全國新高考英語專題講解：猜測詞義

1、新高考專題復(fù)習(xí)：猜測詞義適用對象：新全國高考英語 特聘主講：胡學(xué)文 所謂猜測詞義,是指在閱讀過程中根據(jù)對語篇的信息、邏輯、背景知識及語言結(jié)構(gòu)等的綜合理解去猜測或推斷某一生詞、難詞、關(guān)鍵詞的詞義。猜測詞義是一種非常有用的閱讀技巧, 獲得這種技巧之后, 讀者在閱讀過程中能很快通過上下文提供的線索或生詞本身的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)推斷出詞義來, 從而提高閱讀速度和閱讀能力。本文擬就猜測詞義的方法從以下幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行探討。一、 利用上下文與其意義上的聯(lián)系猜測詞義通過上下文猜測詞義就是根據(jù)詞所處的具體語言環(huán)境, 運(yùn)用邏輯推理及其他方面的知識推斷其詞義，從而達(dá)到猜測其詞義的目的。1、If you are capable

2、of working twelve hours a day without a rest, and if you can engage in physical exercise for hours without seeming to get tired, then you are indefatigable.根據(jù)上下文分析，如果一個(gè)人能連續(xù)工作12個(gè)小時(shí)，能進(jìn)行體育鍛煉數(shù)小時(shí)而不知疲倦，那么，這個(gè)人一定是一個(gè)“不知疲倦的”人，由此可猜測出“indefatigable”的詞義為“不知疲倦的”。2、The newspaper will have to close down if it can n

3、ot increase its circulation instantly.“Circulation”這個(gè)詞的通常意思是“流通、循環(huán)”，然而，這時(shí)你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩個(gè)意思用在這里都不太恰當(dāng)。從上文中句子的意思是“如果不加大報(bào)紙的Circulation，那么它就只能關(guān)閉”，由此可猜測出“Circulation”的詞義為“發(fā)行量”。3、The old man put on his spectacles and began to read. 從下文“戴上spectacles后開始閱讀”，根據(jù)普通常識，不難猜出其詞義為"眼鏡"。二、 利用文中的舉例猜測詞義為了闡明某一種重要觀念或者講清某

4、一抽象概念，作者往往采取舉例的方式對這一觀點(diǎn)或概念進(jìn)行具體的說明和解釋，從而使讀者理解得更具體些。那么文中的例子自然也就成了讀者理解文章生詞的線索。表示列舉關(guān)系的信號詞有：like, for example, for instance, that is , such as, especially, include, consist of, specially等。1、The dromedary, like all desert animals, can go for long periods of time without drinking water.通過like后面的解釋“象所有沙漠動物一樣

5、”， 由此可猜測出“dromedary”的意思是“沙漠里的一種動物”，在此其詞義為“單峰駱駝”。2、Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, refrigerators and color televisions.從文中的舉例washing-machines（洗衣機(jī)）, refrigerators（冰箱）, color televisions（電視機(jī)）等一系列家用

6、電器，由此可猜測出“appliances”的詞義為“家用電器”。 3、A hibernating animal doesn't wake in winterThat is(in other words)，it sleeps in winter 從that is后面內(nèi)容的解釋，就不難猜出“hibernating”的詞義為“冬眠”。三. 利用文中說明詞義的同位語猜測詞義通常引出該詞同位語的詞語有or, that is, in other words等，還有同位語以括號或破折號的形式出現(xiàn)。在這些標(biāo)記詞后可較容易找到同位詞意義相同或相近的詞。1、And if youve gathered yo

7、ur friends around you to rebuild a happy family atmosphere, you may fear that saying no will bring back the kind of conflict you grew up with-or destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy. 閱讀全句之后，再由破折號后面的or暗示出前后兩句句意相近，由此可猜測出“conflict”詞義為“沖突”。2、The invention of snorkel, a long air tube that reaches up

