用如下：數(shù)字化鐵路：是建立在鐵路信息公共基礎(chǔ)平臺上的把鐵路行業(yè)有關(guān)運(yùn)輸組織、 客貨營銷、經(jīng)營管理各業(yè)務(wù)環(huán)節(jié)的海量動態(tài)和靜態(tài)的、多分辨率、多尺度、三維 的信息進(jìn)行采集、存儲，并按照統(tǒng)一的地理坐標(biāo)集成起來，建立完整的鐵路信息 模型，為鐵路行業(yè)的勘測、設(shè)計(jì)、規(guī)劃、運(yùn)營、管理和各級決策工作提供開放式、 分布式的和全方位的信息服務(wù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)鐵路行業(yè)的數(shù)字化管理

11、。itcs 控制系統(tǒng)：itcs（incremental train control system 增強(qiáng)型列車控制系 統(tǒng)）是基于衛(wèi)星定位技術(shù)和無線數(shù)據(jù)通信的列車控制系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)將通信技術(shù)和鐵 路信號技術(shù)進(jìn)行深度融合，實(shí)現(xiàn)了列車控制信息的無線傳輸。鐵路gps測量：用gps技術(shù)對鐵路軌道線及其附屬設(shè)施進(jìn)行精確定位測量。 測量成果用于生成列車控制所需的數(shù)據(jù)庫。基準(zhǔn)站、流動站：基準(zhǔn)站乂叫參考站。是指在同一觀測時段內(nèi)，在已知點(diǎn)上 架設(shè)測站，一肓保持跟蹤衛(wèi)星，同時在已知點(diǎn)的一定范圍內(nèi)流動設(shè)站作業(yè)，這些 架設(shè)在已知點(diǎn)上的測站就叫做基準(zhǔn)站（或參考站）；在基準(zhǔn)站的一定范圍內(nèi)流動 作業(yè)所設(shè)的站叫做流動站。rtg技術(shù)：

12、rtg （real-time gipsy,又稱星站差分）是全球差分gps系統(tǒng)。 其gps差分信號通過國際海事衛(wèi)星進(jìn)行廣播。用戶gps接收機(jī)在接收gps信號 的同時可接收到海事衛(wèi)星廣播的rtg相位差分改正信號，從而達(dá)到實(shí)時高精度 定位。rtk技術(shù)：rtk （real-time kinematic,又稱載波相位差分）是單站差分gps 系統(tǒng)。是基于載波相位觀測值的實(shí)時動態(tài)定位技術(shù)。rtk定位時要求基準(zhǔn)站接 收機(jī)實(shí)時地把觀測數(shù)據(jù)（偽距觀測值、相位觀測值）及已知數(shù)據(jù)傳輸給流動站接 收機(jī)，流動站的gps接收機(jī)利用基準(zhǔn)站的實(shí)時數(shù)據(jù)鏈求解出流動站的位置。rtg+rtk技術(shù)：通過接口使gps接收機(jī)在接收gps信

13、號的同吋接收星站 差分信號（rtg）和載波相位差分信號（rtk）,兩種差分信號同時對gps直接 定位坐標(biāo)進(jìn)行修正，系統(tǒng)軟件依據(jù)解算的指標(biāo)參數(shù)擇優(yōu)選取差分改正坐標(biāo)。rtg + rtk技術(shù)以互補(bǔ)的方式將二者有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來，充分發(fā)揮了各自的優(yōu)勢，不 僅成倍地提高了作業(yè)效率，而且增加了作業(yè)中的檢核條件，提高了成果的可靠性 和精度。鐵路關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)、基本點(diǎn)：關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)是指鐵路上的信號機(jī)、軌道電路絕緣節(jié)、道岔 尖軌和公里標(biāo)；基本點(diǎn)是指軌道中心線上的任意點(diǎn)，相鄰基本點(diǎn)之間的距離不大 于3米?，F(xiàn)代測繪學(xué)是一門具有廣闊應(yīng)用前景的空間信息科學(xué)技術(shù)，將其應(yīng)用于道路 修筑和管理具有多方面的優(yōu)越性，可以縮短作業(yè)吋間，減少工作強(qiáng)度

14、，提高工程 質(zhì)量，節(jié)省建設(shè)資金，提高工作效率，規(guī)范工程實(shí)施，加強(qiáng)道路管理，這已被大 量的公路建筑工程所證明。隨著今后交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代測繪技術(shù)在 公路的修筑和管理中必將發(fā)揮越來越大的技術(shù)支持作用。the application of modern mapping technology inthe engineering of roads and bridgesthe construction of each project must be the social and economic benefits as the basis for planning and design in

