國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論重點(diǎn)知識(shí)【自整理精華版】

1、Chapter 3 Neoclassical Trade Theoriesü 3.2 Reciprocal Demand Theory 相互需求理論In our previous discussions in Chapter 2 and the above section, world prices after trade began were assumed to be at a certain level. For example, in the Ricardo model(比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論模型) we assumed that 1 barrel of wine would exch

2、ange for 1 yard of cloth in international trade.貿(mào)易平衡（P43）：兩國(guó)進(jìn)行交換，交換比率取決于雙方對(duì)各商品需求的大小，并穩(wěn)定在輸出貨物恰好能抵償輸入貨物的水平上。但是要求兩國(guó)相互需求的商品價(jià)值相等，貿(mào)易才能穩(wěn)定均衡。ü 3.3 Factor Endowment Theory 要素稟賦理論Q:如果兩國(guó)的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率相同，為什么還要發(fā)生貿(mào)易？A:要素稟賦的充裕度不同成本。H-O理論以比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論為基礎(chǔ)發(fā)展，在兩種或兩種以上的要素下分析產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)成本。核心：兩國(guó)技術(shù)水平相等，產(chǎn)生比較成本差異的兩個(gè)原因：兩國(guó)間要素充裕度不同；商品生產(chǎn)的要素密集

3、度不同。各國(guó)應(yīng)該集中生產(chǎn)并出口那些充分利用本國(guó)充裕的要素商品，以換取那些密集使用稀缺要素的產(chǎn)品。An Example to illustrate H-O theorem（P50）：The unit prices of labor and capital in Japan are 10 and 5 respectively, while in China, they are 4 and 7. Therefore the relative price of capital to labor（the price of capital, interest） in Japan (5/10) is sma

4、ller than that in China (7/4), i.e., (r/w)J(r/w)C（資本密集：利率很低）. In othere words, Japan is relatively capital abundant(密集) and China is relatively labor abundant.ü 3.4 The Leontief Paradox里昂惕夫之謎按照H-O理論，美國(guó)是一個(gè)資本豐裕而勞動(dòng)力相對(duì)稀缺的國(guó)家（P51），其對(duì)外貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是出口資本、技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品，進(jìn)口勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品。20世紀(jì)50年代初，美籍蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家里昂惕夫(Leontief)根據(jù)H-O

5、理論，用美國(guó)1947年200個(gè)行業(yè)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)其進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證時(shí)，結(jié)果卻得出了與H-O理論完全相反的結(jié)論，這一難題稱(chēng)為里昂惕夫悖論。里昂惕夫悖論雖沒(méi)有形成系統(tǒng)的理論觀點(diǎn)，但它對(duì)原有國(guó)際分工和貿(mào)易理論提出了嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)，引發(fā)了對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易主流思想的反思，推動(dòng)了二戰(zhàn)后新的國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論的誕生。Chapter 9 Regional Economic Integrationü 9.1 Types of Regional Economic Integration經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的形式根據(jù)不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可分為不同類(lèi)別。美國(guó)著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家巴拉薩把經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的進(jìn)程分為：(1)貿(mào)易一體化，即取消對(duì)商品流動(dòng)的限制；

6、(2)要素一體化，即實(shí)行生產(chǎn)要素的自由流動(dòng)；(3)政策一體化，即在集團(tuán)內(nèi)達(dá)到國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的協(xié)調(diào)一致；與上3個(gè)階段對(duì)應(yīng)地，經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化組織可以根據(jù)市場(chǎng)融合程度，分為：優(yōu)惠貿(mào)易安排(Preferential tariff arrangement)/Stage 1即在成員國(guó)間，通過(guò)協(xié)定或其他形式，對(duì)全部商品或一部分商品給予特別的關(guān)稅優(yōu)惠，這是經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化中最低級(jí)和最松散的一種形式，典型的有1932年英國(guó)與一些大英帝國(guó)以前的殖民地國(guó)家之間實(shí)行的英聯(lián)邦特惠制。自由貿(mào)易區(qū)(Free market area)/Stage 1即由簽訂有自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的國(guó)家組成一個(gè)貿(mào)易區(qū)，在區(qū)內(nèi)各成員國(guó)之間廢除關(guān)稅和其他貿(mào)易壁壘，實(shí)