8、 to the surface, has made it possible for submarines to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged. 句中“snorkel”一詞的詞義, 可通過其同位語a long air tube that reaches up to the surface來猜，由此可猜測出其詞義為“通氣管”。 3、In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.由同位語an endangered

9、 wild cat的解釋，由此可猜測出“ocelots”的詞義為“一種瀕臨滅絕的野貓”。四、 利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號猜測詞義作者有時(shí)利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號, 如括號、冒號、破折號等為一些生詞直接提供定義或解釋, 這些符號無疑為讀者理解或猜測詞義提供了很好的線索。 1、They will be on the night shift - from midnight to 6 a.m. next week. 根據(jù)破折號后面內(nèi)容的解釋, 由此可猜測出“night shift”的詞義為“夜班”。   2、Tornadoes (violent and destructive whirl wind)norm

10、ally occur on hot, humid (a little wet)day, but not necessarily in the summer.“tornado”和“humid”兩詞的詞義都在括弧里被清楚地表述出來。“tornado”即一種非常劇烈的、破壞性很大的旋風(fēng)，其詞義為“旋風(fēng)或颶風(fēng)”；“humid”即有點(diǎn)濕, 其詞義為“潮濕的”。3、These animals are good diggers，and in Ranthamhore are nocturnal：they only come out at night.句中“nocturnal”作者利用冒號已對其進(jìn)行了解釋，由此

11、可猜測出其詞義為“夜間出來活動的”。五. 利用文中的反義詞猜測詞義人們在描述、說明事物的時(shí)侯常用對比方式，在這種情況下，往往使用反義詞來說明或描述另一事物的特征。因此，我們可以通過已知反義詞的詞義去猜測生詞的詞義。1、Jane was talking with others while Bliza remained reticent all the time. 根據(jù)while的提示, 前后對照, 由此可猜測出“reticent”的詞義為“沉默寡言”。2、Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person, who does not like t

12、o go to parties, or to make new friends. 從文中“unlike”的意思, shy person, who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends清楚地表達(dá)了“gregarious”相反的意思, 由此可猜測出“gregarious”的詞義為“好交際的”。 3、All of these ideas about the communication of the future are fantasies, to be sure, but many of them are fantasies t

13、hat are very likely to become realities. 從文中“fantasies”與“realities” 前后對照兩詞意義相反, 由此可猜測出“fantasies”詞義為“幻想”。 六. 利用同義詞, 近義詞猜測詞義有時(shí)作者為了使他的意思表達(dá)得更清楚明白, 通常用一個(gè)同義詞或近義詞來解釋另一個(gè)比較難的詞或關(guān)鍵詞, 這些同義詞或近義詞為讀者推斷生詞詞義提供了線索。1、The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.句中，作者考慮到“supersede”一詞可能

14、是生詞，緊接著用or引出該詞的同義詞“replace”，根據(jù)“replace”一詞的詞義能很容易地猜測出“supersede”的詞義為“取代或接替”。2、Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.句中，作者把學(xué)校的校長和他的母親相比，有相同之處和不同之處。并用“as.as”結(jié)構(gòu)表示出來。從這一對比中，可以看出“fat”與“plump”是近義詞，由此可猜測出“plump”的詞義為“

15、胖的，豐滿的”。3、Should the government regulate the cost of resources such as oil and gas? Some people do not believe that government control is the solution to the problem of the rising cost of fuel. 從文中“regulate”的詞義與government control的意思相近，由此可猜測出“regulate”的詞義為“控制，調(diào)整”。 七、利用修飾先行詞的定語從句來猜測詞義在很多情況下, 定語從句直接給出了

16、某一生詞的定義, 所以, 以定語從句為線索猜測詞義也是一種行之有效的方法。1、The type of meter is called multimeter, which is used to measure electricity.從定語從句“which is used to measure electricity”(用來測量電的)定義multi meter，由此可猜測出“multimeter” 的詞義為“萬用表”。2、He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats, sw

