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1、Internal environment : 內(nèi)環(huán)境 refers to the liquid surrounding the cells in the body of multicellular animals, that is extracellular fluid.Homeostasis 穩(wěn)態(tài) : refers to a state of relatively constant of physical and chemical properties of internal environment, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and
2、 all kinds of liquid ingredients in the body, and so on.positive feedback effectors which a negative feedback正反饋 : A change in a condition leads to responses from the mplifies that change負(fù)反饋 : A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which counteracts that changefacilitated diff
3、usion via carrier經(jīng)載體易化擴(kuò)散 : Water soluble small molecules and ions under the carrier protein mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradientfacilitated diffusion via ion channel經(jīng)通道易化擴(kuò)散 : All kinds of charged ionsunder the channel proteins mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow c
4、oncentration gradient and potential gradientPrimary active transport 原發(fā)性主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) : making direct use of energy derived from ATP to transport the ions across the cell membraneSecondary active transport 次級(jí)主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) : The ion gradients established by primary active transport permits the transport of other subst
5、ances against their concentration gradientsresting potential 靜息電位 : A potential difference across the membranes of inactive cells, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside of the cellaction potential 動(dòng)作電位 : Someof the cells (excitable cells) are capable to rapidly reverse their r
6、esting membrane potential from negative resting values to slightly positive values. This transient and rapid change in membrane potential is called an action potentialExcitation-contraction coupling 興奮收縮耦聯(lián) : the mediation process of striated muscle cells generate action potentials and muscle filamen
7、t contraction and relaxation.Hematocrit 血細(xì)胞比容 : The capacity percentage of the blood cells in the blood erythrocyte sedimentation rate 紅細(xì)胞沉降率 : The distance that red blood cells settle in a tube of blood in one hourHemostasis 止血 : Small damaged blood vessels stop bleeding after a few minutes automat
8、icallyBlood coagulation 血凝固 : blood change from sol to illiquid gel stateBlood group 血型 : The type of specific antigen on the surface of blood cells effective refractory period:premature systole 期前收縮 : if ventricle is stimulated after ventricular muscleeffective refractory period, before The next si
9、noatrial node excitement arrive, it will produce a contraction in pensatory pause 代償間歇 : A longer ventricular diastolic after premature systole.Atrioventricular delay房室延擱 : Excitement slowly spread in atrioventricularjunction and take longer time.Cardiac cycle 心動(dòng)周期 : A cycle of heart cont
10、raction and relaxationStroke volume 每搏輸出量 : One side of the ventricular injection volume ofblood bya heart throbEjection fraction 射血分?jǐn)?shù) : The percentage stroke volume account for ventricularend-diastolic volumeCardiac output 心輸出量 : The blood volume inject by one side of the ventricular per minuteCard
11、iac index 心指數(shù) : calculate cardiac output by unitsurface areasystolic pressure 收縮壓 : The highest blood pressure at mid ventricular systolic . diastolic pressure 舒張壓 : The lowest blood pressure at ventricular end-diastolic. pulse pressure 脈壓 : Systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressure cen
12、tral venous pressure 中心靜脈壓 : The blood pressure in right atrium and chest cavity vena cavaMicrocirculation: Blood circulation between arteriole and micro veinEffective filtration pressure有效濾過壓 :the pressure difference betweenfiltration and reabsorptionRespiration : The process of gas exchange betwee
13、n the body and its environmentvital capacity 肺活量 : After inhalation complete, the largest gas exhaled from the lungsforced vital capacity 用力肺活量 : After inhalation complete, exhale the largest gas from the lungs as fast as possibleforced expiratory volume 用力呼氣量 : After inhalation complete, the gas ex
14、haled from the lungs in a certain timeAlveolar Ventilation 肺泡通氣量 : amount of inhaled the fresh air in the alveoli per minute.Pulmonary stretch reflex 牽張反射 : The reflection of inspiratory inhibit or inhale excited caused by pulmonary inflation and pulmonary deflation.Digestion 消化 : break down of food
15、 into small molecular componentssmall enough toabsorb.Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.Absorption 吸收 : the small molecules that formed by digestion across the digestion tract mucosa go into blood and lymph.Small wave 小波 : the spontaneous rhythmic, subthreshold depolarization of the cell m
16、embraneof the gastrointestinal tract that characterizes the underlying electrical activity of the bowel.胃液主要成分1. HCl ,parietal cell ,acid sterilization. Activation of pepsinogen, promotion of secretin secretion. Assisted effect of Fe and Ca absorption.2. Pepsinogen 胃蛋白酶 , chief cell, active in stoma
17、ch, initiallyby H ions and thenby active pepsin, autocatalytic activation. Pepsin an endopeptidase, which attacks peptide bonds in the interior of large protein molecules.3. Mucus 粘液 , neck cell and goblet cell, lubrication of the mucosal surface. Protection of the tissue from mechanical damage by f
18、ood rinsic factor 內(nèi)因子 , parietal cell. The intrinsic factor binds to vit B12 and facilitated its absorption.Stimulate gastric secretion 刺激胃液分泌 ACH gastrin histamine/ somatostatin Digestion phase gastric secretion消化期胃液分泌 Cephalic gastric intestinal phase胃液分泌抑制性調(diào)節(jié)Regulation inhibitory ga
19、stric juice secretion1. HCl :inhibite G cell release gastrin;stimulate D cell release somatostatin;in the gastric antrum,inhibition of G cells,release of SST;in the duodenum ,release of secretin,bulbogastrone.2, fat :initiating release of enterogastrone.3, hepertonic solution :entero-gastric reflex.
