大學(xué)體驗英語英語視聽說教程3-U2

1、2021/8/51UNIT 2Nature or Nurture?Quetu2021/8/52Its not that Im so smart; its just that I stay with problems longer.QuetuAlbert Einstein2021/8/53 What do you know about Albert Einstein? Where is he from? What did he achieve? Stories in his childhood his marriage his manner .2021/8/54Nature or Nurture

2、? Elbert Einstein is probably the most influntial scientist and greatest physicist of the 20th century. He revolutionized our ideas about time and space, and he is best known for his theory of relativity and his equation E=MC2, which explians the relationship between energy and mass. By age 30 he wa

3、s considered by many to be one of the worlds greatest scientific thinkers.2021/8/55Background InformationUnit OverviewLesson 1Lesson 2Supplementary ReadingHome listening2021/8/56 What led to Einsteins success? This has been discussed for a long time. In thi s unit, two contrasting views on this issu

4、e will be presented. Students will get to know Nature vs. Nurture theories through listening, viewing and reading. Various activities will inspire students to talk about the nature-nurture argument by using the words and expressions in this unit. And finally, they will conduct a project on Einstein

5、with their peers.Unit Overview2021/8/57Background Information How to Define Nature vs. Nurture Theories There are three distinctive schools of thought.1. Personality is Natural: This group believes that your personality is the result of evolutionary process. You inherit behaviors due to a complex in

6、teraction of genes. That controls your behaviors, so you dont have the ability to act otherwise.2. Personality is Nurtured: This group argues that your personality is not inherited. Your mind is a blank slate( 白板） at birth. It is your environment, education and culture that influence your behavior.

7、You have “free will” to change your behavior.3. Personality is Spiritual: This group claims that your personality is result of neither nature nor nurture. It is a gift of a deity（神性）. They are split on the issue of “free will”.2021/8/58 Nature vs. Nurture Theories and Evolutionary Psychology Darwins

8、 theory of evolution led William Hamilton, George Williams and many others to the idea of personality evolution. They propose that, like physical organs, your personality is the result of natural selection for survival of the fittest. You do as your genes dictate. They suggest that fear of death, fe

9、ar of injury, fear of snakes, shyness, addiction, criminality and sexual orientation are examples of heritable behaviors. Steven Pinker (2004) includes religiousness, liberalism（開明） and conservativeness on the list. William Paley considers cognitive capabilities（認知能力）, temperaments（氣質(zhì)） and cheating

10、behaviors heritable.Background Information2021/8/59Background Information However, there is strong criticism on this idea:1. There is no single universal behavior which can be proved evolutionary. Even fear of death, which seems natural to all, has been overridden in crusades, suicides and suicide b

11、ombings.2. You are made of 25,000 to 30,000 genes; that is merely twice the number of a fruit fly. Chimpanzees share 95% of your genetic characteristics. However, they dont share even 10% of your behavior.3. People dont differ in behavior as they differ in skin pigments（膚色）. Extroverts, introverts,

12、optimists, pessimists, criminals, liberals, etc. are found in all societies and cultures. Even identical twins (with 100% similar genes) and fraterna（兄弟般的）l twins (with 50% similar genes) behave differently in most of the cases.2021/8/510Background Information Nature vs. Nurture Theories and Physics

13、Discoveries in physics have always provided new meat to nature vs. nurture theories. The conclusions of Newton and Einstein helped people believe that future events can be predicted through knowledge of matterand natural laws. This led psychologists to suggest that your future behaviors can be prede

14、termined. The whole mechanism of psychometrics（心理測驗學(xué)） follows this hypothesis. However, quantum physics has changed the situation altogether. Evidence proves that you cant make two (almost) simultaneous（同時的） measurements of observables correctly. For example:1. Position and momentum（動量） of a particl

15、e（粒子）2. Position and direction of a particle3. Time and frequency of a sound wave4. Wavelength and magnitude（量級） of a sound wave2021/8/511Nature vs. Nurture Theories and PhysicsQuantum physics（量子物理學(xué)） has shaken determinism so much so that scientists had to devise the “Heisenberg uncertainty principl