15、accordance with the natural conditions and the intended purpose of the survey work is the most basic work of engineering construction of a construction of roads, bridges, tunneling plays an important the role of access to one of the most economical, the most reasonable route, first line investigatio

16、n, drawing the strip topographic map, longitudinal cross-section measurement, the paper alignment and route design and design route flat position longitudinal slope and embankmenl slope lines on the ground calibration, to guide the construction route across the river to be set up before the bridge a

17、cross the mapping rivers topographic maps, determination of the length of the bridge axis and the bridge is located in the riverbed section. bridge is located in the river slope, to provide the necessary basis for the bridge program selection and structural design, road longitudinal slope by topogra

18、phical constraints, to avoid the mountains winding horizontal alignment can not meet the regulatory requirements, the choice of a tunnel option, the determination of the tunnel import and export large-scale topographic maps, provide the necessary data for the tunnel entrance layout selection. it can

19、 be said that the role of mappi ng tech no logy in the mid of roads and bridges construction projects is very important.modern mapping technology as the core and the main remote sensing (rs), geographic information systems (gis), global positioning system (gps), in support of computer and communicat

20、ion technologies, is the formation of a new science - geomatics(geoinatics), modern surveying and mapping and geomatics. modern surveying and mapping is an emerging spatial information science and technology is the method of application, the means of modern scientific research, administrative, legal

21、, operational and technical work in spatial data access and spatial information generation and management process for complex used in the management of all disciplines. is related to the measurement of spatial data analysis, pipemanagement and displayed in a modern technical means and methods. its s

22、ubject is the remote sensing (rs), global positioning system (gps), geographic information system (gis) three, both independent and closely linked to science and technology, collectively known as the m3sm technology. n3sh technology integration as a n3s integrationn is an important development direc

23、tion of modern surveying and mapping science.over the years, the field measurements of topographic maps in road, bridge has been used to the traditional methods of plane table (or theodolite) mapping. this approach outside the industry, operating time, low precision, it is often difficult to meet th

24、e design requirements, have varying degrees of impact on the progress of works and the quality of the projec匸 at present, the digital mapping has been widely applied to various areas of national economic construction, the same transport system has generally been applied.digital mapping has the advan

25、tages of high accuracy, short operating time, high degree of automation and easy operation, especially the end of field work, will be able to submit for the design of digital topographic maps, greatly reducing the operating procedure and time. these advantages unmatched by traditional jobs.roads and

26、 bridges, such as design, construction. management are closely related to geological and geographical conditions, regional information related to the data acquisition, processing, management, and so on. determine the superiority of its application in road construction and management as the main feat

27、ures of modern surveying and mapping gis, gps, rs and structure, which is both modern surveying and mapping and the need to broaden application areas, road construction and management of the inevitable . h3 sh technology as the main modern mapping technology supplemented by conventional mapping tech

28、niques, computer technology, artificial intelligence expert system technology, can provide strong technical support in the whole process of road construction and management, which utilizes the most advanced space science and technology in highway construction and management, improve efficiency, ensu

29、re the quality of the project, saving the cost of the project.the construction of roads and bridges and the hydrogeological conditions, terrain conditions, natural and geographical conditions and socio-economic situation has a close relationship. access to geological data for route siting and design

30、 prerequisite, but the traditional method of a heavy workload, long project cycle, large input costs. not yielded satisfactory results in mutation geological structure, and multi-source information processing. modem surveying and mapping information acquisition, processing capabilities can be effect

31、ive route selection and design of the road. first highway geological survey using remote sensing techniques, use of regional remote sensing data, extracted along the major geological information, and then combined with the line survey, site investigation and comprehensive analysis of existing data,

32、to determine the region's impact on highway route all the factors that condition, to provide basic information for the site.will be the data input of the remote sensing technology, regional geography, geology, geographic information system database, the topographic map by the digitizer input ima

33、ge information is scanned into the gi s, through the conversion of the raster and vector data structures need store attribute information by keyboard input or database migration to full use of gis has been in the area of information. the needs of multi-source geographic information for unified manag

34、ement. the construction of the road it is necessary to minimize the occupation of farmland, but also, as far as possible, select the geological conditions, the difficulty of construction areas, but also consider the route merits the degree of security issues. therefore, the selected line of the road

