高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 十、高中語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 實(shí)用學(xué)案 新人教版

1、十、高中語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 在英文句子中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)所講內(nèi)容的態(tài)度、看法以及心情等。英文句子中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣有三種：A）直陳語(yǔ)氣（The Indicative Mood）直陳語(yǔ)氣用于直截了當(dāng)?shù)仃愂鍪聦?shí)、描述狀態(tài)：He has published quite a number of essays this year .他今年已發(fā)表了好幾篇論文。B) 祁使語(yǔ)氣（The Imperative Mood）祁使語(yǔ)氣用于提出請(qǐng)求、命令、建議或是勸告等：Wait outside until you are asked . 請(qǐng)?jiān)谕饷娴群?，?qǐng)你進(jìn)再進(jìn)去。Let's jus

2、t take a break, shall we ? 我們休息一會(huì)兒，好嗎？C) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣（The Subjunctive Mood）虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于表示主觀愿望和假設(shè)的虛擬情況。虛擬語(yǔ)氣不太顧及事實(shí)的存在，它表現(xiàn)出說(shuō)話人的主觀因素比較多。所以說(shuō)話人所講的內(nèi)容往往是與事實(shí)相反的；或是其實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性微乎其微，甚至于沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性。當(dāng)然，有時(shí)為了使說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)氣客氣、緩和、委婉，也使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如：I wish you were more careful .但愿你更細(xì)心一些。If I had more money, I would buy a bigger apartment.我要是有再多一點(diǎn)錢(qián)，我就

3、買(mǎi)一套更大一些房子。Would you mind shutting the door ? 勞駕您把門(mén)關(guān)上。 用于非真實(shí)條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句分為兩種：真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相違背If I had time, I would certainly join you in the tennis match. （事實(shí)是：我沒(méi)有時(shí)間）我要是有時(shí)間肯定和你一起打這場(chǎng)網(wǎng)球比賽。If I were you, I would put her suggestion into account.（事實(shí)是：我并不是你）我要是你，我會(huì)考慮她的建議的。與過(guò)去事實(shí)相違背If I hadn't been

4、 caught by something, I would have come to your party yesterday.(事實(shí)是：我昨天被某些事纏住了)我昨天要不是被些事纏住了，我就會(huì)去參加你們的聚會(huì)了。If he had taken my advice, he might not have made such a bad mistake.（事實(shí)是：他沒(méi)有聽(tīng)我的建議）要是他聽(tīng)進(jìn)了我的勸告就不會(huì)犯這么嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤了。與未來(lái)事實(shí)相違背If I should have a chance to try it, I would do it in another way. （假設(shè)的情況不大可能發(fā)生）

5、要是我有機(jī)會(huì)試一試，我會(huì)用另一種方法做的。Even if they were to fail, they wouldn't lose courage. （說(shuō)話人不希望假設(shè)的情況發(fā)生）即使他們?nèi)f一失敗，他們也不會(huì)泄氣。熟悉并掌握好下面的基本句式： 條件從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相違背過(guò)去式（動(dòng)詞是BE用were）Should / would + 動(dòng)詞原形 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相違背had + 過(guò)去分詞would / should + have +過(guò)去分詞與未來(lái)事實(shí)相違背1) should + 動(dòng)詞原形2) were + 動(dòng)詞不定式3) 過(guò)去式（動(dòng)詞是BE也可以用were）would / Shou

6、ld + 動(dòng)詞原形1. 省略If的幾種情況1）當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)部分含有had、should、或were時(shí)，就將這樣的詞had、should、或were搬到句首把句子寫(xiě)成倒裝句而將連詞if省略。例如：If you were the manager here, what would you do?Were you the manager here, what would you do? 你若是這里的經(jīng)理，你會(huì)怎么辦？If he should act like that again, he would be fired immediately. Should he act like that a

7、gain, he would be fired immediately. 要是他再那樣做，他會(huì)被立即解雇的。2) 由某些介詞短語(yǔ)取代了if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：Without air, there would be no life on the earth. 要是沒(méi)有空氣，地球上就不會(huì)有生命了。But for your help, the little boy would have been drowned. 要是沒(méi)有你們的幫助，那個(gè)小男孩早就淹死了。We could have done the work better in that case. 要是那樣的話，我們本可以把工作干得更好一些

