英語修辭手法figuresofspechppt課件

1、figures of speechwords are either literal or figurativenliteral 原意nwords used in their original meanings are used literally. nfigurative 比喻義nwords used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the readers or listeners mind are used figuratively. colourfuln

2、in “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers nin “a colourful life” or “a colourful career” the word is used in its figurative sense because neither life or career has any colour. the most common figures of speechnsimil

3、e 直喻nmetaphor 暗喻whats the difference?nliteraln“he ran quickly down the street.”nsimilen“he ran like a hare down the street.” nmetaphorn“he hared（如野兔般疾走奔跑） down the street.”similensimile is a figure of speech in which two quite different things are compared as they seem similar in a way. nthis kind o

4、f comparison is normally introduced by “l(fā)ike” or “as”. i am hungry as a horse. you run like a rabbit. he is sneaky as a snake. she is happy as a clam.example of similenthe mysterious object.nhas a face thats as round as the moonnhas hands like golden arrowsnis as tall as a tower blocknhas a voice li

5、ke a gong（鑼）nand is as famous as any pop star.nbig benexample of similentime flies like an arrownfruit flies like a banana（果蠅愛香蕉）metaphorna figure of speech which consists in substituting for the name of a thing the name of an attribute（ 屬性）of it or of something closely related.nan implied compariso

6、n between two objects that are generally different but share a recognizable similarity without the use of “l(fā)ike” or “as”. the girl was a fish in the water.the clown was a feather floating away. platon“the greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor. it is the one thing that cannot be learnt

7、from others, and it is also a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception（直覺） of the similarity in dissimilars.”example of metaphornlife is a yo-yo（喲喲球）. its a series of ups and downs. mixed metaphorsnone danger in using metaphors is the possibility of beginning with one co

8、mparison and ending with anothernthis is called a mixed metaphor（混合隱喻；多重隱喻）example of mixed metaphorsn“we must solve the root problem, or the line will be drawn in the sand, and well be back in the soup again.”nroot compares the problem to a plantnline drawn in the sand means an uncrossable boundary

9、nsoup is a food and means being in a messmixed metaphorsnshakespearenhamlet proposes “to take arms against a sea of troubles”（是起而反抗這數(shù)不清是起而反抗這數(shù)不清的憂傷）的憂傷）nthe tall guy (1989 film)n“shes like a hungry leopard(豹) in full bloom. extended metaphornj f kennedyn“the energy, the faith, the devotion which we

10、bring to this endeavour（努力，嘗試）will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow（微弱穩(wěn)定的光） from that fire can truly light the world. the flowers danced in the wind. the earth coughed and choked in all of the pollution. the friendly gates welcomed us. personification擬人nthis involves turning an o

11、bject either inanimate（無生命的）or natural into a human or animal form, with human or animal actions and feelings. example of personificationnmy car whines（哀鳴；慘叫）in pain as it climbs up steep（陡峭的 ） hills. nthe table groaned（呻吟） under the weight of the food placed on it.metonymy借代nthe substitution of a n

12、oun for another closely associated noun. nthe substituted noun derives（獲得 ） its meaning in the context it is used by the association produced in the readers mind. example of metonymynin contemporary english when we speak of a statement from the “white house” we understand that this is not a talking

13、building, but an official communication with the authority of the president of the united states who lives in the white house. nthe pen is mightier（強而有力的） than the sword.hyperbole夸張nhyperbole is a figure of speech which contains a deliberate exaggeration（故意夸大） n to coin（創(chuàng)造（新詞語） ） a phrase, this is w

14、hen writers go over the top with their use of language, suggesting that something is the strongest, the best, the greatest, which of course distorts（使變形；扭曲；使失真 ）the truth. example of hyperbolenim so hungry i could eat a horsenive told you a thousand times, stop exaggerating. nive not seen you for ag

15、es.nits raining dogs and cats.understatement含蓄陳述nthe opposite of hyperbolenstating an idea in words that are less strong than anticipated（預期的）. nto make something appear smaller or less important than it really is. example of understatementnit does seem to be raining a little.ntheres a few cars out

16、today, arent there?euphemism委婉語nwords or phrases that substitute an agreeable or inoffensive term for a more direct one that might embarrass or suggest something unpleasant nprofane(非宗教的;世俗的)words and expressions are generally taken from three areas: religion, toilets, and sex. religionngod gosh/gol

17、lynjesus jeezndevil old nicktoiletsnmens room / womens room nthe little boys room / the little girls room nrestroom nbathroomnwash my handsnthe head, (sailors terminology術語)nlatrine (common military term)sexnsleep with someonenshagnbonknexchanging bodily fluidsngetting laiddeathnpassed awaynpassed o

18、nndepartednkicked the bucketnbought the farmnpushing up daisiesnsleeping with the fishes(掉水里淹死)ironynstating one thing while meaning the exact opposite. nor the person could be trying to be rude, even though the words used are seemingly polite etc.example of ironynyour friend turns up in ripped（撕裂的）

19、 jeans. with a smirk（傻笑；假笑）, you say, i see you have put on your best clothes!sarcasmnsarcasm is a form of irony that is widely used in english especially when people are being humorous. ngenerally the sarcastic speaker or writer means the exact opposite of the word they use, often intending to be r