16、e” which challenges the notion that any physical event can be predicted precisely in time and space. Do you think that particles are too small to affect big events? Reconsider that thought. What would have happened if Hitler had died in his young age of cancer, which can occur with a slight genetic

17、mutation（基因突變）?Background Information2021/8/512Lead-inAudio studioVideo studioSpeaking workshopProject bulletin 2021/8/513Task 1Task 2Task 32021/8/514Task 1 Describing the PictureDescribe the pictures first and then discuss the question “What leads to Einsteins success?”.What is the person in the le

18、ft picture doing?Do you agree to the statement “For Albert Einstein, the road to the stars was paved with questions” in the right picture?If you had a chance to ask Einstein about the key to his success, what do you think Einsteins answer would be?2021/8/515Task 2 Reflecting on the Reading 1. What i

19、s the binary argument on what leads to genius?Answer: Geniuses are those who have the intelligence, enthusiasm and endurance to acquire the needed expertise in a broadly valued domain of achievement and who then make contributions to that field that are considered by peers to be original.Answer: Is

20、it nature or is it nurture?2. According to the passage, whats the definition of genius?2021/8/5163. How did people deal with Einsteins brain after his death?Answer: Thomas Harvey at Princeton Hospital removed Einsteins brain and decided to keep it for study.4. According to the passage, whats Profess

21、or Simontons opinion on the genius debate?Answer: The traits contributing to genius success are only partly inherited. They are also shaped by environment.5. According to the passage, whats Gladwells opinion?Answer: He believes that kids need a chance to show how hard they can work; society should p

22、rovide opportunities for all.2021/8/517Task 3 Expanding Your Vocabulary A. very importantB. power believed to control eventsC. to make (sth) manageableD. without any plan, aim, or patternE. to put (money) to a particular useF. to fill the mind of sb continually1.obsess（纏繞）（纏繞）2. random3. crucial4. i

23、nvest5. tame6. destiny（命（命運）運）2021/8/518Audio StudioTask 1Task 22021/8/519Audio Task 1 Identifying the Gist（主旨，要點）（主旨，要點） 1. Whats the topic of this audio clip?A) A brief introduction to Nurture vs. Nature theories.B) An investigation into childrens intelligence.C) President Obamas new education pol

24、icy.2. What can be inferred from the recent data?A) Nature is as important as nurture.B) Nature is more important than nurture.C) Nurture is more important than nature.2021/8/520Audio Task 2 Checking the Facts 1. _, there has always been one _question: Is intelligence a function of nature? Is it sim

25、ply encoded in a childs genes?2. If we take two identical twins,_3. If we put identical twins in different environments, we would find differences in their intelligence several years later, which indicates that_.4. _ clearly helps give children from poverty-stricken areas the chance at a stronger st

26、art in school and in life.5. We will _ and begin investing greater sums at the early childhood level.Listen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat the sentences after you have completed them.When it comes to intelligence,fundamentalchances are that th

27、ey will beenvironment does play a crucial role inInvesting in quality pre-school opportunitiestake a hard look at this compelling data as intelligent as each other2021/8/521 When it comes to intelligence, there has always been one fundamental question: Is intelligence a function of nature? Is it sim

28、ply encoded in a childs genes? Or is it a function of nurture? Is it more about the environment that a child grows up in? On the one hand, if we take two people at random from the crowd, it is very likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. However, if we take two identi

29、cal twins, chances are that they will be as intelligent as each other. Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. On the other hand, though, if we put identical twins in different environments, we would find differences in their intelligence

30、several years later, which indicates that environment does play a crucial role in peoples intelligence. Script2021/8/522Script Recently, data has clearly indicated that nurture is indeed more than 50% of the equation. That is good news for educators, but even better news for society as a whole. Fort

