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1、-作者xxxx-日期xxxx現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)講解【精品文檔】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。本時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志詞:already (“已經(jīng)”,用于肯定句中,放在have /has之后或句尾); yet (“仍然”“還”,用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句的句尾) just(“剛剛”,放在have /has之后); before(“以前”,放在句尾);ever(“曾經(jīng)”,放在have /has之后) never (“從沒(méi)有”,在have /has之后)例句:1.Our teacher has just left. have studied English already.3.I
2、 have not finished the homework yet.4.He has never been to Beijing before.例:I have just turned off the light. 我剛剛把燈關(guān)上。(結(jié)果是燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了) She has lost her bike.她把自行車(chē)丟了。(影響是他現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有自行車(chē)騎了) The rain has stopped now.雨已經(jīng)停了。(結(jié)果是我們可以出門(mén)了) I
3、0;have already read the book.我已讀過(guò)這本書(shū)了。(結(jié)果是已知道這本書(shū)的內(nèi)容) She has had a good education.她受到過(guò)良好的教育。(影響是她文化水平高,有修養(yǎng))2.某個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,還有可能持續(xù)到將來(lái). (也可能不繼續(xù)下去),常同包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如:today, now, this week, this morning, these days,
4、60;this afternoon, recently, so far等動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性要通過(guò)一段時(shí)間來(lái)表示一段時(shí)間的表達(dá)方法有兩種:for: +一段時(shí)間 for a year for two weeks for three yearsSince +過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻, since nine since last week Since +一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 since you came ; since you got home.例:We have had much snow this winte
5、r. 今年冬天多雪。 She has taught in the school for ten years.她在這所學(xué)校教書(shū)已經(jīng)10年了。 I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.我從早飯起就一直沒(méi)有吃東西。 We have been busy this morning.今天上午我們一直很忙。 I have known her&
6、#160;since we were children.我從小就認(rèn)識(shí)她。 I haven't seen John today.我今天沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到約翰。 It has rained a lot these days.這些天多雨。注意:結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞不能和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但是它們可以轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞. buy have;catch(get) a cold have a cold;borrowkeep;becomebe;put on- wear2.轉(zhuǎn)換成
7、be+名詞 join the army be a soldier;join the Party be a Party member;go to school be a student 3轉(zhuǎn)換成be+形容詞或副詞 diebe dead;finish be over;beginbe on;leavebe away ; fall sleep be asleep close be closed come to/ go to/arrive at(in)+某地be in(at) +某地4.轉(zhuǎn)換成 be+介詞短語(yǔ)go to school be in school ; get up_ be up;)
8、;表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間到說(shuō)話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次動(dòng)作的總和,常同頻度副詞always, often, seldom, never等連用 例:He has done a lot of work in the past two years. 在過(guò)去兩年中他做了許多工作。 I have learned about two hundred English words
9、;this morning.本月我學(xué)了大約200個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。 I have been to the Great Wall twice.我曾經(jīng)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城兩次 It has rained every day this week.這個(gè)星期天天下雨。 She has always walked to school.她一直步行去學(xué)校。 I have never seen such
10、 a beautiful bird.我從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)這么美麗的鳥(niǎo)。 I have often met the old man on my way to work.我在上班的路上常常遇見(jiàn)那位老人。 4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系,只是說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去。 比:I have washed the car. 我洗過(guò)了
11、車(chē)。(看上去很漂亮) I washed the car a moment ago.我剛才洗過(guò)車(chē)了。 She has watered the flowers.她已經(jīng)澆了花。(不需要再澆了) She watered the flowers yesterday.她昨天澆的花。 I have written the letter but I haven't posted
12、0;it yet. 信我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)好了,但還沒(méi)有寄出。 I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago.我上周寫(xiě)的那封信,3天前寄出的。 2現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則單純表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)歷。 比:It has rained for five hours. 雨已經(jīng)下了5個(gè)小時(shí)了。 It&
13、#160;rained for live hours yesterday.昨天下了5個(gè)小時(shí)的雨。 He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已經(jīng)兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。 He waited for her two hours and then went home.他等她等了兩個(gè)小時(shí),然后就回家了。 I have reviewed t
14、wo lessons this morning.今天上午我已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。(說(shuō)話時(shí)還在上午) I reviewed two lessons this morning.今天上午我復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。(說(shuō)話時(shí)已是下午或晚上) 3現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞: 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)常見(jiàn)標(biāo)志詞1. already(已經(jīng)), just(剛剛), never(從未/從沒(méi)有), ever(曾經(jīng)), yet(仍然/還), before(以前(句尾時(shí)) 2. since+點(diǎn)時(shí)刻或從句; for+段時(shí)間; ho
15、w long(疑問(wèn)句中用來(lái)提問(wèn)since/for短語(yǔ)的)3. so far;till now;by now(到目前為止;迄今)4. recently近來(lái)in the past/last+段時(shí)間 在過(guò)去的幾年中5. once(一次),twice,three(four) times6. It is the+最高級(jí)+n.+ (that) sb.have ever done 專項(xiàng)練習(xí):一、單選1 You have _ a tall young man. A grown B grown into C grown us D grown up2 He
16、 has _ the watch for a year. A buy B bought C have D had3 Has your brother _ the dog? A kept in B fed C fed on D kept on4I _this book for two weeks, I have to return it now.A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept5 Have
17、 you ever _to the Great Wall? It's very beautiful. A gone B been C went D go 6 Her brother _the Party since 1978. A joined B has joined C has been in D was in 7 The Greens _many places of interest since they came to China. A will visit B
18、visited C have visited D visit8 I'm sorry, I _ your name. A had forgotten B forgot C have forgotten D forgotten9 The bookshop _ for eight years. A has been open B has been opened Chas opened D has open10 We have
19、60; all the paper so we need to buy some. A used up B made of C filled with D hunted for11 The flower I _grown up. A planted has B planted have C has planted D have planted 二、填空1 Have you ever _(take)
20、a train?2 It _(be ) more than three years since Jim _(leave) here.3 Have you _(make)friends with your new classmates yet?4 I _(have) my lunch and I'm not hungry now.5 Jim has never seen a panda, _he?6 We _(be) good friends since we met at school.7 We can't find him anywhere. Perhaps he_(go)
21、home.8 He _(read) the book before.9 Mr. Green _(teach) us a lot about social studies since September.10 I _never_ (meet) her sister before.四、have been to與 have gone to 易弄混 例:我去過(guò)北京。 I have gone to Beijing. 答案:I have been to Beijing.
