【4年高考】江蘇省2011-2014年高考英語真題匯編：說明文閱讀

1、江蘇省2011-2014年高考英語真題匯編說明文閱讀（2014江蘇）CMost damagingly, anger weakens a persons ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.Not everyone experiences anger in th

2、e same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard

3、 duels (決斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one persons awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another. Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG (腦電圖) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity be

4、tween the right and left prefrontal (額葉前部) areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition (意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas arent balanced and, as a result of this, were likely to react. A

5、nd our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move a

6、way from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as of ensive anger: the angry person moves closer in orde

7、r to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry (不對稱) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy (同感) towards the individual who is brin

8、ging forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.61. The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger _.A. usually has a biological basis B

9、. varies among peopleC. is socially and culturally shaped D. influences ones thinking and evaluation62. What changes can be found in an angry brain? ZXXKA. Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.B. Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.C. Electrical activity corresponds to ones beha

10、viour.D. Electrical activity agrees with ones disposition.63. Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?A. Approaching the source of anger. B. Trying to control what is disliked.C. Moving away from what is disliked. D. Feeling helpless in the face of anger.64. What is the key message of t

11、he last paragraph?A. How anger differs from other emotions. B. How anger relates to other emotions.C. Behavioural responses to anger. D. Behavioural patterns of anger.61. C 62. B 63. A 64. D（2013江蘇）CIf a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is

12、 suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles (氣泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent bodythus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (減壓) sickne

13、ss if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens i

14、t, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil (化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. W

15、hat he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the worlds natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic

16、and Cretaceous periods.When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suff

17、ered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (標本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quicklyand, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened. He susp

18、ects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食動物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of icht

19、hyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (獵物) as well as predatorand often had to make a speedy exit as a result.61. Which of the following

20、is a typical symptom of the bends?A. A twisted body.B. A gradual decrease in blood supply.C. A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.D. A drop in blood pressure.62. The purpose of Rothschilds study is to see _.A. how often ichthyosaurs caught the bendsB. how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompressionC. why

21、 ichthyosaurs bent their bodiesD. when ichthyosaurs broke their bones63. Rothschilds finding stated in Paragraph 4 _.A. confirmed his assumptionB. speeded up his research processC. disagreed with his assumptionD. changed his research objectives64. Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs _.

22、A. failed to evolve an anti-decompression meansB. gradually developed measures against the bendsC. died out because of large sharks and crocodilesD. evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it61. A 62. B 63. C 64. A(2012江蘇)BDeputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic (流行

23、病) sweeping across Americas farmland. It has little to do with the usual challenges, such as flood, rising fuel prices and crop-eating insects. The country's fanners are getting older, and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place. National agricultural census (普查) figures show

24、 that the fastest-growing group of fanners is the part over 65. Merrigan is afraid the average age will be even higher when the 2012 statistics are completed.Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about

25、careers in agriculture. Aside from trying to stop the graying of .America's farmers, her work is made tougher by a recent blog posting that put agriculture at No.1 on a list of "useless" college degrees. Top federal agriculture officials are talking about the posting, and it has the at

26、tention of agricultural organizations across the country.“There couldn't be anything that's more incorrect," Merrigan said. "We know that there aren't enough qualified graduates to fill the jobs that are out there in American agriculture.In addition, a growing world population

27、that some experts predict will require 70% more food production by 2050, she said.“I truly believe we're at a golden age of agriculture. Global demand is at an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows," said Matt Rush, director of the Texas Farm Bureau. "Pr

28、oduction costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture. "The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food. The National Young Farmers' Coal

29、ition has also been pushing for state and federal policy changes to make it easier for new farmers.Ryan Best, president of Future Fanners of America, has been living out of a suitcase, traveling the country and visiting with high school students about careers in agriculture. The 21 -year-old Best ho

30、pes his message-that this is a new time in agriculture-will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics. Never before have we had the innovations ( 創(chuàng)新) in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been,” he said. “theres really a pla

31、ce for everybody to fit in.”59. What is the new challenge to American agriculture?A. Fewer and older farmers.B. Higher fuel prices.C. More natural disasters.D. Lower agricultural output.60.Why is Merrigan visiting universities across the country?A.To draw federal agriculture officials' attention

32、.B.To select qualified agriculture graduates.C.To clarify a recent blog posting.D.To talk more students into farming careers61.According to Matt Rush, American agriculture will provide opportunities for younger people because_.A.the government will cover production costsB.global food supplies will b

