英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之特殊句式

1、特殊句式特殊句型主要涉及祈使句、感嘆句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型、反意疑問(wèn)句、There be句型、。一、 祈使句祈使句是用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求、命令、建議或勸告等句子。祈使句一般用降調(diào)；為使其聽起來(lái)比較婉轉(zhuǎn)，可用低升調(diào)。句末用句號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)。（1）.肯定的祈使句Close the door. 關(guān)上門Be quiet, please! 請(qǐng)安靜?。?）有時(shí)為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，可以在動(dòng)詞之前加上do，表示“務(wù)必，一定”Do come on time.一定要按時(shí)來(lái)Do look out! 一下要小心！2.否定的祈使句祈使句的否定形式一般是在句首加dont或never構(gòu)成。Dont be late.不要遲到Never do thing

2、s by halves.做事不可馬虎。3.其他形式的祈使句。（1）以let開頭的祈使句Lets have a rest.咱們休息一會(huì)Lets not speak loudly. 我們不要大聲說(shuō)話。（2）以no開始的禁止性祈使句No parking. 禁止停車No smoking. 禁止吸煙祈使句+陳述句 句型在“祈使句+陳述句”這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，祈使句和陳述句之間要用連接詞。其連接詞共分兩類：第一類：and, then, and then。意思是“就”、“那么（就）”、 “（剛）才“。第二類：or, or else, otherwise。意思是“否則”、“要不”、 “不然的話”。用一句順口溜來(lái)幫助記

3、憶怎樣使用and和or：選擇連接詞，只看陳述句。and叫人心歡暢，or的后果不好嘗。什么時(shí)候用第一類連接詞，什么時(shí)候用第二類連接詞呢？有一種方法可以幫助我們作出迅速而準(zhǔn)確的決定。請(qǐng)先比較下面三組例句：(1) Come early, and youll catch the first bus.早點(diǎn)來(lái)，你就能趕上第一班汽車。Come early, or youll miss the first bus. 來(lái)早點(diǎn)，不然的話，你就趕不上第一班汽車。(2) Use your head, then youll find a way. 開動(dòng)腦筋，那么你就會(huì)找到辦法。Use your head, or els

4、e you wont find a way.開動(dòng)腦筋，否則，你就找不到辦法。(3) Work hard, and then you wont fail. 努力干你才不會(huì)失敗。Work hard, otherwise, youll fail. 努力干，要不你會(huì)失敗的。由此可見：凡陳述句表示的是人們所希望的后果時(shí)，就用and,then或者and then；凡陳述表示的是人們所不希望的后果時(shí)，就用or, or else或者otherwise。練習(xí)題1. _some of this juice-perhaps you'll like it.A. Trying B. Try C. To try

5、D. Have tried2._ tell a lie. A Hardly B Not C No D Never3. Stand over there _ you'll be able to see the oil painting better.A. but    B. till    C. and    D. or4 Follow your doctors advice，_ your cough will get worseA or     B and&

6、#160;     C then        D so5_ straight on and youll see a church You wont miss it A Go    B Going     C If you go       D When going6. Start out right away，_ youll miss the first

7、train.A and         B. but        C. or         D. while二、 感嘆句感嘆句是用為表達(dá)人的特殊情感的句子，可以表達(dá)人的喜、怒、哀、樂等感情色彩。感嘆句常由what或how引導(dǎo)，句末常用感嘆號(hào)。1 What引導(dǎo)的感嘆句(1) what+ a(n)+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)（+其他）！What a beautiful g

8、irl she is! 她是一個(gè)多么漂亮的女孩呀！(2) what+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)（+其他）What important jobs they have done! 他們做了多么重要的工作呀！(3) what+形容詞+不可數(shù)名字（+其他）What fine weather it is! 多好的天氣呀！2 How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句(1)how+形容詞或副詞（+其他）How interesting the dog is ! 多么有趣的狗呀！(2)how+形容詞+a(an)+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)（+其他）！How useful a subject they are learning! 他們正在學(xué)的科目多么有用