17、allowing fire, and other similar tricks.句中，who引導(dǎo)的定語從句對生詞“prestidigitator”的詞義給出了非常清楚的定義，由此可猜測出“prestidigitator”的詞義為“變戲法者”。 3、An expedition is a long, organized trip or journey, which is made into an unfamiliar area for a particular purpose by a group of people.句中“which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句進(jìn)一步解釋了“expedition“之意，由此可

18、猜測出其詞義為“遠(yuǎn)征隊(duì)”。 八、利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義。 掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語法知識，如前綴un-表反義詞，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair等；后綴-ment表名詞，如develop、development，argue、argument等；后綴-er、-or或-ist表同源名詞；如calculate、calculator，law、lawyer，science、scientist等，利用這方面的知識有助于我們猜測詞義。1、It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking the bay in an uncommerci

19、alized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法。后綴ise/ize意思是“使成為；使化”，結(jié)合詞根commercial（商業(yè)的），由此可猜測出 “uncommercialized ”的詞義為“未被商業(yè)化的”。2、We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft no longer exis

20、ts. 根據(jù)合成詞中的“mass“（大量的）和“produce”（生產(chǎn)），由此可猜測出 “mass-produce”的詞義為“大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”。3、The throw way spirit or the spirit of wastefulness has become part of American life and consumption only keeps rising. 根據(jù)單詞的后綴，知道waste是名詞，ful是形容詞的后綴，表示“充滿”。名詞+ful構(gòu)成形容詞，wasteful意思是“浪費(fèi)的”，“耗費(fèi)的”， 由此可猜測出“wastefulness”是其名詞的形式，其詞義

21、為“浪費(fèi)，耗費(fèi)”。高考真題實(shí)例分析1-根據(jù)上下文語境進(jìn)行猜測一個(gè)單詞或詞組的確切含義是和它所處的上下文語境分不開的，所以我們可借助上下文語境對需要猜測的詞或短語進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推測。例1.(2002年全國卷，B篇)“Organic produce is always better，”Gold said.“The food is free of pesticides(農(nóng)藥)，and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms.And more often than not it is locally(本地)gro

22、wn and seasonal，so it is more tasty.”Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend，and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.62.What is the meaning of “the organic trend”as the words are used in the text？A.growi

23、ng interest in organic food B.better quality of organic foodC.rising market for organic food D.higher prices of organic food分析：由最后一句話可知，越來越多的人購買organic food，說明人們越來越看好organic food。致使全英國的超市增加了organic food business，以期望有更多像Gold這樣的人前來購買。因此答案為A。-根據(jù)同義、反義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測在文章中，當(dāng)詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or時(shí)，其前后的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由

24、此我們可以確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域。如happy and gay即使你不知道gay的意思，也能猜出其意為“快樂的”。例2.(2003年全國卷，C篇)Fermat's Last Theorem(定理).First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist wh

25、o made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text？A.To encourage people to raise questions. B.To cause difficulty

26、 in understanding.C.To provide a person with an explanation. D.To limit people's imagination.分析：由句中不難看出Fermat的定理使得最具數(shù)學(xué)頭腦的科學(xué)家絞盡腦汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled由and連接，處于同等并列關(guān)系，據(jù)此推斷出baffle為“使困惑、難倒、難以理解”的意思。故答案為B。-根據(jù)同位關(guān)系或文中定義解釋猜測文章中的難詞后面往往有一個(gè)同位語、that is，this is、破折號或定語從句等對其進(jìn)行解釋。這時(shí)可利用這種關(guān)系或解釋對前面或后面的詞義進(jìn)行猜測。

27、例3.(2006年窗體頂端窗體底端福建卷，A篇)The schools are reluctant to take time off-even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.59.The underlined word“reluctant”in the passage may probably mean_.A.kind B.unwilling C.free D.careless分析：根據(jù)本句破折號后面的句子：“even teachers with tick

