大學英語四級作文講解

1、2011年秋季新四級寫作講義抓時尚熱點，顯寫作魅力1. 經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展the rapid development of economy 2. 人民生活水平的顯著提高/穩(wěn)步增長the remarkable improvement/steady growth of peoples living standard 3. 面臨新的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)be faced with new opportunities and challenges 4. 人們普遍認為It is commonly believed/recognized that 5. 社會發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果the inevitable result of

2、social development 6. 一些人而另外一些人Some people while others 7. 就我而言/就個人而言As far as I am concerned/Personally 8. 有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons 9. 發(fā)揮著日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in 10. 對必不可少be indispensable to 11. 對產(chǎn)生有利/不利的影響exert positive/negative effects on 12. 利遠遠大于弊the advantage

3、s far outweigh the disadvantages 14. 導致，引起lead to/give rise to/contribute to/result in 15. 考慮到諸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration 16. 可靠的信息源a reliable source of information 17. 在人類生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life 18. 環(huán)保(的) environmental protection/environmentally friendly 19. 社會進步的體

4、現(xiàn)a symbol of society progress 20. 科技的飛速更新the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology 一、來自教育部的聲音第一部分為30 分鐘的短文寫作，分數(shù)占總分的15% 。在新四級考試中，短文寫作和過去相比改動不大，出題風格和過去的四級考試作文基本相同。熱點問題、圖表或漫畫、正反論證以及針對某種現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因與對策等方面的題目最有可能出現(xiàn)。多讀各個類型的范文，模仿并背誦其中的精華部分有助于提高寫作水平。寫作時一定要字跡清楚整齊，緊扣題目，注意語法的正確使用，最好能夠準確多變地運用詞匯。二、大學英語新

5、四級寫作基本要求寫作能力測試部分比例為15% ，體裁包括議論文、說明文、應(yīng)用文等。四級作文范文檔的要求是：切題；表達思想清楚、文字通順，連貫性較好；基本無語言錯誤，僅有個別小錯。該要求蘊涵著大學英語寫作的四個基本考點：1、切題所謂切題是指在形式上諸如段落、字數(shù)、文體、格式等方面滿足題目要求，并在內(nèi)容上沒有偏差。2、表達清楚、條理清晰本要求考查學生對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握，要求文章主題觀點明確，有頭有尾，論證說明安排有主次，有輕重。3、文字通順，連貫性較好本要求考查學生對過渡句和連接詞或詞組的掌握和運用，要求文章句子內(nèi)部與句子之間通順連貫，不突兀。4、基本無語言錯誤本要求考查學生語言基本功的掌握，包括語

6、法與拼寫兩部分。三、歷史的聲音我們對真題寫作的抽樣分析表明，考生的寫作成績并不理想。要想寫出一篇高分作文必須具備兩個條件（這與對考研英語寫作的要求相同）：一是扎實的英語語言基礎(chǔ)，二是掌握一定的寫作技巧。溫馨提示：幫你對自己有個最初的評價 一篇好的作文應(yīng)基本達到：有較好的寫作基礎(chǔ)，文章流暢，遣詞造句恰當，文章結(jié)構(gòu)完整，內(nèi)容符合要求；語法基本正確；句法基本準確，句子與句子，段落與段落之間過渡連貫；有一定詞匯量，字數(shù)符合要求；說理清楚，內(nèi)容充實。 一篇較差的作文表現(xiàn)為：文章不通順，無段落，無結(jié)構(gòu)，無明顯主題；出現(xiàn)很多基本語法錯誤，拼寫錯誤；詞匯量很小，詞不達意，缺乏英語表達能力；不像一篇文章，僅是把

7、一些不連貫的詞語拼湊到一起。綜上所述，考生一定要洞悉大綱對寫作部分的高分標準涉及以下六個方面：1、內(nèi)容切題。審題準，不跑題。文不對題會嚴重影響成績，導致寫作失敗。2、表達清楚。語言要簡潔、準確，條理清楚；主題明確。3、意義連貫。遣詞造句得當，表達連貫平穩(wěn)。論點論據(jù)展開合理（以因果，對比，分類，定義，列舉，概括，詳情，時間，空間，過程或綜合等方法展開）。4、句式有變化。采用適當?shù)木涫絹肀磉_相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容。常用句式包括簡單句；并列句；復合句；主被動句；長句；短句；否定句；雙重否定句；疑問句；反問句；倒裝句；強調(diào)句；插入語；獨立主格成分等。5、用詞有變化。避免重復使用同一詞匯，可適當使用代詞、同義詞、近