22、60; 解析:"have been to+地點(diǎn)" 是表示曾去過(guò)某地,但此刻不在那兒(即在說(shuō)話的地方)。而"have gone to+地點(diǎn)" 是表示去某地了,此刻在路上或已經(jīng)到了那個(gè)地方(即不在說(shuō)話的地方)。注意:這兩個(gè)句式后接副詞時(shí),需省to。E.g. He has gone there. 五、 忘記把a(bǔ)lready變成yet 例:I have already finished my homework.(變一般疑問(wèn)句)
23、60; Have you already finished your homework? 答案: Have you finished your homework yet? 解析:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中,肯定句中有already,變否定句或疑問(wèn)句時(shí)通常要改為yet 六、在條件、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)例:I'll go with you when I finish(finish) my homework. 答案:have finis
24、hed 解析:在條件、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。但注意,此時(shí)表示這動(dòng)作將在另一動(dòng)作之前完成,若兩動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,則一般不用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 另外,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)易與一般過(guò)去時(shí)弄混,前邊已經(jīng)講過(guò),這里不在重復(fù) 一語(yǔ)法1Past perfect Tense 過(guò)去完成時(shí) (1) 構(gòu)成:由助動(dòng)詞had + 過(guò)去分詞 構(gòu)成 否定式:had not + 過(guò)去分詞 縮寫(xiě)形式:hadnt (2) 用法 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。 (3) 它所表示的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。表示過(guò)
25、去某一時(shí)間可用by, before 等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示也可以用when, before, after 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示 還可以通過(guò)賓語(yǔ)從句或通過(guò)上下文暗示。When I got there, you had already eaten you meal. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)那里時(shí),你已經(jīng)開(kāi)始吃了。By the time he got here, the bus had left. 到他到達(dá)這里時(shí),汽車(chē)已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。 它表示句子中描述的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。 具體如下: 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本用法 (1)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作
26、以前完成了的動(dòng)作,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。可以用by, before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示,也可以用一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)表示,還可能通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。例如: By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘,我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來(lái)的圖片。 (2)表示由過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如: I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally
27、came.當(dāng)車(chē)來(lái)的時(shí)候,我在車(chē)站已等了20分鐘。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說(shuō)自從1949年以來(lái)他就在那家工廠工作。 (3)敘述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情,在已敘述了過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情后,反過(guò)來(lái)追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),常使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如: Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my les
28、son.我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無(wú)所知,因?yàn)槲覜](méi)有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。 (4)在含有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果敘述的是過(guò)去的事,先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如: I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書(shū)。 She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。 (5)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語(yǔ)從句(或間接引語(yǔ))中,這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前。例如: He said that he had known her well.他說(shuō)他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter
29、a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 (6)在包含有when,until等連詞的復(fù)合句中,如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的過(guò)去動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的,那么先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示。例如: When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒來(lái)時(shí)雨已停了。 She didnt go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺(jué)。 注意:如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生,則常常不用過(guò)去完成時(shí),特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中,因?yàn)檫@時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作
30、發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,這時(shí)可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如: After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后,努力提高他的英語(yǔ)水平。 (7)動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法,希望,打算或意圖等。例如: They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來(lái)打算去幫忙,但沒(méi)有及時(shí)趕到那里。 We had hoped to be
31、able to come and see you .我們本來(lái)希望能來(lái)看看你。 (8)過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)等固定句型中。例如: Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開(kāi)始演講,聽(tīng)眾就打斷了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。 It was the third time that he ha
32、d been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。即:過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1) 概念:表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去 -|-|-|->其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。 那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2) 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 狀語(yǔ)從句 在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過(guò)去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
33、 c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本,未能" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began
34、to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 專項(xiàng)練習(xí):一、單選1 When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother _already_to hospital. A has; been sent B had; sent C has; sent D had; been sent2 We _five English songs by the end of last term. A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned 3 Han Mei told me she _lunch, so she was very hungry. A has had B hasn't have C have had D hadn't had4 By the end
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