28、ets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.(即使老師們手中握有英-阿比賽的門票也不容易請假?！蓖茢鄏eluctant的意思是unwilling.故答案為B。-根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測代詞one，it，that，he，him或them等在英語文章中使用頻繁，可以指上文提到的人或事物。有時(shí)代詞與指代的對象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；有時(shí)需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。例4.(2005年全國卷，C篇)Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as

29、 soon as the press reported the story.And even if they start again，Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal.“We have more important things to do，”he said.52.The underlined word“they”in the last paragraph refers to_. A.criminals B.pigeons C.the stolen cars D.demands for money分析：從文中最后一段可知，they應(yīng)

30、當(dāng)對應(yīng)該段前面的“Demands for pigeon-delivered money”。該部分大意為“媒體報(bào)道這些事件之后，發(fā)案率有所下降。即使demands for money的勢頭有所上升，陳表明，捉住罪犯也沒什么希望，因?yàn)樗麄?警察)有更重要的事要做”。故答案為D。-根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise，while，rather than，far from等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。例5.(2005年北京卷，D篇)However obvious these facts may appe

31、ar at first glance，they are actually not so obvious as they seem expect when we take special pains to think about the subject.71.In paragraph 3，“take special pains”probably means“_”.A.try very hard B.take our time C.are very unhappy D.feel especially painful分析：由however從句中的“at first glance(乍一看上去，即沒仔細(xì)

32、考慮)”與下文中“take special pains to think about”進(jìn)行對比，可以推斷出A項(xiàng)正確。-出題特點(diǎn)：普通詞的非普通用法，超綱詞的正常詞義 例如：Fermat's Last Theorem(定理).First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scien

33、tist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text？A.To encourage people to raise questions. B.To cause dif

34、ficulty in understanding.C.To provide a person with an explanation. D.To limit people's imagination.分析：由句中不難看出Fermat的定理使得最具數(shù)學(xué)頭腦的科學(xué)家絞盡腦汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled由and連接，處于同等并列關(guān)系，據(jù)此推斷出baffle為“使困惑、難倒、難以理解”的意思。故答案為B。高考模擬實(shí)例分析2一、詞義理解題常見的題型有:The author uses the word “” to mean _.The underlined word (ph

35、rase, term) “” means _.According to the passage, the word “” properly means _.The word “” in paragraph refers to _.By “”, the author means _. which of the following is closest in meaning to “”?What is “”?二、猜測詞義方法1）Definition and explanation 利用定義和解釋猜測詞義； He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his min

36、d to do something, he wont give it up halfway. The underlined word means_. A.strong B. firm C. kind D. clever2) Experience 根據(jù)普通常識和經(jīng)驗(yàn)推測生詞的詞義 1.Mr. Brown is now working at Princeton University far away from home. For this reason he has to rent a room near the office where he works. A.to work to live B

37、. to eat to live C. to teach to live D. to pay to use2. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience take an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they dont understand something, they say so.The word “audience” in the paragraph means _.A.stud

38、ents B. people who watch a play C. people who act on the stage D. people who listen to something3) Related Information 即根據(jù)上下文的語境來猜測生詞的詞義。 1. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer. A. work B. study C. name D. interest4) Guessing from Compar

39、ison and Contrast 根據(jù)上下文中的比較、對照關(guān)系猜測詞義； Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city. A. town B. capital C. country D. house5) Guessing word from description exemplification 通過描述和例證猜詞1. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of Engl

40、ish, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning. A. dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers 2. (2001 A) The largest player Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big fav

41、orite. The words “deluxe sedans,” “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to _.A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers 6) Guessing word from Synonym and Antonym.通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞。1. Is he intelligent or stupid? 2. Most women in Ghana- the educated and ill

42、iterate, the urban and rural, the young and old- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means _.