8、義詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞，使表達富有動感。同義詞的使用是衡量考生語言運用能力的一個尺度。6、語言規(guī)范。符合英語的表達習慣，語法錯誤少，寫出的英語不是中式英語。四、大學英語新四級寫作的段落寫作和常規(guī)整體構(gòu)建模式（一）文章的段落的寫作一篇文章可由幾個自然段組成。文章中的句子和段落均為文章的中心思想服務(wù)，形成一個有機的整體。好的段落必須是意思完整，語義連貫，完全體現(xiàn)文章主旨中心，同時又是層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)用合理的。1、段落的組成一個段落由三部分組成：（1）主題句（Topic Sentence）:點出段落的主題（文章談?wù)摰氖鞘裁矗＃?）擴展句（Developing Sentence）:說明和支持主題

9、。（3）結(jié)尾句（Concluding Sentence）:得出結(jié)論。主題句結(jié)尾句擴展句1 擴展句2 擴展句3 2、段落的主題一篇文章有中心意思，也就是題目。而每個段落有段落主題，段落主題是為文章中心思想服務(wù)的。每個段落只能有一個主題（central idea ），它用一個句子加以表達，所以稱為主題句。主題提出后需要很多結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹?shù)木渥觼碇С趾驼f明，稱為擴展句。最后得出一個結(jié)論，并用一個結(jié)尾句表達。參看下面段落：This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but you wouldn t think so if you could hear what th

10、e average man thinks of the average women. Women won their independence years ago. After a long, bitter struggle, they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world. They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field. The

11、hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but it is by no means over. It is men, not women who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile. Even in the most progressive societies, women continue to be regarded as second-rate citizens. To hear some men talk, you

12、 d think that women belonged to a different species! 3、寫好主題句定義：主題句為一個完整的句子，用以概括、敘述和說明該段的主題。位置：主題句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，這樣較易掌握和構(gòu)思。例如：位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主題句。開門見山地提出問題，后面的擴展句圍繞主題句加以說明、支持、補充和解釋。An important part of police strategy, rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public al

13、ike as offering tremendous benefits. The more obvious the abilities of police to apply first aid life saving techniques quickly, the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. It aids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime as well as in collecting

14、evidence. The overall reputation of a police department too is enhanced if rapid response is consistent and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime. Needless to say rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force. 溫馨提示：寫好主題句的方法：1）主題句要概括一定內(nèi)容，不要空泛，否則擴展句將難以說明和支持

15、它，例如：空泛：English language is very important. 概括：English language is very important in our daily life. 空泛：The Olympic Games are exciting. 概括：In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely. 2）盡量使用簡單句或簡潔明了的句子，例如：簡潔：Collecting stamps is her hobby. 復雜: She likes collecting s

16、tamps which is her hobby. 簡潔: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind very much. 復雜：Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much. 3）主題句應(yīng)該做到句子完整和表達的主題思想完整，：例如：不完整：How to write a composition. 完整：How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about. 不完整：If the weather ha

17、d been fine. 完整：If it had been fine, we would have had a good time. 4）關(guān)鍵詞是直接表達主題的詞匯，它決定段落的內(nèi)容和展開的方法，引導整個段落的發(fā)展，例如：There are several ways to boil the water. The task can be finished in three steps. There is a new method to reduce the cost. 4、寫好擴展句和段落圍繞主題句展開，支持、說明和闡述主題句的句子便是擴展句。擴展句緊扣主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞而展開，句子與句子之間邏

18、輯清楚，上下轉(zhuǎn)承結(jié)合得當，簡明扼要，重點突出。一般來說，每個自然段除了主題句與結(jié)尾句之外，還包含了36個擴展句。所以，寫好了擴展句便基本上完成一個自然段落。做題時，一旦定下了主題和關(guān)鍵詞，作者便按照自己的思路來組織段落中的句子，句子之間要具有連貫性，就必須由一系列的邏輯關(guān)系構(gòu)成，例如：并列關(guān)系，因果關(guān)系，遞進關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，解釋關(guān)系，概括關(guān)系，順序關(guān)系，讓步關(guān)系，對照、比較關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系等等，這些邏輯關(guān)系可由一系列的過渡詞（transitional words ）來完成。過渡詞在句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間起到承上啟下的作用，使句子或段落之間的銜接自然、連貫，邏輯合理，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，因此極為重要

