英漢詞匯的社會文化內(nèi)涵對比

1、英漢詞匯的社會文化內(nèi)涵對比 語言與文化 語言 即語音、語法、詞匯。是文化的組成部分，是文化的最重要的載體，全面儲存著文化的整體信息。而詞匯更是承擔(dān)著負載文化的主要任務(wù)。敏感地反映著社會生活。 文化 是語言的內(nèi)涵、交際的具體內(nèi)容。文化意識是語言交際的思維基礎(chǔ)。許多文化凝聚于詞匯之中。 文化形態(tài)差異反映到語言層面就是語言差異。 不同的語言有不同的文化背景。了解英語國家文化是學(xué)好英語的主要環(huán)節(jié)。下面探討英語詞和漢語詞的語義差別。1、某些事物和概念在一種語言里只有一種表達方式，而在另一種語言里則又多種表達方式。Generic term Name for male Name for female Nam

2、e for the young Chicken Cock, rooster HenChickDuck DrakeDuck DucklingGoose Gander GooseGoslingHorse Stallion MareFoalCattle Bull CowCalfPig Boar SowShoatDog Dog BitchPuppySheep RamEweLambdeer stagdoefawn 并非所有動物都要用特殊名稱來區(qū)并非所有動物都要用特殊名稱來區(qū)分雌雄。人們對某些特殊名稱并不分雌雄。人們對某些特殊名稱并不熟悉。要用不常見的區(qū)分雌雄的詞熟悉。要用不常見的區(qū)分雌雄的詞時，常用時，

3、常用bull 或或cow ， cock或或 hen來代替。來代替。 公海豹公海豹bull seal 母海豹母海豹cow seal 公象公象bull elephant 母象母象cow elephant 公野雞公野雞cock pheasant 母野雞母野雞hen pheasant 公麻雀公麻雀cock sparrow 母麻雀母麻雀hen sparrow 也可用也可用male 、female、she再加上再加上原名。如原名。如 公豹公豹 male leopard 母熊貓母熊貓female panda 母狼母狼she wolfChinese Terms in English Examples in E

4、nglish 副Vice-Vice-chairman, vice-president AssociateAssociate professor, associate director AssistantAssistant manager, assistant secretary underDeputyDeputy director, deputy chief-of staffUndersecretary(of U.S.)lieutenantLieutenant governor, lieutenant general2、在一種語言里有些詞在另一語言里沒有對應(yīng)詞夏練三伏，冬練三九In summe

5、r keep exercising during the hottest days；In winter do the same thing during the coldest weather。 Cadre（干部）（干部） Official官員；行政人員；高級職員人官員；行政人員；高級職員人 Functionary機關(guān)工作人員；官員機關(guān)工作人員；官員 Administrator行政官員行政官員 按道教的宇宙觀，陰和陽是兩種力按道教的宇宙觀，陰和陽是兩種力量，這兩種力量的本質(zhì)產(chǎn)生了宇宙，量，這兩種力量的本質(zhì)產(chǎn)生了宇宙，保持宇宙和諧。保持宇宙和諧。“陰陰”表示黑暗、表示黑暗、雌性、消極的。雌性、消

6、極的。“陽陽”表示光明、表示光明、雄性、積極的。雄性、積極的。 In Chinese philosophy, medicine, yin, the feminine or negative principle in nature; yang , the masculine or positive principle in nature. 節(jié)氣 solar trems 冰糖葫蘆 candied haws on a stick 炕 a heatable bricked bed 秤 steelyard 風(fēng)水 客氣 關(guān)系 上火 It was packed like sardines. time clo

7、ck car poolAmbitionprivacy3、在兩種語言里，某些詞語表面上指同一事物或概念，其實各自另有所指。 知識分子知識分子 Intellectual Lover First lady 籍貫籍貫 busboy 大忙人大忙人 改善生活改善生活 rest room high school service station 4、有些詞的基本意義大致相同，但派生意義的區(qū)別卻很大。 政治家(politicianstatesman) Idealist 唯心主義者唯心主義者 She has always been an idealist.So you can understand why she

8、 turned down a good job offer to work among refugee immigrants and low-income groups after she got her degree in social sindies. materialist唯物主義者唯物主義者 Quite frankly，I am a materialist。I have got a good-paying job and I want to keep it。I have bought a new home near Westlake，and my wife and I want to

9、enjoy the comforts of life。I had a hard time when I was a kid and I dont want to go though all that again。 Thank you!Denotation and Connotation Denotative meaning of the word “mother” is “the female parent”. Connotative meaning of the word “mother” is the associations we usually have with the word “

10、maternal love”, “care”, “tenderness”, etc. So we can have the sentence “the young teacher is like mother to the kids”.Meaning of Words Cultural differences in lexical meaning occur on both levels of denotative meaning and connotative meaning.3. Cultural Differences in Connotative MeaningsWords with

11、same denotation but different connotations e.g. color words, animal wordsWords with connotations in one language but none in the other e.g. plants like pine tree, bamboo, plum blossom e.g. numbers1. Paratactic Structure vs. Hypotactic Structure Parataxis (意合意合) and hypotaxis (形合形合) are two grammatic

12、al terms describing the ways sentences are built up. Parataxis: the arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them. Hypotaxis: dependent relation or construction.ChineseparatacticEnglishhypotactic 明早還趕路呢，睡去吧。 Go to bed now as youll set out early tomorrow

13、. 快點兒，遲到了會挨說的。 Hurry up! Youll be criticized if you are late. 生活費用不斷上漲，許多人拿不出這筆開支。 The cost of living is rising and therefore many people are having a hard time in paying their bills.ChineseparatacticEnglishhypotactic 聽到有人說話，他趕緊將文件放回抽屜，拿起桌上的報紙，疾步回到沙發(fā)上，假裝讀起來。 Hearing someone talking outside, he hurri

14、edly put the file back into the drawer, picked up a newspaper from the table, and hastened back to the sofa pretending to read it.A Chinese Poem枯藤，老樹，昏鴉，Crows hovering over rugged old trees wreathedwith, rotten vinethe day is about done.小橋，流水，人家，Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream,and on

15、 the far bank, a pretty little village.古道，西風(fēng)，瘦馬，But the travelers has to go on down this ancient road,the West wind moaning, his bony horse groaning,夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。trudging towards the sinking sun, farther and farther away from home.2. Bamboo Structure vs. Tree StructureEnglishtree structureThe notion

16、of the tree structure suggest that: There is a basic structure All other constructs sprout out from this basic structure The expansion of the branching constructs does not affect the basic structureEnglishtree structure7 types of sentence patterns SV SVO SVC SVA SVOO SVOC SVOA They are running. Our

17、parents love us. They worked very hard. She was watching TV in the living room. My friend sent me a New Years card. I found the book very interesting. We shall finish the work as quickly as we can.Chinesebamboo structureChinese sentences are constructed like an up-going bamboo, which means that: The

18、re is not a basic structure or framework The Chinese sentences are built up by placing one word upon the other, one phrase upon another or one clause upon another Without the rigid control of a basic framework, the structure may change as the sentence extends.Chinesebamboo structure 下雨了，快走吧，又該遲到了。 I

19、ts raining already. Lets go right away; or well be late again. 處處都有熱心人。 You can meet kind-hearted people everywhere./There are kind-hearted people everywhere. 這件事我現(xiàn)在腦子里一點印象都沒有。 I do not remember anything about it.3. Left Expansion vs. Right Expansion As a result of the parataxis structure and hypotaxis structure, the Chinese and English sentences take different patterns in their expansion: The Chinese sentences tend to expand from the right to the left with an open beginning and a closed ending. The English sentences