8、的。3) 由上下文的交代而省略了if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。在這種情況下，上下文事實(shí)上就是一個(gè)表示違背事實(shí)的條件句。上下文如果是由一個(gè)句子介紹的，那么這個(gè)取代了if條件狀語(yǔ)從句的句子應(yīng)該用直陳語(yǔ)氣；而起主句作用的句子則要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如：He would have come to see you earlier but he just came back from his business trip .（本句中的上下文是：but he just came back from his business trip，表示：要是他在家沒(méi)出差的話）他本來(lái)早就來(lái)看你了，可他卻出差剛剛回來(lái)。But that y

9、ou helped me, I would have failed in the experiment. （本句中的上下文是：But that you helped me，表示：要不是有你幫助我）要沒(méi)有你幫助我，我的試驗(yàn)本做不成功的。2. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于某些從句中的情況：1）在主語(yǔ)從句中在It + be +形容詞/ 名詞 + that從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，由于某些形容詞/ 名詞的原因，that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬式"should + 動(dòng)詞原形"或是"動(dòng)詞原形"。這類形容詞/ 名詞常見(jiàn)的有：essential（絕對(duì)必要的）, important（重要的）, ad

10、visable（明智的）, desirable（希望能夠的）, imperative（必須的）, natural（自然的）, necessary必要的）, regretful（遺憾的）, strange（奇怪的）, proper（適當(dāng)?shù)模? urgent（緊急的）, duty（義務(wù)、責(zé)任）, a pity（遺憾）, no wonder（難怪）, a regret（遺憾）, 例如：It is strange that he ( should ) say so .他居然會(huì)這樣說(shuō)，真是奇怪。It is a great pity that you ( should ) think so . 他居然會(huì)這

11、樣想，真是一件憾事。It is natural that a bird ( should ) rest in trees . 鳥(niǎo)在樹(shù)上安歇是很自然的。It is necessary that he be sent to Beijing right away. 有必要立即派他去北京。另外，下列結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣： It is ordered that (根據(jù)命令、要求) , It is proposed that (人們建議) It is desired that (最好、需要) , It is requested that (人們要求)It is suggested th

12、at (有人建議) , It is recommended that (有人推薦)It is demanded that (根據(jù)要求) , It is decided that (已經(jīng)決定)It is arranged that (已經(jīng)安排) 等等。例如：It is ordered that all the troops (should) withdraw three miles away.根據(jù)命令，所有部隊(duì)撤至三英哩以外。It is arranged that he leave for Canada on Friday. 照安排，他星期五動(dòng)身去加拿大。It is suggested that

13、 the English evening be held on Saturday. 有人建議，英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)周六舉行。2)在賓語(yǔ)從句中某些動(dòng)詞后面，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)要求用虛擬式。賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬式"should + 動(dòng)詞原形"或是"動(dòng)詞原形"。這類要求賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用虛擬式的動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有：command（命令）, demand（要求）, desire（希望）, insist（堅(jiān)持）, order（命令）, propose（提議）, recommend（推薦）, request（要求）, require（要求）, suggest（建議），等。例如：H

14、e proposed that we ( should ) set a dead line for the complement of the plan .他提議擬定一個(gè)執(zhí)行計(jì)劃的期限。They requested that we ( should ) send a delegation to their country. 他們請(qǐng)求我們派一個(gè)代表團(tuán)到他們國(guó)家去。I suggested that he ( should ) set off for our headquarters straightaway .我建議他馬上動(dòng)身去我們的總部。另外，wish和would rather / sooner

15、 that 后面的賓語(yǔ)從句，其中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式和對(duì)應(yīng)用法如下表所述：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式用法 過(guò)去式-表示當(dāng)時(shí)未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、意愿 過(guò)去完成式-表示過(guò)去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、意愿 過(guò)去未來(lái)式-表示未來(lái)不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,意愿 （注意下列例句：wish自身的時(shí)態(tài)并不影響從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式。）I wish that I knew something about programming.我希望我懂一點(diǎn)程序設(shè)計(jì)就好了。I wished that I knew something about programming.我當(dāng)時(shí)希望我懂一點(diǎn)程序設(shè)計(jì)就好了。They wish that they hadn't sa

16、id it to us.他們希望他們沒(méi)有對(duì)我們說(shuō)過(guò)那件事。They wished that they hadn't said it to us.他們當(dāng)時(shí)希望他們沒(méi)有對(duì)我們說(shuō)過(guò)那件事。I wish that you would get younger and younger .但愿你越來(lái)越年輕。The manager would rather that his secretary went to the meeting instead of him .經(jīng)理寧愿他的秘書(shū)代替他去開(kāi)會(huì)。He would sooner that he hadn't born until ten year