19、。常用的幾種擴展句和段落寫作模式關(guān)聯(lián)表達方法：表示因果關(guān)系常用的表達方法有：because, since, as, seeing that, the reason why, because of, on account of , due to, so, thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, so that, as a result of, in consequence of, result in, result from, lead to, soas to, owing to, to have an effect on, for

20、the reason, in this way 等。表示列舉或例證法常用的表達方法有：for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, to illustrate, one example is, to begin with, first, second, furthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, finally, in conclusion, in summary, also, a case in point, as an illustration, incidentally, nam

21、ely, that is 等。表示比較對比關(guān)系常用的表達方法有：similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 表示分類法常

22、用的表達方法有：to divideinto, to classifyinto, groupinto, to fall into classes, there arekinds(types, groups, classes, categories, sorts ) of, according to, in terms of, depending on, at the level of 等。表示定義常用的表達方法有：what is ？, to be defined as, to refer to, the definition of is, to be used to describe, in a

23、 very real sense, this is, this means, be explained, it states that, in other words, namely 等。表示總結(jié)關(guān)系常用的表達方法有：generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some

24、 extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude. 表示強調(diào)關(guān)系常用的表達方法有：anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, abo

25、ve all, indeed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt 表示空間順序常用的表達方法有：beyond, above, under, nearby, outside, in here, across, close to, on(to, at)the left(right), ahead of, in front of, above, from, adjacent to, against, around, at the bottom, before, behind, below, be

26、neath, between, beyond, close at hand, close to down, far, farther, in the center of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on the opposite side, opposite to, on top of , over, under, up 等。（二）文章的常規(guī)整體構(gòu)建模式對于考生來說，了解一點作文考試常用的文體知識很有必要。文章文體一般分為敘述文（Narration ）、議論文（Argumentation ）、說明文

27、（Exposition ）和描寫文（Description ）。在實際寫作中，這幾種文體常常交叉使用，相輔相成，但主體仍以一種為主，其他為輔。從試題情況來看，主要為議論文，出題形式常常是針對某一事物或現(xiàn)象讓考生提出自己的看法。議論文（Argumentation） 作者對某一問題或事件直接或間接地進行分析評論，表明自己的立場、觀點、態(tài)度、主張，這就是議論。它常常用于學術(shù)論文，各種評論、短文、雜文、辯論等方面，應(yīng)用廣泛。議論文的寫作要注意三個要素：1. 提出論點；2. 組織論據(jù)，進行論證；3. 得出結(jié)論。常用的論證方法包括夾敘夾議法、舉例法、比較對照法、因果法、邏輯推理法（包括歸納法和演繹法）。可

28、以從正面論證，也可以從反面進行反駁。常規(guī)整體構(gòu)建模式在一篇文章中，各自然段，各句子都為文章的中心思想服務(wù)，各段落之間，句子與句子之間存在著某種邏輯關(guān)系。文章段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系主要由過渡詞來完成，在修辭中稱為啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合。 “啟” 就是開頭， “承” 是承接， “轉(zhuǎn)” 是轉(zhuǎn)折， “合” 是綜合或總結(jié)，一篇文章與一段文章一樣都有 “啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合” 關(guān)系。例如：China s entry into WTO （啟）Nowadays there has been a widespread concern among the general public over Chinas entry into

29、WTO, which is widely seen to bring us a blessing and promising future. It seems to be soat first sight. However, on reflection, we re convinced that it s just another double-edged sword. （承）On one hand, China is to enjoy the benefits that the organization provides us. Lower tariffs and tax rates and

30、 fewer trade barriers will facilitate our swift and efficient imports and exports and other trade activities. According to the trade clauses of the WTO, the European Union shall cut down the tax rates it imposes on our exported textile products, thus availing the arts-and-crafts companies in our cou

31、ntry to extract more profits from the business. In a sense, the WTO means opportunity, and it sets the stage for our business to cut a brilliant figure in the international economic circles. （轉(zhuǎn)）On the other hand, the entry will impose some negative effects on China. Chinas national economy is set to

32、 be faced with fierce competition from the outside world. WTO pursues a relatively equal and free business environment for all its members, which poses a major challenge for our economy. Such monopolized business sectors used to enjoy protections from governments of all levels as telecommunications