31、unately, President Obama has come out in strong support of early childhood education, particularly for those children most at risk of school failure. Investing in quality pre-school opportunities clearly helps give children from poverty-stricken areas the chance at a stronger start in school and in

32、life. If we are serious about helping our children succeed in school, if we are truly interested in “Leaving No Child Behind,” we will take a hard look at this compelling data and begin investing greater sums at the early childhood level.2021/8/523Video StudioTask 1Task 2Task 32021/8/524Video Task 1

33、 Matching &PredictingDr. Jim Al-Khalili _ the works of his hero Einstein.2. Mark Lythgoe _ secrets of creativity inside the human mind.3. Dr. Mark Lythgoe believes scientists can _ what made Einstein a genius.4. Now, Ive trained to develop the stamina in my muscle, hopefully then I can _ to this

34、 hole for a period of time.5. It is now understood that more and more parts of the brain _ a muscle.is obsessed byhunts forfind outhold onbehave like2021/8/525Video Task 2 Bridging the GapWatch this part of the video again and fill in the blanks. Not referred toEinsteins genius came from his_and_Jim

35、 Al-Khaliliimaginationn o ma n o r n o machine canmeasure that.physicistMark Lythgoebrain specialistEinsteins genius came from _He is a keen climber and finds parallels between_ _hishobby andhis profession.nervecells, whichcan be analyzed.2021/8/526Video Task 3 Checking Your ComprehensionWatch this

36、part of the video clip and answer the following questions.1.Einsteins life changed when he was given a compass.Correction: Einsteins life changed when he was given a book on geometry(幾幾何學(xué)）何學(xué)）.2. Mark and Jim went to Germany to look for Einsteins brain.Correction: Mark and Jim went to America to exam

37、ine Einsteins brain.3. The first scenario is the idea that the brain is like a skeleton.Correction: The first scenario is the idea that the brain is like a muscle.2021/8/5274. In Einsteins day, people believed the brain was like a skeleton without any limits.Correction: In Einsteins day, people beli

38、eved the brain was like a skeleton with natural limits.5. It is now understood that more and more parts of the brain can grow on its own.Correction: It is now understood that more and more parts of the brain can expand with use.Video Task 3 Checking Your ComprehensionWatch this part of the video cli

39、p and answer the following questions.2021/8/528 Einsteins destiny as a great physicist was not obvious. As a child, his passion was music, not physics. “I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician.” But Einsteins life changed when h

40、e was given a book on geometry. The universe could betamed through numbers. His lifes work would be to control the music of the universe. During his life, Einstein changed our concept of space and time forever. He harnessed energy, mass and the speed of light in the most famous equation all time E e

41、quals MC squared.What made Einsteins brain so exceptional? Dr. Jim Al-Khalili, like Einstein, is a physicist and is obsessed by the work of his hero. Brain specialist Mark Lythgoe hunts for secrets of creativity inside the human mind. “My name is Dr. Jim Al-Khalili I believe Einsteins genius came fr

42、om his imagination, and noman or no machine can measure that. Am I right?” 2021/8/529. “My name is Dr. Mark Lythgoe and I believe that Einsteins genius comes from nerve cells,which can be analyzed. We can find out what made Einstein a genius. Am I right?”So which view is correct? To solve the riddle

43、 of Einsteins genius, Mark and Jim would have tojourney to America to hunt down and examine Einsteins disembodied brain. Nature or nurture? Biology or training? Are geniuses born or are they made? Neurophysiologist Dr. Mark Lythgoe is a keen climber and finds parallels between his hobby and his prof

44、ession.“Now, there are two scenarios for how the brain works. The first scenario is the brain is like amuscle. Now Ive trained to develop the stamina in my muscle, hopefully then I can hold on to this hole for a period of time. The second is that the brain is like a skeleton and it doesnt matter how

45、 much Ive trained, Im never, ever going to be able to reach that hole right up there. “Now, in Einsteins day they believed that the brain was like a skeleton that had natural limits, but that view is changing today. Instead, it is now understood that more and more parts of the brain behave like a mu