9、呀！(4) how+ 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（+其他）How time flies! 時(shí)間過(guò)得真快呀！巧變陳述句為感嘆句一斷 二加 三前移， 強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞 要?jiǎng)h去。名詞前面用what，形、副用how莫遲疑。一斷：把要進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分從句中斷開。He is / a very good teacher.They are working / hard/ to make their school more beautiful.二加：在句末加感嘆號(hào)；在被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分前加強(qiáng)調(diào)詞。若被強(qiáng)調(diào)的中心詞是名詞則用what，若中心詞是形容詞或副詞則用how。He is / what a very good teacher!They ar

10、e working / how hard/ to make their school more beautiful!三前移：即把被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分移到句首。What a very good teacher he is!How hard they are working to make their school more beautiful!強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞要?jiǎng)h去：把被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分中原有的very, quite等詞刪去。What a good teacher he is!用How , What (a / an) 填空1. _ delicious food it is !2. _interesting film!3.

11、 _bad weather !4. _good day !5. _tall the boy is !6. _good news it is !7. _beautiful clothes they are !8. _ nice teacher he is !9. _nice Tom is !10. _beautiful flowers they are !11. _ hard work !12. _ hard job !三、 反意疑問(wèn)句反意疑問(wèn)句是附在陳述句之后，對(duì)所陳述的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)提出疑問(wèn)的句子。附加問(wèn)句部分要與前面的陳述部分用逗號(hào)分隔開，句末用問(wèn)號(hào)。如果陳述部分是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，附加問(wèn)句部分就用否

12、定結(jié)構(gòu)，反之亦然。以下幾種特殊的反意疑問(wèn)句要特別記憶。1. 陳述部分含有few, never, little, nothing, nobody, no, seldom, hardly, none, tooto,等表示否定意義的詞時(shí)，其附加問(wèn)句部分應(yīng)用肯定形式。She hardly writes to you, does she? 她很少給你寫信，是嗎？2. 陳述部分是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，附加問(wèn)句部分用be (not )there.There is a tree in front of the building, isnt there? 大樓前面有一棵樹，不是嗎？3. 當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為指

13、事或物的不定代詞something, anything, everything等時(shí)，附加問(wèn)句部分的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)用it。Something is wrong with your computer, isnt it? 你的電腦出毛病了，不是嗎？4. 當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為this, that等時(shí)，附加問(wèn)句部分的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)用it。類似地，當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為these, those 等時(shí)，附加問(wèn)句部分的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)用they。This is a beautiful picture, isnt it? 這是一幅美麗的圖畫，不是嗎？Those arent apple trees, are they？ 那些不是蘋果樹，是嗎？5

14、. had better 表示“最好”之意，當(dāng)其用在陳述部分時(shí)，附加問(wèn)句部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用had。Wed better stop talking，hadnt we? 我們最好停止說(shuō)話，不好嗎？7. 當(dāng)陳述部分含有un-, dis- ,-less等表示否定意義的前綴或后綴時(shí)，附加問(wèn)句部分仍用否定形式。It is unfair, isnt it? 這不公平，不是嗎？You dislike her, dont you? 你不喜歡她，不是嗎？8. 當(dāng)陳述部分為I am 形式時(shí)，附加問(wèn)句部分應(yīng)該用arent I Im right, arent I? 我是對(duì)的，不是嗎？9. 肯定祈使句的附加問(wèn)句部分可以用

15、will/ wont you，否定祈使句的附加問(wèn)句部分用will youListen to me carefully, will/wont you? 仔細(xì)聽我說(shuō)，好嗎？Dont play with fire, will you? 不要玩火，好嗎？10. 以lets 開頭的祈使句，附加問(wèn)句部分應(yīng)用shall we；而以let us開頭的祈使句，附加問(wèn)句部分應(yīng)用will you。Lets go to the park, shall we？讓我們?nèi)ス珗@，好嗎？Lets help you，will you？ 讓我們來(lái)幫你，好嗎？11. 陳述部分若為主從復(fù)合句，附加問(wèn)句部分的主語(yǔ)通常與主句的主語(yǔ)一致。S

