大學(xué)考博翻譯課程講義全說(shuō)課講解

1、學(xué)習(xí) 好資料2011 年通用考博英語(yǔ)翻譯講義考博翻譯的重要性1、考博英語(yǔ) difficult 。2、考博翻譯最難做。（ 1）翻譯是主觀題。（2）做翻譯需要單詞基礎(chǔ)，語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)，閱讀基礎(chǔ)和強(qiáng)大的漢語(yǔ)功底。 例：本次旅行有北京、上海等地。This trip/travel/tour includes Beijing and Shanghai.3）各所學(xué)校的命題非常不穩(wěn)定?？疾┓g的概述翻譯你做過(guò)嗎？做翻譯不是看翻譯Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps nev

2、er before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.在聯(lián)系不同的民族和國(guó)家方面，電視或許以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有像在最近歐洲事件中其如此大的 作用。在聯(lián)系不同的民族和國(guó)家方面，電視像在最近歐洲事件中起的作用之大前所未見(jiàn)。怎么做英譯漢One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that s

3、peculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further de

4、layed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the pric

5、e goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive record of new achievements in art,lite

6、rature, science, philosophy, education and religion. Although the foundation of many of these was classical, they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence. Indeed, many of the achievements in painting, science, politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage

7、. Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideas and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society. Notable among these in general were optimism, and individualism; but the most significant of them all was humanism. In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as empha

8、sis on the human values.It was a term derived from Cicero, who used it in the sense of devotion to the liberal arts, or the subjects most compatible with the dignity of man. The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic. They strove for a smooth and

9、elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of man's nature. 翻譯的步驟：一、畫(huà)豎線目的：初步斷開(kāi)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，化繁為簡(jiǎn) 原則：1、拆出主句，分清從句；2、拆出主干，分清修飾； 最佳方式：找斷句點(diǎn)（1）連詞；（2）引導(dǎo)詞；（3）介詞；（4）分詞；（5） to； （6）標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)；（ 79） We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves,

10、 great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.二、寫(xiě)漢字：以每一小節(jié)作為單位來(lái)寫(xiě)漢字 目的：初步了解每一個(gè)小結(jié)構(gòu)的意思；（ 79） We accept and welcome, therefore, as

11、 conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.三、連漢字目的： 把每一小節(jié)連接成為通順的句子； 需要適

12、當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)整順序， 或者把一些不通順的 詞語(yǔ)替換掉。調(diào)整順序的本源是英語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)和修飾關(guān)系。 替換漢語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)的本源是依據(jù)英語(yǔ)的基本詞義和上下文的意譯。（ 79） We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of compet

13、ition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race. 因此，我們接受和歡迎環(huán)境的巨大不平等；生意、工業(yè)和商業(yè)集中在少數(shù)人手中和少數(shù)人之 間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則，這作為我們自己必須適應(yīng)的條件，因?yàn)檫@不僅僅對(duì)人類今后的進(jìn)步有益。 因此，我們接受和歡迎環(huán)境的巨大不平等；工商貿(mào)集中在少數(shù)人手中以及少數(shù)人之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 法則，這作為我們自己必須適應(yīng)的條件，因?yàn)檫@不僅僅對(duì)人類今后的進(jìn)步有益。 （最終） 3 There are many facts in a given historical period

14、 that can be easily stuffed into our mind. but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.我們的大腦很容易記住許多特定歷史時(shí)期的事實(shí)，但是選擇和鑒別重大事實(shí)卻是更為艱 難的事情并且取決于我們自己的觀點(diǎn)。英漢翻譯技巧一、詞意選擇，適當(dāng)引申二、（ 1）分析詞根和詞綴來(lái)翻譯三、（ 2）分析詞性來(lái)翻譯四、（ 3）分析上下文來(lái)翻譯五、（ 4）結(jié)合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣和