7、現(xiàn)區(qū)內(nèi)商品的完全自由流動(dòng)，但每個(gè)成員國(guó)仍保留對(duì)非成員國(guó)的原有壁壘。關(guān)稅同盟(Customs union)/Stage 1即成員國(guó)之間完全取消關(guān)稅或其他壁壘，同時(shí)協(xié)調(diào)其相互之間的貿(mào)易政策，建立對(duì)外的統(tǒng)一關(guān)稅。這在自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)上又更進(jìn)了一步，開(kāi)始帶有超國(guó)家的性質(zhì)，典型的有歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體。共同市場(chǎng)，如歐洲共同體(Common Market)/Stage 2即成員國(guó)在關(guān)稅同盟的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步消除對(duì)生產(chǎn)要素流動(dòng)的限制，使成員國(guó)之間不僅實(shí)現(xiàn)貿(mào)易自由化，而且實(shí)現(xiàn)技術(shù)、資本、勞動(dòng)力等生產(chǎn)要素的自由流動(dòng)。典型的如歐洲統(tǒng)一市場(chǎng)。經(jīng)濟(jì)同盟(Economic union)/Stage 3即在共同市場(chǎng)的基礎(chǔ)上又進(jìn)了一

8、步，成員國(guó)之間不但實(shí)現(xiàn)商品和生產(chǎn)要素的自由流動(dòng)，建立起對(duì)外的共同關(guān)稅，而且制定和執(zhí)行某些共同經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和社會(huì)政策，逐步廢除政策方面的差異，形成一個(gè)龐大的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體，典型的如目前的歐洲聯(lián)盟。Free movements of goodsCommon trade policyFree movement of production factorsHarmonization and unification of economic policiesPreferential tariff arrangement××××Free trade area××

9、;×Customs union××Common market×Economic unionChapter 11 International Trade Termsü 11.1 Incoterms 2010貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)交貨地點(diǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移界限出口報(bào)關(guān)責(zé)任、費(fèi)用進(jìn)口報(bào)關(guān)責(zé)任、費(fèi)用適用的運(yùn)輸方式FOB,CFR,CIF裝運(yùn)港口貨交裝運(yùn)港船上后SELLERBUYER水上運(yùn)輸FCA,CPT,CIP出口國(guó)內(nèi)地,港口承運(yùn)人處置貨物后SELLERBUYER任何方式CFR、FOB、CIF這三種外貿(mào)報(bào)價(jià)方式的共同點(diǎn)：1，賣(mài)方負(fù)責(zé)裝貨并充分通知，買(mǎi)方負(fù)責(zé)接貨；2，賣(mài)方辦理出口

10、手續(xù)，提供證件，買(mǎi)方辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)，提供證件；3，賣(mài)方交單，買(mǎi)方受單、付款；4，裝運(yùn)港交貨，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、費(fèi)用劃分一致；5，交貨性質(zhì)相同，都是憑單交貨、憑單付款；6，都適合于海洋運(yùn)輸和內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸；CFR、FOB、CIF這三種外貿(mào)報(bào)價(jià)方式間的不同點(diǎn)：1，F(xiàn)OB：買(mǎi)方負(fù)責(zé)租船訂艙、預(yù)付運(yùn)費(fèi)；辦理保險(xiǎn)、支付保險(xiǎn)；2，CFR：賣(mài)方負(fù)責(zé)租船訂艙、預(yù)付運(yùn)費(fèi)；買(mǎi)方負(fù)責(zé)辦理保險(xiǎn)、支付保險(xiǎn)；3，CIF：賣(mài)方負(fù)責(zé)租船訂艙、預(yù)付運(yùn)費(fèi)；辦理保險(xiǎn)、支付保險(xiǎn)；Chapter 13 International Cargo Transportationü 13.1 Modes of TransportOcean transpo