46、scle. They can expand with use. Then, if all of our brains are like muscles, could it be that we all have the ability to become Einstein?”2021/8/530Speaking Workshop1 when it comes to2 grow up3 at random4 chances are that .5 to some extent6 be born with7 play a crucial role in8 nature versus nurture

47、Task 1Task 2 9 in strong support of10 at risk of11 invest in12 be obsessed by13 hunt for14 hunt down15 hold on to16 behave like2021/8/531Speaking Task 1 SummarizingTips: When it comes to intelligence, there . Some hold that intelligence is . Others believe that environment . What made Einsteins brai

48、n so exceptional? Now, there are two scenarios about . The first scenario is . The second is that . In Einsteins day they believed that . but that view is changing today. Instead, it is now understood that .2021/8/532Speaking Task 1 SummarizingTips: When it comes to intelligence, there . Some hold t

49、hat intelligence is . Others believe that environment . What made Einsteins brain so exceptional? Now, there are two scenarios about . The first scenario is . The second is that . In Einsteins day they believed that . but that view is changing today. Instead, it is now understood that .2021/8/533Spe

50、aking Task 1 SummarizingSummary:When it comes to intelligence, there has always been one fundamental question: Is it a function of nature, or is it a function of nurture? Some hold that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. Others believe that environment plays a crucial role in

51、 peoplesintelligence. What made Einsteins brain so exceptional? There are two scenarios about how the brain works. The first scenario is that the brain is like muscle. The second is that the brain is like a skeleton. In Einsteins day they believed that the brain was like a skeleton with natural limi

52、ts, but that view is changing today. Instead, it is now understood that more and more parts of the brain behave like a muscle; they can expand with use.2021/8/534Situation1 Work in groups. Suppose your group members were scientists. You have invented a machine that can act and think like Einstein. Y

53、ou were supposed to list some functions of your invention.2 You have 15 minutes to discuss within your own group, and then you may move about and find out what other groups have listed.3 Two groups will be selected to report their results. The rest of the class will vote for the one they feel happy

54、to support.Speaking Task 2 Solving the ProblemWork with your peers on the situation below and try to come up with a solution to the problem described. You are expected to share your ideas and justify yourself in this process. Use as many phrases from the “Expressions & Structures to Use” box as

55、possible.2021/8/535Speaking Task 2 Solving the ProblemAlternative SituationAbout Einstein:Work in groups. Each one in the group should write at least three questions about Einstein.1. What do you know about Einstein?2. Would you like to meet Einstein and why?3. What would you like to know about Eins

56、tein and why?4. What have you learned from this text about Einstein?5. What questions would you like to ask Einstein?6. What would be his answers to those questions?2021/8/536Speaking Task 2 Solving the ProblemAlternative SituationEinstein Survey:After discussing, each pair or group should write at

57、least five questions about Einstein in thetable.Interview the students in other groups and write down their answers.2021/8/537Work on the following real-life project with your group members and present your report in the next class.Real-Life ProjectProject Bulletin2021/8/538Alternative ProjectProjec

58、t Bulletin2021/8/539Lead-inAudio StudioVideo StudioSpeaking WorkshopTeamwork Show2021/8/540Task 1Task 22021/8/541Task 1 BrainstormingWork in pairs and discuss the following questions.1. Do you believe Jim and Mark can find the answers on their journey to America?2. Who will win in the end? Jim or Ma

59、rk?2021/8/542Task 2 Expanding Your VocabularyRead through the words in the left-hand column, and match each of them with the appropriate meaning in the right-hand column. 2021/8/543Audio StudioTask 1Task 22021/8/544Audio Task 1 Identifying the Gist 1. Whats the main idea of this audio clip?A) Einste

60、ins way to success.B) A brief introduction to Einstein.C) An analysis of Einsteins character.2. What do we know about Albert Einstein from the passage?A) The word “Einstein” could be considered a synonym for the word “genius”.B) He was interested in science and liked its system of learning.C) He graduated f