33、e even lowerC.investment in agriculture will be profitableD.America will increase its food export62.What do the underlined words "to turn around the statistics" in the last paragraph mean?A.To re-analyze the result of the national census.B.To increase agricultural production.C.To bring dow

34、n the average age of farmers.D.To invest more in agriculture.【考點】科技類說明文【文章大意】本文是一篇科技文，主要介紹了美國在農業(yè)方面臨農民人數(shù)少，年齡偏大的問題，同時還缺少專業(yè)大學生從事農業(yè)生產。該怎么樣解決這個問題。59.【答案】A【試題解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第三句“The countrys farmers are getting older, and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place”可知，A項正確。 【難度】一般60.【答案】D【試題

35、解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句中“is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture”可知，D項正確?！倦y度】一般61.【答案】C【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中“Global demand is at an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows”可推斷Matt Rush認為，全球對農業(yè)

36、的需要達到了最高，而全球的供應則達到了最低，故在農業(yè)上投資肯定會獲利，即C項正確?！倦y度】一般62.【答案】C【試題解析】句意理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句中“this is a new time in agriculture will motivate the next generation”可推斷此處表示的是“農業(yè)的新時機將會激勵下一代來參與，即農民的平均年齡將會年輕化”，故C項正確?！倦y度】一般【長難句解析】1.Deputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic (流行病) sweeping across Ameri

37、cas farmland.本句是see sb. / sth. doing sth.的復合結構。2. Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture.本句是介詞短語in hope of doing sth. 希望。3. The 21 -year-old Best hopes his message-that this

38、is a new time in agriculture-will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics.本句是his message 的同位語從句4. Never before have we had the innovations ( 創(chuàng)新) in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been,”本句never 否定詞放在句首，后面用部分倒裝，the innov

39、ations的定語從句，which是關系代詞。(2012江蘇)CMedical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the bodyand the body from themuntil they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger(引發(fā)) thi

40、s release, including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risksburns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light (NIR,近紅外線) on the drug in the capsule.The idea of using ligh

41、t to liberate the drug in the capsule isn't new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb cither ultraviolet (UV,紫外線) or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug relea

42、se can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds(化合物)absorb NIR well and go through chemical changes.That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at th

43、e University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing group called o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leadi

44、ng to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules that's even better. This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups l

45、inked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive(易反應的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs

46、absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. What's more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poiso

47、nous to cells.63.According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger?A. Temperature change.B. NIR light.C. Acidity change.D. UV light.64.Why in ONB unsatisfactory?A.It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.B.It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.C.It has not come

48、onto the market up till now.D.It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.65. Which word can be used to complete the following process of changes?A. Protected B. formedC. exposedD. combined【考點】日常生活類說明文【文章大意】。本文圍繞“怎樣使用膠囊，讓我們生病吃藥更加安全、而且療效好”這個主題展開研究，來展開話題的。63.【答案】B【試題解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Now, researche

49、rs in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light on the drug in the capsule.”可知，應選B項。 【難度】一般64.【答案】D【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown”和“and it could be poisonous to cells”可知，應選D項。【難度】較難65.【答案】C【試題解析】細節(jié)理解題。

50、根據(jù)最后一段中“When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed”可知此處用exposed，即C項正確?！倦y度】一般【長難句解析】1. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb cither ultraviolet (UV,紫外線) or visible light.本句是polymers (聚合物) and other

51、 materials的定語從句， when 引導的時間狀語從句。2. This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive(易反應的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature本句是called動詞過去分詞做后置定語，修飾a long chain of compounds. 后面是reactive(易反應的) compo

52、nents的定語從句（2011江蘇）CAccording to the US government, wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gig watts of electricity every year.Unfortunately,the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills(see picture)to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway,however,

53、could help put them anywhere.The project, called Hywind,is the worlds first large-scale deepwater wind turbine(渦輪發(fā)電機).Although it uses a fairly standard 152-ton,2.3-megawatt turbine,Hywind represents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar(see pi

54、cture),a technology Hywinds creator,the Norwegian company StatoilHydro,has developed recently. The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable(纜索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving u

55、p and down in the waves.Hywinds stability(穩(wěn)定性)in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September

56、.To produce electricity on a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than Hywind does, but its difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spars to design a new kind of wi

57、nd turbine, one whose gearbox(變速箱) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades (see picture )Hywind is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting floating wind-farm technology could be extremely large. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all existing offshore windmills are planted. Deep-sea farms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmill-as-eyesore objection. If the technology catches on, it will open up vast area