15、固定搭配來(lái)翻譯六、適當(dāng)增加七、翻譯成漢語(yǔ)后，在不改變英語(yǔ)意思的前提下，適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)，使句子更通順。八、適當(dāng)減少九、適當(dāng)重復(fù) 可以適當(dāng)重復(fù)出原文省略的部分，或者把并列結(jié)構(gòu)中的相同部分重復(fù)出來(lái)。We don't retreat , we never have and never will. 我們不會(huì)退卻，我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有后退過(guò)，今后也決不會(huì)退卻。 十、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換 十一、 把英語(yǔ)的詞性變換成漢語(yǔ)的其他詞性來(lái)翻譯。 十二、 四字成語(yǔ)練習(xí)Passage 371 The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a med

16、ical school is that the No 1 health problem in the U S today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don't know how to think about health and illness.在醫(yī)學(xué)院擔(dān)任十二年教師，我所得到的主要印象是：當(dāng)今美國(guó)的首要健康問(wèn)題甚至比艾滋和 癌癥更為嚴(yán)重的是美國(guó)人不知該怎樣對(duì)待健康和疾病?？疾┓g的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1、準(zhǔn)確2、通順 準(zhǔn)確是前提，其次求通順，另外檢查譯文的方式是多讀譯文。定語(yǔ)從句前置的翻譯1、定語(yǔ)從句前置 即把定語(yǔ)從句翻譯到它

17、修飾的先行詞的前面，并習(xí)慣用“的”來(lái)連接。Passage 372We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst and the result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional atte

18、ntion. 我們害怕最糟糕的事情發(fā)生，期望最糟糕的事情發(fā)生，從而招致了最糟糕的事情發(fā)生，其結(jié) 果是我們美國(guó)正逐漸成為一個(gè)弱者和疑病癥患者的民族，一個(gè)自我診斷的社會(huì)，而不能對(duì)輕 微的日常癥狀和那些需要專業(yè)護(hù)理的癥狀加以區(qū)分。Passage 101Genuine love is more likely to involve a process of “ growing ” in love rather than “ falling ” in love. This may sound terribly unromantic to some who are used to hearing talk

19、about “ falling in love” or being “head over heels in love. ” 真愛(ài)更可能是一個(gè)萌生愛(ài)意的過(guò)程，而并非是墜入愛(ài)河。對(duì)于那些聽(tīng)?wèi)T了一見(jiàn)鐘情，愛(ài)得神 魂顛倒的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這或許太不浪漫了。Passage 142. In reality, the way one experiences old age is contingent upon circumstances of late-life events ( in what order they occur, how they occur, when they occur )and the s

20、ocial supports one receives: adequate finances, shelter, medical care, social roles, religious support, recreation. 事實(shí)上，一個(gè)人老年的經(jīng)歷如何，取決于晚年事件發(fā)生的環(huán)境和一個(gè)人所獲得的社會(huì)支持： 前者包括這些事件發(fā)生的先后順序，怎樣發(fā)生的，和何時(shí)發(fā)生的，后者包括足夠的財(cái)力、住 宿條件、醫(yī)療保障、社會(huì)地位、宗教支持、娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)。Passage 152. It is primarily a term for the socially elaborated segment of hum

21、an behavior in any culture; and abnormality, is a term for the segment that particular civilization does not use. 正常術(shù)語(yǔ)主要是用來(lái)指在任何文化中，社會(huì)所解釋的那部分人類行為，而變態(tài)術(shù)語(yǔ)主要是用 來(lái)指特定文化所不能接受的那部分人類行為。代詞指代1、直接對(duì)應(yīng)2、指代明確3、用“這”等替代Passage 153. Its variability among different people is essentially a function of the variability of