43、A. Repeated B. reiterated. C uneducated D. sick3. “The Dave you saw on TV was the real Dave,” says friend Pat Williams, “He wasnt a great actor or a great speaker. He was just Joe Everybody.”(02年E篇) 74. “He was just Joe Everybody.” ( in the last paragraph) means _. A. Dave was famous B. Dave was ord

44、inary C. Dave was showy D. Dave was shy 7) Guessing word from Cause and Result通過原因與結(jié)果關(guān)系猜詞Eg. She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading.Since I have finished my paper now, I am going to give myself a treat tonight. I am going to watch a movie on campus, an act

45、ion movie called “Face Off”.The underlined words “a treat” here means _.A. an action movie B. something pleasant to enjoy C. a rest D. something nice to eat8) Word formation 即根據(jù)前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等構(gòu)詞知識判斷生詞的詞義(1)Overwork may cause diseases.前綴over-的意思是“過分的、過量的”故overwork的意思應(yīng)為“工作過度”。(2)There was a dissatisfied

46、look in the manager's eyes.satisfied的意思是“滿意的”，前綴dis-的意思是“不”，故dissatisfied的意思應(yīng)該是“不滿意的”。三、限時(shí)訓(xùn)練1.Charls asked me the bank for a small loan so that he could repair his house.a. sum of moneyb. Loadc. tool2.One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing.a. very tallb. very poorc. very ric

47、h3.The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.a. became sweeterb. became redc. became dry4.The bullet hit and maimed the young solider for life.a. woundedb. savedc. beat5.That old man was so descepit that he could hardly walk.a. weakb. strongc. healthy6.Just for fun, they decided to

48、try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway.a. directb. indirectc. straight7.That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one way.a. smallb. largec. dull8.The wind made the kite soar high above the trees in the park.a. runb. flyc. sail9.So

49、me of the prospectors who came to California to find gold and silver were successful.a. engineersb. doctorsc. miners10.A lot of men were killed during the fierce battles of the American Civil War.a. peacefulb. violetc. ugly11. A tropical rain forest is very lush because it receives much rain.a. gree

50、nb. yellowc. brown12.The land is fertile; the farmers can grow many kinds of crops there.a. fruitfulb. fruitlessc. poor13.Unfortunately, the farmer discovered too late that the land he had bought was barren.a. fruitfulb. poorc. rich14.trying to control a wild animal can be perilous.a. dangerousb. ea

51、syc. interesting15.The professor was chosen to teach the course because of his expertise on the subject.a. interestb. drivec. knowledge16.The cake was so scrumptious that Cindy ate quite a few pieces.a. badb. deliciousc. hard17.Some children eat too many sweets and their teeth become decayed.a. bad

52、or rottenb. good and strongc. nice and clean18.John moved from New York to a small farm because he prefers rural living.a. cityb. townc. country19.It was difficult to keep law and order in the Old west because of all the outlaws.a. law keepersb. lawbreakersc. lawmakers20.The city was devastated by t

53、he powerful earthquake.a. destroyedb. repairedc. built21.I begged the family not to kill the wild animals, and they finally listened to my pleas.a. requestsb. questionsc. suggestions22.As the fat man sat down, the chair collapsed under him, with a loud noise of tearing canvas.a. roseb. brokec. jumpe

54、d23.Your library permit expires next month. If you want to borrow more books, you must request a new one.a. startsb. begins newc. ends24.The whole region is sparsely populated; our nearest neighbor lives ten miles away.a. thinlyb. thicklyc. over25.Instead of complaining to me that you are ailing, yo

55、u should see a doctor to find out what's wrong with you.a. wellb. illc. hungry26.Not wanting to disturb the sleeping little cat, I gingerly lift her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater.a. carelessb. hurriedlyc. carefully27.The man behaved furtively and the policeman thought he

56、might be the thief who stole the money.a. secretlyb. bravelyc. slowly28.My first impression of Tom was really not good.he did his homework haphazardly. In a short essay of 500 words, there were 30 spelling mistakes.a. skillfulb. carelesslyc. carefully29.The old house is in perfect conditions because it has recently been renovated.a. restoredb. damagedc. destroyed30.The president resumed his speech after the audience had stopped applauding.a. stoppedb. went on withc. gave up31.Joe built a new house in a remote area of the desert so