16、he said he would come tomorrow, didnt she? 她說(shuō)他明天會(huì)來(lái)，不是嗎？He told us how to get to the farm, didn't he ? 他告訴我們?cè)鯓拥睫r(nóng)場(chǎng)了，不是嗎?注意：若陳述部分主句的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱I /we ，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞又是think , suppose, expect, believe, imagine等時(shí)，附加疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)與陳述部分從句的主語(yǔ)一致， 并應(yīng)特別注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移。I think he is a good student, isnt he? 我認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生，不是嗎？We dont supp

17、ose you are right, are you? 我們認(rèn)為你不對(duì)，是嗎？反意疑問(wèn)句的回答。1.當(dāng)陳述句部分是肯定時(shí)，yes表示是；no表示不。如：-You are a Chinese , arent you ? (你是一個(gè)中國(guó)人，是嗎？ - Yes, I am. / No, I am not. （是的，我是。/ 不，我不是。）2.當(dāng)陳述句部分是否定時(shí)，yes表示不；no表示是。如：- You have never been to Beijing , have you ? （你從沒去過(guò)北京，是嗎？）- Yes, I have. I went there last summer. （不，我去

18、過(guò)。我去年去的。）練習(xí) 1、Youd like some coffee, _? Awerent you Bwouldnt you Chadnt you DShouldnt you2、I dont think he will come to the meeting, _? Awill he Bwont he Cdo I Dam I3、Harry and his brother promised to work harder,_?. Ado they Bdont they Cdid they Ddidnt they4、His father knows little about it, _he? A

19、does Bdoesnt Cis he Disnt5、We all like reading story books, _? Ado we Bdo you Cdont we Ddont you6、My sister seldom goes to the theatre ,_she? Adoesnt Bdoes Cis Disnt7、Be sure to write to us, _? Awill you Barent you Cwould you Dcan you8、Dont smoke in the meeting room, _you? Ado Bwill Cwould Dcan9、Its

20、 fine today. Lets go fishing, _? Awill we Bshall we Cdo we Ddont we10、Mary has few friends in Japan, _she? Adose Bdont Cdoesnt Dhasnt11、There is a beautiful lake in this city, _? Aisnt it Bisnt there Cis it Dhasnt it四 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 基本結(jié)構(gòu) It+ be + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分 + that (who) He bought the book in this shop yesterday.It

21、 was he that/who bought the book in this shop yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)he) It was the book that he bought in this shop yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)the book) It was in this shop that he bought the book yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)in this shop) 按照要求將句子變成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)： 強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)： 強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間

22、： 強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)： 五there be 句型there be 句型是英語(yǔ)中陳述事物客觀存在的句型，表示“有”，其確切含義是“存在”。There作為引導(dǎo)詞，本身沒有意義，用動(dòng)詞be的某些形式作為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，它的主語(yǔ)是一些表示泛指或不定特指的名詞詞組，動(dòng)詞be和第一個(gè)主事的數(shù)保持一致。句子最后通常為表示地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。因此，要表達(dá)“某個(gè)地方或某個(gè)時(shí)間存在什么事物或人”的時(shí)候，常用there be+名詞+地點(diǎn)（時(shí)間）”這一句型，而不用have句型。There is a library in our school. 我們學(xué)校有一個(gè)圖書館There is some water on the ground。地面

23、上有些水There are 50 students in the classroom. 教室里面有五十名學(xué)生。1. there be句型中的主謂一致動(dòng)詞be的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要跟there be之后的主語(yǔ)保持一致，如果是幾個(gè)并列名詞作主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞be和最靠近它的那個(gè)名詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。There is a pen and two books on the desk.桌子上有一支鋼筆和兩本書There are two books and a pen on the desk。桌子上有兩本書和一支鋼筆。2. there be 句型中的謂語(yǔ)形式(1) there be 句型有各種時(shí)態(tài)。其中一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)和完成時(shí)比較常見。There was a knock at the door. 有人敲門。There is going to be a meeting tonight. 今晚會(huì)有個(gè)會(huì)議。There has been a girl waiting for you. 有個(gè)女孩一直在等你。(2) there be 可以與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用There may be a cigarette in the box. 那個(gè)盒子里或許