22、the behavior patterns that different societies have created for themselves, and can never be wholly divorced from a consideration of culturally institutionalized types of behavior. 不同人之間正常行為的可變性主要是由不同社會(huì)為其自己所設(shè)立的行為模式的可變性所決定 的，并且絕對(duì)不能完全脫離了文化的制度化的行為模式來(lái)加以考慮。如果定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，信息負(fù)載量不大，翻譯時(shí)前置。定語(yǔ)從句后置的翻譯如果定語(yǔ)從句太復(fù)雜或里面包含

23、的內(nèi)容太多時(shí)，需要后置。1 Contemporary technological reporting is full of notions of electronic communities in which people interact across regions or entire continents.地區(qū)之間甚至是整個(gè)大陸之間人們通過(guò)電子技術(shù)交流而構(gòu)成電子社區(qū)，這種概念在現(xiàn)代技術(shù) 報(bào)告中比比皆是2 For example, electronic communication filters out and alters much of the subtlety, warmth, co

24、ntextuality, and so on that seem important to fully human, morally engaged interaction.例如，電子交流過(guò)濾并且改變了大多數(shù)的細(xì)微的心理差別，情緒的熱烈程度，周圍的環(huán)境等 等，而這些似乎對(duì)于那些完全人性化涉及道德的交流來(lái)說(shuō)顯得非常重要Born to WinEach human being is born as something new, something that never existed before. Each is born with the capacity to win at life. Eac

25、h person has a unique way of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and thinking. Each has his or her own unique potentials-capabilities and limitations. Each can be a significant, thinking, aware, and creative being-a productive person, a winner. 每個(gè)人生來(lái)就是一個(gè)先前從未存在過(guò)的嶄新個(gè)體，他在人生中成功立業(yè)的能力與生俱來(lái)。每 個(gè)人都以其獨(dú)特的方式觀察，輕輕

26、觸摸，體味和思索大千世界。每個(gè)人都可以憑自己的努力 成為一個(gè)有價(jià)值，有頭腦，有感悟和有創(chuàng)造性的人即成功者。（5 分）人皆生而為新為前所未有則存在。人皆生而為贏。人皆有其特例獨(dú)行之方式去審視，聆聽(tīng)， 觸摸，品味及思考因而都具備獨(dú)特的潛質(zhì)能力和局限。人皆能舉足輕重，思慮明達(dá)，洞察秋 毫，富有創(chuàng)意，成就功業(yè)（ 8 分） 人人皆生而為新，生于世而亙古未見(jiàn)。人人皆生而為贏，富于思而受用終生。人人皆特例獨(dú) 行所見(jiàn)，所聞，所感，所說(shuō)，所品，所思異彩紛呈。人人皆卓爾不凡，知其所能，查其所限。 人人皆是舉足輕重，思慮明達(dá)，洞察秋毫，富有創(chuàng)意，人人皆是卓越的天才，人人兼具王者 的風(fēng)范。（ 10 分）72 For

27、individual sportsmen, pilots and drivers, speed had the status of a privileged substance to which, in those early days, only a minority had full access. Mechanized speed made men, and a few women, into heroes, and it remains a commodity to which males, in particular, are attracted. 對(duì)于個(gè)體的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，飛行員和駕駛員來(lái)

28、說(shuō)，速度具有一種特權(quán)的財(cái)富地位，在早期只有少數(shù) 人才完全有辦法獲得這種地位。機(jī)械化的速度使得男性以及少數(shù)女性成為了英雄，速度儼然 成為了一種商品，尤其是男性對(duì)此趨之若鶩。1 I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were ap

29、palling. 我曾經(jīng)碰到這樣的一些人，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)在談話過(guò)程中可能出現(xiàn)的所有話題他們都能夠提供事實(shí) 和數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)加以支持，但是他們的觀點(diǎn)相當(dāng)令人驚愕。否定結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯（一）部分否定：代詞或者副詞， all/both/every./many/entirely/altogether/absolutely/wholly completely+not 并非所有 .；并不是都 .例： All that glitters not gold.Both the windows are not open.Everybody does not believe the rumour.（二）全部否定： never/no/n