20、ude or to laugh at the person the words are addressed（針對） to.example of sarcasmni love being married. its so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for the rest of your lifenid insult you, but youre not bright enough to notice. nnot all men are annoying. some are dead. synecdoche（提喻

21、提喻 ： 是不直接說某一事物的名稱，而是借事物的本身所呈現(xiàn)的各種對應的現(xiàn)象來表現(xiàn)該事物的這樣一種修辭手段。提喻提喻又稱舉偶法。）na figure by which a more comprehensive term is used for a less comprehensive or vice vers; as whole for part or part for whole, genus（類，種；屬） for species or species for genus, etc.example of synedochenall hands were summoned to the quar

22、ter-deck(后甲板), nwhere hands is used to describe sailors .antithesis（對比）na direct contrast in which two sets of figures are set in opposition to one another. example of antithesisn“and so, my fellow americans, ask not, what your country can do for you. ask what you can do for your country.”j f kenned

23、ys inaugural address winston churchill, in which he challenges the luftwaffe (the german air force): n“you do your worst - and we will do our best.”nto err is human, to forgive divine（神圣的；非凡的）.parallelism（排比）nparallelism refers to the figure of speech that expresses relevant ideas in the same or sim

24、ilar grammatical structures. nit helps make a sentence brief, smooth and coherent(連貫的)and give it rhythm, balance and force. example of parallelismnto have and to hold from this day forward, nfor better for worse, nfor richer for poorer, nin sickness and in health, nto love and to cherish, ntill dea

25、th us do part.example of parallelismnthe boy was sitting under a tree, singing a song and repairing his bicycle.nthe boy was sitting under a tree, nsinging a song nand repairing his bicycle.oxymoron（矛盾修辭法）nancient greek : oxus = sharp moros = dull noxymoron = a sharp dullness or a foolish wise. n.a

26、self contradicting phrase. oxymoronna rhetorical figure by which contradictory or incongruous(不一致的)terms are conjoined(結合；連結)so as to give point to the statement or expression; nan expression, in its superficial or literal meaning self-contradictory or absurd, but involving a point. n(now often loos

27、ely(寬松地)or erroneously(錯誤地；) used as if merely = a contradiction in terms, an incongruous conjunction.)example of oxymoronnpretty uglyncivil warnmobile homendry icenwhite goldnold newsnoriginal copynvoice mailnhalf nakednfinal draftnalmost perfectnopen secretnworking holidaynminor crisisnact natural

28、lynonly choicepun(雙關語；俏皮話)na play on wordsnthe humorous use of a word, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words. example of punni do it for the pun of it.nseven days without water

29、makes one weak.nwhats wrong with this fish? long time no sea.nwhat do lawyers do when they die? lie still.ntry our sweet corn. you will smile from ear to ear(笑得合不攏嘴).example of punnold photographers never die, they just have flash backs.nthat new mystery novel has a killer start to it.ni wondered wh

30、y the baseball was getting bigger. then it hit me.nhe wanted to fly a kite, but it was over his head.nthe hospital lab is recruiting. theyre looking for new blood.clich（陳詞濫調(diào)，老生常談）na clich is a hackneyed（陳腐的；平庸的）phrase or expression. nthe phrase may once have been fresh or striking（顯著突出的）, but it has

31、 become tired through over-use. example of clichnno pain, no gainnevery coin has two sidesnlast, but not least, avoid clichs like the plague（瘟疫）瘟疫）. paradox（自相矛盾，悖論）nparadox is a figure of speech in which a statement appears to be self-contradictory, but contains something of a truth.nparadox is use

32、d for emphasis or stylistic effect. example of paradoxnthe child is father to the man.ncowards（懦夫） die many times before their death.zenos paradox(芝諾,希臘哲學家)nthe tortoise challenged achilles to a race, claiming that he would win as long as achilles gave him a small head start（先行一點點).n achilles laughe

33、d at this, for of course he was a mighty warrior and swift of foot, whereas the tortoise was heavy and slow.zenos paradoxn“how big a head start do you need?” he asked the tortoise with a smile.n“ten meters,” the latter replied.nachilles laughed louder than ever.n“you will surely lose, my friend, in

34、that case,” he told the tortoise, “but let us race, if you wish it.”zenos paradoxon the contrary,” said the tortoise, “i will win, and i can prove it to you by a simple argument.”zenos paradoxn“go on then,” achilles replied, with less confidence than he felt before.he knew he was the superior athlet

35、e, but he also knew the tortoise had the sharper wits（智慧), and he had lost many a bewildering(使人困惑的) argument with him before this.zenos paradoxn“suppose,” began the tortoise, “that you give me a 10-meter head start.nwould you say that you could cover that 10 meters between us very quickly?”n“very q

36、uickly,” achilles affirmed(斷言；肯定）.n“and in that time, how far should i have gone, do you think?”zenos paradoxn“perhaps a meter no more,” said achilles after a moments thought.n“very well,” replied the tortoise, “so now there is a meter between us. and you would catch up that distance very quickly?”n

37、“very quickly indeed!”zenos paradoxn“and yet, in that time i shall have gone a little way farther, so that now you must catch that distance up, yes?”nye-es,” said achilles slowly.n“and while you are doing so, i shall have gone a little way farther, so that you must then catch up the new distance,” the tortoise continued smoothly.zenos paradoxnachilles said nothing.n“and so you see, in each moment you must be catching up the distance between us, and yet i at the same time will be adding a new distance, however small, for you