Lecture-9--Prejudice-社會(huì)心理學(xué)

1、Guo, TieyuanOutlinesThe nature and power of prejudiceSources of PrejudiceSocial sourceMotivational sourceCognitive sourceConsequences of PrejudiceWhat Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?Defining PrejudicePreconceived negative judgment/attitude of a group and its individual membersSupported by ster

2、eotypesBeliefs about the personal attributes of a group of peopleLead to discriminationUnjustified negative behavior toward a group or its membersWhat Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?Prejudice: Implicit and ExplicitDual attitude systemExplicitConscious ImplicitAutomatic Racial PrejudiceIs racia

3、l prejudice disappearing?Overt PrejudiceChanging Racial Attitudes of White Americans from 1958 to 2011Racial PrejudiceSubtle forms of prejudiceLabor market discriminationResearchers sending out identical applications for various jobs. The applications with white names, e.g., Emily, etc., received mo

4、re callbacks from the employer than those with black names. Patronization Avoiding criticismsOverpraising accomplishmentsRacial PrejudiceAutomatic prejudiceAutomatically associate the prejudiced target with negative traits and objects.Experiments- The more automatic prejudice, the more anger people

5、perceived in ambiguous black faces than white faces.Racial PrejudiceAutomatic prejudice can have life or death consequences.Quickly press buttons to “shoot” or “not shoot” men who suddenly appearing on screen holding either a gun or a harmless object. Results- The harmless targets were more likely t

6、o be shot by mistake when they were blacks than when they were whites.Gender PrejudiceAttitudes toward women have changed rapidly. Gender discrimination, especially overt discrimination is disappearing.Most believe that men and women are different yet equal, and see women as understanding, kind, and

7、 helpfulGender PrejudiceSubtle prejudice still existPrenatally violence against womenAround the world, people prefer having baby boys over baby girls.Americans prefer to have baby boys over baby girls.In China, the new born male to female ratio is 118: 100, which leads to an excess of 32 million und

8、er-20 males.OutlinesThe nature and power of prejudiceSources of PrejudiceSocial sourceMotivational sourceCognitive sourceConsequences of PrejudiceThe Social Sources of PrejudiceSocial inequalities- unequal status breeds prejudicePrejudice helps justify the economic and social superiority of those wh

9、o have wealth and power.Wealthy people are more likely than poor people to see the wealth is an outcome of skill, efforts, etc. Social dominance orientationIndividual differences in their motivation to have ones group dominate other social groups Being in a dominant high-status position tends to pro

10、mote this orientation and justification The Social Sources of PrejudiceSocializationHarsh discipline on the children may lead to authoritarian personality, which contributes to prejudice.Authoritarian Personality- Personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgro

11、ups and those lower in statusThe Social Sources of PrejudiceSocialization Religion and prejudiceIn many countries, leaders invoke religion to sanctify the present order.Use of religion to support injustice helps explain a pair of findings concerning North American ChristianityWhite church members ex

12、press more racial prejudice than nonmembersThose professing traditional or fundamentalist Christian beliefs express more prejudice than those professing more progressive beliefs The Social Sources of PrejudiceSocialization ConformityIf prejudice is socially accepted, many people will follow the path

13、 and conform to the fashionIf prejudice is not deeply ingrained in personality, then as fashions change and new norms evolve, prejudice can diminishThe Social Sources of PrejudiceInstitutional SupportsGovernment SchoolsMale characters to female characters in childrens books written before 1970 was 3

14、:1, and the male characters were descripted as being more positively.Films and television- Example: Hollywood movies depict Asians negatively.OutlinesThe nature and power of prejudiceSources of PrejudiceSocial sourceMotivational sourceCognitive sourceConsequences of PrejudiceThe Motivational Sources

15、 of PrejudiceFrustration and Aggression: The Scapegoat TheoryDisplaced aggression- we redirect the hostility resulting from frustration to less threatening objects/people. More lynchings of African Americans when economic condition was bad in the South after then American Civil War.Realistic group c

16、onflict theoryPrejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resourcesThe economically frustrated people tend to have high level of prejudice toward minorities.In Canada, opposition to immigration positively correlated with unemployment rate.Motivation to Avoid PrejudiceMotivation to av

17、oid prejudice can lead people to modify their thoughts and actionsSelf-conscious people will feel guilt and try to inhibit their prejudicial responseOutlinesThe nature and power of prejudiceSources of PrejudiceSocial sourceMotivational sourceCognitive sourceConsequences of PrejudiceCognitive Sources

18、 of PrejudiceCategorization: Classifying People into GroupsSpontaneous categorization- Humans naturally classify others into groups: Ingroup vs. OutgroupConsequencesPerceived similarities and differencesExaggerate the differences between ingroup and outgroupOutgroup homogeneity effectPerception of o

19、utgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup membersCognitive Sources of PrejudiceCategorization: Classifying People into GroupsConsequencesOwn-race biasTendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own raceCognitive Sources of PrejudiceDistinctiveness: Perceivin

20、g people/events who stand outDistinctive events foster illusory correlationsDistinctive people/events tend to get special attentions from us. Attentiveness to unusual occurrences of two distinctive events can create illusory correlationsThe c0-occurrence of two distinctive events is more distinctive

21、, and noticeable than each of the times when the unusual events do not occur together. Illusory correlations in perceptionExperiment- Participants were showed negative and positive behaviors conducted by people from Groups X and Y.Distinctive behavior: bad behaviorDistinctive people: People from Gro

22、up Y.Cognitive Sources of PrejudiceAttribution: Is It a Just World?Group-serving biasExplaining away outgroup members positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions Belief in a Just WorldBelief in a just worldJust-world phenomenonTendency of people to believe that the

23、world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they getMerely observing another innocent person being victimized is enough to make the victim seem less worthy.Experiment 1Participants watched a confederate, who receives painful shocks whenever she gave wrong answers,

24、then they evaluated the confederateResults- participants devaluated the innocent victim.Belief in a just worldExperiment 2- rapeParticipants read a detailed description of an interaction between a man and a woman, with two different endings. The woman meet her boss for dinner, go to his home, and ea

25、ch had a glass of wineHappy ending- “Then he led me to the couch,. He held my hand and asked me to marry him.” Participants rated the woman as having good behavior and traits. Terrible ending- “But then he became very rough and pushed me onto the couch. He held me down on the couch and raped me”Part

26、icipants blame the woman, rated her as being seductive.OutlinesThe nature and power of prejudiceSources of PrejudiceSocial sourceMotivational sourceCognitive sourceConsequences of PrejudiceConsequences of PrejudiceSelf-Perpetuating PrejudgmentsPrejudgments guide our attention and memoriesPeople ofte

27、n misrecall their own school grades in stereotype-consistent ways. Prejudgments are self-perpetuatingWhenever a member of a group behaves as expected, we duly note the fact; our prior belief is confirmed. And when a member of a group behaves inconsistently with our expectation, we may interpret or e

28、xplain away the behavior as due to special circumstancesConsequences of Prejudice What do we do with information strikingly inconsistent with a stereotype?SubtypingAccommodating individuals who deviate from ones stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule”SubgroupingAccommodating indiv

29、iduals who deviate from ones stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the groupConsequences of Prejudice Discriminations Impact: The Self-Fulfilling ProphecySocial beliefs can be self-confirming, and prejudice affects its targets.White male participants interviewed White and Black applicants for an RA positionResults- When the applicant is Black, the