30、ot/none/nobody/nothing/nowhere/neither/nor/not at all He is no professor.None of my friends smoke.Our great motherland has never before being so prosperous as it is today.（三）雙重否定：是指同一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)否定詞，即否定之否定not.not No spaceship can't be loaded with man.（四）注意具有否定意義的詞The specification lacks detail.The e

31、rror in calculation escape the accountant. far fromThe newspaper.are far from .beyondHe is anything but scholar.The machine is working none the worse.might as well小結(jié)： 如果定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，信息負(fù)載量比較大，翻譯到先行詞前面不通順的話需要后 置。這時(shí)可以和主句脫離單獨(dú)成句，但常常需要重復(fù)先行詞或者用代詞重復(fù)。狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法 英語(yǔ)中的狀語(yǔ)從句可以直接翻譯，但一般要把時(shí)間、條件、讓步和原因狀語(yǔ)從句翻譯到 主句之前。3

32、 Infatuation often entails feelings of insecurity whenever the "lovers" are separated; feelings of doubt, fickleness, uncertainty, and fear of loss often accompany infatuation.一旦相愛(ài)的雙方分開(kāi)，癡情經(jīng)常伴隨而來(lái)的是不安全的感覺(jué)；懷疑，朝三暮四，猶豫不決， 患得患失經(jīng)常伴隨癡情而來(lái)。4 Infatuation tends to be more manipulative than love becaus

33、e a lasting feeling of relationship probably has not developed, so that the individuals are still concerned mainly about their own needs and satisfactions.癡情之所以比愛(ài)情更具有操控性，是因?yàn)橐环N長(zhǎng)久的感情關(guān)系或許還沒(méi)有建立，這樣一來(lái)相 愛(ài)的雙方個(gè)人都仍然主要關(guān)注的是他們各自的需要和滿足感。2 If man's mind cannot be turned into a logic-machine, neither can it fun

34、ction properly as a great emotional sponge, to be squeezed at will.如果人類的思維不能成為一臺(tái)邏輯機(jī)器的話，那么它也不能成為一塊巨大的感情海綿可以任 意的擠壓。Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with one's

35、own personality and one's life. （ 1） 死亡是戲劇般的， 一次性的危機(jī)， 然而衰老則是一天天一年年的與內(nèi)外強(qiáng)大力量抗?fàn)幍倪^(guò)程， 一個(gè)苦樂(lè)參半的過(guò)程，逐漸適應(yīng)自己的性格和自己的生活。特殊句型的翻譯被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)1. 首先可以主賓顛倒2. 其次可以用讓，給，叫，受到，得到，加以，得以，為.所，由 .來(lái)，是 .的等代替，但必要的時(shí)候增加人們或者有人等泛指的主語(yǔ)，少用被字。The process of aging and eventual death must ultimately be accepted as the natural progression of

36、the life cycle, the old completing their prescribed life spans and making way for the young. （ 3） 人們把變老的過(guò)程以及最后的死亡最終認(rèn)為是生命周期的自然進(jìn)化，老年人完成了他們的壽 數(shù)給年輕人讓路特殊句型的翻譯形式主語(yǔ)It is形式主語(yǔ)可以當(dāng)作詞組翻譯到句子最開(kāi)頭，用據(jù)./有人 ./.的是It is reported that.It is taken that.It is noticed that.It is important that.It can not be denied that.It c

37、an be said whitout exaggeration that. 可以先翻譯后面部分這是 .的It is difficult to do translation.It is important that.5 For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year, revolving losses running into millions of pounds. These are caused by machine or human err

38、or and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage. The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $ 900 million per year.例如，據(jù)報(bào)道英國(guó)的企業(yè)每年遭受大約30 起重大的災(zāi)難。 其中包含損失高達(dá)數(shù)百萬(wàn)英鎊。 這些是由機(jī)械故障和人為的過(guò)失所引起的并不包括以欺詐和破壞等形式所引起的人為的濫用。 僅僅在英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生