33、and banking will find themselves no longer in a “safe box” . They have to adjust or replace their current operative and marketing strategies to cope with the “outdoors” shrewd and talented competitors, or they will suffer big losses and tough time is awaiting them. （合）Whatever the reason, the early

34、entry into WTO is beneficial to our country and our life. We should make good use of the chances and meanwhile suitably deal with the outside competition. All our efforts are to upgrade our business scales and get more integrated into the international business community. 常規(guī)段落構(gòu)建模式英語寫作的文章一般包括一個開頭段、若干

35、擴展段和一個結(jié)尾段。開頭段和結(jié)尾段一般比擴展段短。各種段落的作用，特點和寫作方法如下所示。1、開頭段開頭段一定要語言精練，并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對主題進行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴展段進行。一般在開頭段寫四或五句即可。開頭段的使用方法使用引語（use a quotation） 使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語，習語，以確定文章的寫作和方向，例：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them” Colton, a great writer once remarked.

36、But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 使用具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)（use figures or statistics ） 引用一些具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)，然后做出概括性分析，指明問題的癥結(jié)所在，例：In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the nu

37、mber of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent. 提出問題(ask a quest

38、ion) 提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導性簡短討論，例：What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work

39、provide more than material things. 給出背景(offer relevant background) 描述具體事件的時間、地點和發(fā)生背景等，例：Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at l

40、ast watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern. 定義法(give definition) 針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進行深入探討，例：Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your

41、lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms （情況，式樣）change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to lea

42、ve the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it. 主題句法（use of topic sentence） 文

43、章一開始就以主題句點明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進行發(fā)展，例：Now, people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for a person s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them

44、equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language. 議論文段首句式1. Nowadays, a heated debate/discussion about. is under way in China. Some people believe that. whereas others argue that. 2. In recent years/In the past few years, there has been a growing (widespread/general) realizatio

45、n (awareness/feeling towards) that. 3. Nowadays, people in a significant/increasing number are beginning (getting/coming) to realize/believe that. 4. Although everyone believes that., I doubt/wonder whether the argument bears much analysis. 5. This is a very conventional issue, but we can approach i

46、t from a new angle/a new point of view. 6. This problem is a much-debated one in that it affects everybody in their daily lives. People may prefer one to another, although some have no opinion about it. But if I am concerned, I can only disagree with the title statement and the reasons are given bel

47、ow. 7. There is a general discussion today on the issue of. Those who criticize. argue that. They believe that. but people who advocate.claim that They hold the opinion that 8. In a modern society, people have the freedom to choose. or. Although they normally coexist peacefully, they deserve some cl

48、ose examination. If the third criteria were taken into account, by comparison, people would prefer. 9. When we talk about., we usually mean that., or even that. The true. is not., but that. 10. Contrary to widely held ideas, I believe that. 2、中間段中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進行具體和詳實的解釋和論證。中間段的一般特征：篇幅一般比開

49、頭段和結(jié)尾段長。每段有相應(yīng)的主題句。包含定義、解釋，描寫，說明主題思想的擴展句可以采用實例，數(shù)據(jù)或個人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。不同種類的段落采用不同的擴展手段。中間段展開的基本方法：列舉法There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are i

50、n the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instruction，we will certainly be in good health. 比較對比法The older form of communi

51、cation is speech. In the beginning of human history, people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many shortcomings. For instance, we could not speak to a person far away when we needed. So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret easily. So peopl

52、e wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward in communication was the invention of writing. Writing is one of human being s most important inventions. It solved the problem of distance and keeping secrets, but it too had disadvantages. The written word could not be pas

53、sed on quickly, so people tried to find a new quicker method of communication. The most recent development had been electronic means of communication, including the wireless telegraph, radio, telephone and television. The invention and use of electronic means has solved all the problems mentioned ab

54、ove. They are the most effective methods of communication. People will certainly try their best to invent even more modem and useful methods. 因果法The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and

55、 in humble dinners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular? First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing co

56、uld be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavour contrast. In addition,

57、you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce, tomato, onion, mushrooms, avocado, pickles, hot pepper, ketchup, relish, mayonnaise, mustard or whatever you wish! 例證法The saying “No pains, no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral it teaches: if o

58、ne wants to achieve something, he may seek it. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment. 發(fā)展過程法To build your own sunscope, get a carton and cut a hole in one side, big enough to poke your head through. Paste wh