11、rt1) Liner transport: the transport of cargoes from one seaport to another along regular maritime routes according to a schedule.運(yùn)費(fèi):Weight, Measurement, Ad Val. (商品價(jià)值,價(jià)格).Example: Company A exports 100 cases of Good X to London. The volume and gross weight per case are 40cm*30cm*20cm and 30kg respec

12、tively. Good X is classified as Class 10, the freight for which is calculated on W/M. The tariff shows that the basic freight rate for Class 10 is 222, with 10% port surcharges.Total weight: 0.03M/T*100=3M/T Total volume: 0.4*0.3*0.2*100=2.4M3 ×Total freight=total weight*(basic freight rate + s

13、urcharge)=3*222*(1+10%)2) Charter transport（租船）- tramp service（不定期）Voyage charter(航程傭船), which is commonly used, means transport vessel or vehicle charter for one or a specified number of trips (voyages).即定點(diǎn),班次和時(shí)間.A charterparty(租船合同) is required.ü 13.2 Major Shipping DocumentsBill of lading (B

14、/L) It is a transportation document issued by an ocean carrier（承運(yùn)人,船方） to a shipper(托運(yùn)人，貨主) with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriage of goods.The B/L performed as a receipt(收據(jù)) for the goods, an evidence of contract of carriage(貨運(yùn)證明) and document of title to the goods(所有權(quán)).

15、 提單的分類(lèi)(Page226)Chapter 14 International Marine Cargo Insuranceü 14.1 Perils（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）and lossesAverage（海損）and charges海損可根據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類(lèi)： 按損失程度可分為全部損失（又可分為實(shí)際全損和推定全損）和部分損失。船舶或貨物全部遇難沉沒(méi)，或燒毀、炸毀等為實(shí)際全損；船舶遇險(xiǎn)后,雖未達(dá)到全損的程度,但救助費(fèi)和修理費(fèi)兩項(xiàng)或其中之一項(xiàng)將高于船舶或貨物獲救后的價(jià)值，從而無(wú)救助價(jià)值即為推定全損。部分損失是船舶或貨物在遇難后只受到局部損害的損失。 按損失負(fù)擔(dān)關(guān)系可分為單獨(dú)海損和共同海損。ü

16、; 14.2 Ocean marine cargo clauses of the CIC(中國(guó)保險(xiǎn)條例)1. Basic ocean marine cargo insurance1)Free from particular Average (FPA平安險(xiǎn))：由自然災(zāi)害引起的，不保2)With Average (WA水漬險(xiǎn))：FPA + partial losses of the insured goods caused by weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/or flood.(FPA只保全損引起)3)All Risks(一切險(xiǎn))：,WA

17、+ general extraneous(外來(lái)的) risks.2. W/W (warehouse to warehouse)clause 倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)條款,CIF條件下From the time the goods leave the warehouse for commencement, to final warehouse at destination, or until the expiration(終結(jié)) of 60 days as of(自起) the insured goods are unloaded (if the shipment fails to reach the afore

18、said warehouse).若轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到合同未載明地點(diǎn)，保險(xiǎn)合同提前終止。ü 14.2 Export insurance practice in China (Page245)Insured amount=CIF(or CIP)*(1+additional rate,10%)CIF=CFR+I=>CIF/CIP price=CFR/CPT priceI=CIF(1+addition rate)*Premium rate1-premium rate*(1+addition rate)Chapter 15 International Paymentü 15.1 Instr

19、uments of International PaymentBill of Exchange(draft), Promissory note, Cheque(支票)ü 15.2 Remittance and Collectionü 15.3 Letter of CreditAs previously noted, international payment can be made in several different ways:(Remittance M/T,T/T) by the buyer remitting payment before the seller m

20、akes shipment;(Remittance D/D) by open account whereby the buyer remits payment at an agreed time after receiving the goods.(Collection D/P) by documentary collection through a bank in which case the buyer pays the collecting bank in exchange for shipping documents which would include, in most cases, the document of title to the