39、產(chǎn)的軟件中其損失的代價(jià)，據(jù)保守的估計(jì)就多達(dá)每年 9 億美元。特殊句型的翻譯 there be 句型 先翻譯英語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)再加有 There is a temple on the hill. 在山上有一座廟。 There is cup on the table. 桌上有一杯子。 There are two monks in the temple. 廟里有兩個(gè)和尚。 增加人們，大家，我們等漢語(yǔ)的泛指主語(yǔ) There is no agreement.直接翻譯為漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句3 There are many facts in a given historical period that can be eas

40、ily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection ofsignificant facts is a vastlymore difficult thing and depends uponone's point of view. 在特定的歷史時(shí)期有很多事實(shí)能夠輕易的被灌入到我們的大腦。但在鑒別和選擇重要事實(shí)方 面卻是更加重要的事情，并且取決于每個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。練習(xí)的角度： 拿到句子之后， 5 分鐘左右模擬考試寫(xiě)下漢字 十分鐘以上查閱詞典，分析英語(yǔ)，修改漢語(yǔ) 5 分鐘以上對(duì)照譯文鞏固成果 閱讀文章的翻譯：15-20 分

41、鐘?？?翻譯英語(yǔ)文章 再做一遍題 對(duì)答案 鞏固成果漢譯英 常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤分析 多數(shù)事情是不能沒(méi)有朋友而獨(dú)自享受的，但是閱讀卻是可以的。 Few things can be enjoyed without friends ， but reading is an exception.中美貿(mào)易之所以能迅速發(fā)展，根本原因在于19 世紀(jì)的精神生活比任何時(shí)代的精神生活都要復(fù)雜，這是由以下幾個(gè)原因： 第一，有關(guān)地區(qū)比以前大了，美國(guó)和俄羅斯作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)； 第二，一項(xiàng)新興的事物的主要源泉的科學(xué)取得的新的勝利，特別是在生物學(xué)、有 機(jī)化學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)等方面。The spiritual life is more comple

42、x than 大自然對(duì)人的恩賜， 無(wú)論貧富， 一律平等， 所以人們對(duì)大自然全部一致并深深地依賴 著。尤其在鄉(xiāng)間，上千年來(lái)，人們一直以不變的方式生活著：種植莊稼和葡萄，釀酒和飲酒， 喂牛和擠奶， 除草和栽花； 在周末去教堂祈禱和做禮拜； 在節(jié)日到廣場(chǎng)拉琴、 跳舞和唱歌 往日的田園依舊是今日的溫馨家園。 這樣， 每個(gè)地方都有自己的傳說(shuō)。 風(fēng)俗也就延傳了下來(lái)。 All people are blessed by nature ， rich and poor alike. That account for their deep rooted attachment to her ， especially

43、 in the countryside where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years. They grow crops and grapes ， brew the wine that they drink ， raise cows for milk ， and weed their garden for cultivation of flowers. On weekends they go to church ， and on holidays they go to play music ， whil

44、e singing and dancing in open squares. Thus their olden homeland remain as sweet as ever each with a unique folk law from which its custom have derived.容易犯的錯(cuò)誤：1. 詞匯錯(cuò)誤詞的理解偏差詞的上下搭配 各學(xué)校考博題目的來(lái)源，這對(duì)我當(dāng)老師非常有用，但對(duì)你們學(xué)生沒(méi)有多大作用 已經(jīng)整理好的學(xué)校有：北航，北師大，財(cái)科所，首師大，政法，黨校，中科院，人大， 社科院，美院，民大，但對(duì)學(xué)生沒(méi)有多大作用你們學(xué)生需要的是句子分析，怎么去做翻譯考博的題并不比考