17、s ago .他寧愿他十年以前才出身。3) 在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中下面這些名詞的后面所接的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬式"should + 動(dòng)詞原形"或是直接用"動(dòng)詞原形" ：idea（想法）, suggestion（建議）, motion（動(dòng)議）, proposal（提議）, order（命令）, recommendation（推薦），advice (建議) , instruction (指示、指令)等等。例如：The instruction was that nobody be allowed to go to sleep until

18、further orders.（表語(yǔ)從句）指示要求，任何人不得在接到進(jìn)一步的命令之前去睡覺(jué)。My suggestion is that he leave for London at once . （表語(yǔ)從句）我的建議是他立即動(dòng)身去倫敦。What do you think of his proposal that we ( should )put on a play at the English evening? （同位語(yǔ)從句）他建議我們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)晚會(huì)上演一個(gè)劇,你覺(jué)得怎么樣？4) 在狀語(yǔ)從句中在某些狀語(yǔ)從句中，要求謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬式"should + 動(dòng)詞原形"或是"

19、動(dòng)詞原形"。以as if 、as though（似乎，仿佛）引出的方式狀語(yǔ)從，如果表示真實(shí)情況應(yīng)該用直陳語(yǔ)氣；如果表示非真實(shí)情況則應(yīng)該用虛擬語(yǔ)氣, 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬式與wish后面賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬式相同。例如：He took his umbrella with him lest it rain. （目的狀語(yǔ)從句）他帶了雨傘，以防下雨。I'll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind. （目的狀語(yǔ)從句）我給你留個(gè)座，沒(méi)準(zhǔn)你會(huì)改變主意。They burned all the important doc

20、uments for fear that they fall into the enemy's hands. （目的狀語(yǔ)從句）他們將所有的重要文件都燒毀了，以免它們落于敵人之手。Though everyone desert you, we will not .（讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，這是間或的用法。）即使所有的人拋棄了你，我們也不會(huì)。As long as a volume hold together, We don't care much about its outer appearance .（條件狀語(yǔ)從句，這是間或的用法。）只要一本書(shū)不拆開(kāi)，外表怎么樣我們并不太在意。This, i

21、f the news be true, will mean a lot to us. （條件狀語(yǔ)從句，這是間或的用法。）如果這消息是真的，那對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)就太重要了。I can still remember the whole thing in great detail as though it were yesterday.（方式狀語(yǔ)從句）這一切我記憶猶新，仿佛就是昨天發(fā)生的事一樣。They are talking as if they had been friends for years. （方式狀語(yǔ)從句）他們談話的那股親熱勁就如同是多年的老朋友似的。5) 在It is (high) time

22、 that從句中在這個(gè)句型中的that從句里，無(wú)論何時(shí)、何人稱，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用"過(guò)去式"。 這個(gè)句型表達(dá)的意思是"該是的時(shí)候了"。例如：It is time that we got ready for the final examination.該是我們?yōu)槠谀┛荚囎鳒?zhǔn)備的時(shí)候了。It is high time that we had our lunch. 該是我們吃午飯的時(shí)候了。It is time that he made up his mind. 該是他作出決定的時(shí)候了。6) 在If only從句中"If only從句"表示一種愿

23、望或是向往的假設(shè)，其意義是"要是就好了"、"但愿"。這個(gè)句型中的語(yǔ)序是正常語(yǔ)序，不倒裝。另外，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬式與wish后面賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬式相同。例如：If only she could understand my real feelings. 要是她能了解我的真實(shí)想法就好了。If only my mother had survived the disease and lived till now. 要是我媽媽沒(méi)有死于疾病而活到現(xiàn)在就好了。If only he would fine a satisfactory job after his g

24、raduation.但愿他畢業(yè)后找到一份稱心如意的工作。 3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于其他情況首先，虛擬語(yǔ)氣常用于表示客氣、委婉的說(shuō)法。它之所以能表示客氣、委婉的意思，就是因?yàn)樗恼Z(yǔ)氣是虛擬的；也就是說(shuō)，講話的人有意識(shí)地將其所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容虛擬化，從而給聽(tīng)話人在是否接受所聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容方面留有較大空間、余地；而至于使聽(tīng)話人在是否接受所聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容方面感到有壓力或是強(qiáng)迫感。從這個(gè)意義上講，虛擬語(yǔ)氣比直陳語(yǔ)氣，祈使語(yǔ)氣更為客氣、委婉、禮貌。例如：Could you tell me the way to the nearest shopping center ? 你能告訴我去最近的購(gòu)物中心的路嗎？Would you mind lowering your voice? 請(qǐng)你小聲點(diǎn)兒，