35、 is an integrated multi-objective optimization problem. the solution to this problem should make full use of gis spatial analysis module. primary control network engineering is often used gps to four other control using conventional methods to facilitate the construction of a wire encryption, primar

36、y control network is often used with the national point of joint observation points with the conversion to get the field any coordinate system, to control the overall system to connect with existing wiring convergence of fine linen to the main control in the linesu, such as bridge, long tunnel (in o

37、rder to facilitate the construction need for the layout of the control network, biao and other such control network internal precision than the line heads control is high, then the use of a separate network, this independent network is different from other independent projects such as dams, hub, pla

38、nt and general independent control network, as an integral part of the line, and line coordinates of convergence, the same coordinate system in order to maintain the continuity of the line construction process control adjustment independent network free adjustment of demand given long baseline after

39、 constraint adjustment, and then both ends of a wire re-adjustment method using remote sensing and geographic information systems the geological survey of the road and location-aided design, take full advantage of modern technology, with consideration system fully, using real-time accurate informati

40、on, efficient and reliable analysis process, the operation using simple, etc., have been widely used, for example the kuitun (urumqi kuytun) road, too old (the taiyuan old off) highway design stage to make full use of remote sensing tech no logy the road in its use, is bound to by the local natural

41、conditions, environmental change, human activity factors, the use of modern mapping technology to highway macro monitoring. geometric information in the highway construction process, based on the information on all aspects of the road and its region through the gis data acquisition module input gis

42、database, established on the basis of gis road such as the integrated management system. because of the impact of underground mining, regional development, natural and geographical conditions of the road region may evolve, these changes are most likely to cause much damage to the road in a timely ma

43、nner on the road where the region's natural geographic environment for dynamic monitoring, discovery may cause road damage factors and take effective maintenance measures-from the macro level to ensure the dynamic monitoring of the road. remote sensing information is the essential source of info

44、rmation highways dynamic monitoring. of gis-based road management system is the implementation of technical support for monitoring, the system can inherit the existing spatial analysis functions in gis, combined with the requirements of the appropriate secondary development of road management in ord

45、er to achieve automation, standardization of management work.settlement observation of the bridge is also a very important work, especially the observations on the test bridge, highway pile throw new widened bridge high to provide a more scientific reference data. general bridge pile throw high empi

46、rical data for the 2 5mm. geological conditions mentioned in this article through our observational data showed that the test bridge, the bridge throw gaoyao large, reaching more than a dozen mil lime ter s< but at the same time, can also be said that the bridge construction process, the pile of

47、cast high diversity, have a great relationship with the bridge structure and geological conditions. the actual bridge construction process, to strengthen the pier settlement observation frequency to ensure the accuracy, reliability and continuity of the observational data; secondly, to analyze speci

48、fic issues, the observed data, timely analysis, in order to truly use settlement observational data to guide constructionin addition, mapping, there are many applications as follows:digital railway: is to build the railway industry in the public infrastructure of the railway information platform tra

49、nsport-related organizations, passenger and freight marketing, the business management aspects of the mass dynamic and static, multi-resolution, multi-scale, three-dimensional information acquisition, storage , in accordance with the geographical coordinates of a unified and integrated, to establish

50、 a complete rail information model to provide an open, distributed and comprehensive information service for the investigation, design, planning, operations, management and all levels of decision-making of the railway industry to achieve digital management of the railway industry. itcs control syste

51、m: enhanced of itcs (incremental train control system train control system) is based on satellite positioning technology and wireless data communications, train control systems. system of communication technology and railway signaling technology in-depth integration of wireless train control informa

52、tion transmission. rail gps measurements: the precise location measurement using gps technology on the railway track lines and ancillary facilities. the measurement results used to generate the train control required database. base stations, mobile stations: base station, also known as reference sta

53、tions. refers to the erection of the station on a known point in the same observation period, and keeps track of the satellite, mobile station operating within a certain range of the known point, mounted on a known point on the station called the base station (or station); within a certain range of

54、the base station to mobile station operations called station. rtg technology: rtg (real-time the gipsy, also known as the star stations differential) is a global differential gps system. gps differential signal through the international maritime satellite broadcasting. the user can receive the gps r

55、eceiver while receiving gps signal to maritime satellite radio rtg phase difference correction signal so as to achieve real-time high-precision positioning.rtk: rtk (real-time kinematic, also known as the carrier phase difference) technology is the single-station differential gps system. real-time dynamic positioning technology based on carrier phase observation