45、研的題難，所以也可以做考研的題目來(lái)練習(xí)2. 詞語(yǔ)順序的錯(cuò)誤3. 語(yǔ)篇錯(cuò)誤逐字翻譯，畫(huà)蛇添足 重復(fù)不當(dāng)，不合習(xí)慣 斷句不當(dāng)，割裂語(yǔ)篇漢譯英翻譯的三步策略漢譯英翻譯的錯(cuò)誤： 詞匯：詞的理解偏差，詞的上下搭配錯(cuò)，詞語(yǔ)順序上的錯(cuò)，割裂語(yǔ)篇 漢譯英翻譯的三步策略：1、什么是句子？A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Most sente

46、nces contain a subject and a verb. 一個(gè)句子就是一組詞，在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，每一個(gè)句子首詞的第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě)，句末用句號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào) 或者感嘆號(hào)；大多數(shù)句子有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。結(jié)論 1英語(yǔ)的句子中， 大多數(shù)句子都有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。 那么漢英翻譯， 只要我們能把漢語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)變成為 準(zhǔn)確通順的英語(yǔ)，就需要搭建英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)等句式結(jié)構(gòu)。除了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之外，當(dāng)然還有修飾語(yǔ)。 所以，定主語(yǔ)、找謂語(yǔ)、加修飾就成了漢英翻譯的最簡(jiǎn)單，最有效，最不容易犯錯(cuò)誤的方 法。漢英翻譯三步策略1.定主語(yǔ)2.找謂語(yǔ)3. 加修飾 你知道我們圖書(shū)館所訂購(gòu)書(shū)籍的數(shù)量嗎？ 定主語(yǔ)：你 you 找謂語(yǔ)：知道數(shù)量嗎？ know t

47、he number? 加修飾：知道書(shū)籍的數(shù)量，知道圖書(shū)館所訂購(gòu)書(shū)籍的數(shù)量 Do you know the number of the books ordered by our library?漢譯英翻譯定主語(yǔ) 大多數(shù)英語(yǔ)句子都有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ) most sentences contain subject and verb 英語(yǔ)本身語(yǔ)法非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯非常嚴(yán)密的特點(diǎn)，所以，在漢英翻譯中，主語(yǔ)的確定就是 成功構(gòu)建英語(yǔ)句式結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵，也是保證英語(yǔ)譯文和漢語(yǔ)原文功能對(duì)等的關(guān)鍵。1. 確定原文的主語(yǔ)為譯文主語(yǔ)Passage 12， 2（社科院 04 年）當(dāng)前，國(guó)際形勢(shì)正經(jīng)歷著自冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以后最復(fù)雜、最深刻的變化

48、。At present, the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.Passage 12， 2（社科院 04 年） 和平與發(fā)展仍然是擺在世界各國(guó)人民面前的兩大課題。Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world. Passage 1， 5（社科院 02 年） 我們正努力教育公民不要像

49、西方國(guó)家那樣過(guò)度消費(fèi)，比如使用過(guò)多的空調(diào)、私人汽車、以及 隨意處理的產(chǎn)品。We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable products at will. 如今我們有許多不同的選擇：除傳統(tǒng)的家常菜以外，還有營(yíng)養(yǎng)保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食 品。（武漢大學(xué) 04 年）Nowadays we have many varieties of ch

50、oices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal. 若原文主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)詞，需要變?yōu)閯?dòng)名詞或者不定式Passage 2， 4（社科院 03 年）幫助真正的窮人， 要比僅僅縮小貧富差距更有價(jià)值。 幫助下層社會(huì)的人重新回到社會(huì)主流 中來(lái)，符合所有人的利益。Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities. And he

51、lping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.Passage 2， 5（社科院 03 年）推進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、 完成祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一、 維護(hù)世界和平與促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展， 是中國(guó)人民在新世紀(jì)的 三大歷史任務(wù)。To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development

52、 are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.2. 重新確定主語(yǔ)A. 確定原文的賓語(yǔ)為譯文的主語(yǔ) 偉大藝術(shù)的美學(xué)鑒賞和偉大的科學(xué)觀念的理解都需要智慧。 （中國(guó)科學(xué)院 02 年 3 月考博英語(yǔ) 翻譯試題）Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.Passage 1， 1 （社科院 02 年） 為了保證國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)、快速、健康地

53、發(fā)展，我們必須加快國(guó)有企業(yè)的改革步伐。The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.Passage 1， 3 （社科院 02 年） 目前在中國(guó)正進(jìn)行著一場(chǎng)意義深遠(yuǎn)的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)改革。 （同上） At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in

54、China. 中國(guó)的飲食方式正在發(fā)生許多變化。 （武漢大學(xué) 04 年考博英語(yǔ)翻譯試題） Many changes are taking place in China's diet style.B. 增加主語(yǔ)增加泛指的主語(yǔ)： we, one, you Passage 8（人民大學(xué) 02 年） 然而，要想了解一個(gè)人的稟賦資質(zhì)和實(shí)際能力如何，考試是考不出名堂來(lái)的。But examinations are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person.凡事應(yīng)

55、該適度，適度是最安全的。 (天津大學(xué) 01 年)One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.C. 增加主語(yǔ)增加it (多用it):在英語(yǔ)中，代詞it作主語(yǔ)的情況非常多。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)代詞表 示的意義非常豐富，它可以表示漢語(yǔ)中的氣候、天氣、時(shí)間等無(wú)主句，如“下雨了(It is raining)，三點(diǎn)了( It's 3 o'clock now )等，當(dāng)然，它還可以充當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)句和形式主語(yǔ)句型的主語(yǔ)。學(xué)好翻譯是很困難的 It is difficult to learn transla

56、tion well.自從理查德尼克松(Richard Nix on )同癌癥宣戰(zhàn)以來(lái)已經(jīng)有30年了。(武漢大學(xué)03年)It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.漢譯英翻譯找謂語(yǔ)找謂語(yǔ)的方法：1、漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、數(shù)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化；英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、數(shù)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變 化；多關(guān)注主謂一致原則，多注意英語(yǔ)句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。2、 漢語(yǔ)是明顯的動(dòng)作性語(yǔ)言，多數(shù)句子都有明顯的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞； 英語(yǔ)中只有動(dòng)詞才能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。3、漢語(yǔ)中有名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、主謂短語(yǔ)和介詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)，有是字句；英語(yǔ)中用系表 結(jié)構(gòu)

57、來(lái)翻譯。4、漢語(yǔ)有連動(dòng)式；英語(yǔ)沒(méi)有兩個(gè)動(dòng)作直接疊加的情況。( 1)用 and 連接并列謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作；( 2)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連接；( 3)用介詞短語(yǔ)代替動(dòng)作。5、 漢語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)有兼語(yǔ)式；英文中用主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)來(lái)翻譯。句型：請(qǐng)某人做某事；讓某人做某事；叫某人做某事6、漢語(yǔ)中少用被字句；漢語(yǔ)中有：把、受、讓、給、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、為.所、由 .來(lái)、是.的，等時(shí)，英語(yǔ)多用被動(dòng)句翻譯。7、漢語(yǔ)有存現(xiàn)句；英語(yǔ)多用 There be 句型翻譯。例：過(guò)去的五十年不是發(fā)明創(chuàng)新的黃金時(shí)期。The past fifty years was not the gold age for inventio

58、n and innovation.Passage 21實(shí)行改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)改變了過(guò)去封閉半封閉狀態(tài)，提高了我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)水平。Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised. Passage 8迄今為止，教育工作還沒(méi)有找到比考試更有效、更可靠的方法，著實(shí)有點(diǎn)離奇。So far, there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education, which seems kind of queer.我相信，中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織后，外商參與中國(guó)投資活動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì)將越來(lái)越多，自身發(fā)展的空間