20、Receptive relaxation 容受性舒張 : stimulation of receptor reflex muscle relax in the fundus and stomach body when chew and swallow.Pancreatic juice composition effect 胰液成分作用 : pancreatic amylase,pancreatic lipase, trypsin,chymotrypsin,HCO3 bicarbonate balance the HCl in duodenum. Prot ect intestinal muco
21、sa TPS and chymolase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase.Enterohepatic circulation of bile salt.Bile salts were emptied into the small intestine with hepatic bile, about 95% is absorbed into the blood in the terminal ileum, and then synthesizing bile again after the hepatic vein to the liver, the
22、n empty into intestine.Physiological functions of bile膽汁生理作用1. Emulsifying or detergent function of bile salts.2. Help in the absorption of: fatly acid, lmonoglycerides, cholesterol, other lipids Peristalsis 蠕動(dòng) : the rhythmic waves of muscular relaxation and contraction are called peristalsis.Recept
23、ive relaxation 容受性舒張 : stimulation of food on pharynx and esophagus produce relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and stomach.Gastric emptying 胃排空 : the process that the gastric contents are delivered to the duodenum.Thermal equivalent of food 熱價(jià) : calories liberated by 1g food oxidized in bo
24、dy.(kJ/g)Thermal equivalent of oxygen 氧熱價(jià) : heat production by consuming one liter of oxygen to oxidize a specific type of blood. (kJ/L)Respiratory quotient(RQ) 呼吸商 : in the process of oxidizing food, the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 used 。Basal metabolic rate 基礎(chǔ)代謝率 : the minimum energy expenditure f
25、oe the body to exist.Conditions 條件 : 3. No nervous 4.1214 hours after a meal, keep2025Curopoiesis 尿生成1. Filtration 過濾 : a filtration is the movement of materials across the filtrat ion membrane into the lumen of Bowmans capsule to form filtrate2. Reabsorption 重吸收: b:solutes are reabsorbed across the
26、 wall of the nephron by transport processes, such as active transport and cotransport.C: water isreabsorbed across the wall of the nephron by osmosis.3.Secretion 分泌 d: solutes are secreted across the wall of the nephron inti the filtrate.Renal blood flow 腎血循環(huán) Renal blood flow to regulate itself 腎血流量
27、自身調(diào)節(jié) 1.Large blood supply. 2. The blood distribute uneven: 94%cortex 56%outer medulla no more than 1% in inner medulla. 3. Twice formed capillary network.Autoregulation自我調(diào)節(jié) : the renal blood flow keep relatively constant keep theBP80180mmHg and without out renal nerve control.Glomerular filtration r
28、ate 腎 小 球 過 濾 GFR: the quantity of the glomerular ultrafiltrate formed each minute in all nephrons of the both kidneys.Filtration fraction(FF)過濾分?jǐn)?shù) : FF=GFR/renal blood flowEffect factors影響因素 : glomerular capillary pressure, colloid osmotic pressureof plasma, Bowman s capsule pressure, renal blood fl
29、ow,腎糖閾( renal threshold for glucose ) ,葡萄糖如何重吸收( reabsorption ) Renal threshold for glucose: critical value of plasma glucose concentration whe n the kidney begins to excrete glucose 180mg/dL.Reabsorption of glucose: totally in the proximal tubule, mainly the early porti ons. Sodium-dependent glucos
30、e transporter.1. osmotic diuresis 滲透性利尿, 2. 球管平衡1.Caused by renal tubular fluids solute concentration increases which increases the urine is called osmotic diuresis.To cure diabetes and manaitol.2.GT balance : the ratio of reabsorption rate and GFR is relatively constant.Ensure solute and water from
31、 urine wont have dramatically changes because of theincrease or decrease the GFR.Humoral regulation of urine formation尿生成的體液調(diào)節(jié)Mechanism of ADH antidiuretics: increase water permeability of collecting duct./ insertion of aquaporin in apical membrane.Synthesis in supraopticand paraventrianlar nuclei o
32、f hypothalamus. : Release fromposterior pituitary.Increasing water permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct.Insertion of aquaponics in apical membrane : Secreted by the glomerulus of the adrenal cortex. To increase the reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tube and collecting duct, coupled tose
33、cretion K+. to increase number of Na+channels, activity of Na+pump.嚴(yán)重腹瀉 ( diarrhea )時(shí),大量喝清水。Drink a lot of clear water.Plasma crystal osmatic pressure decreases, blood volume increases, stimulus to the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular mudei is decreased. The secretion of antidiuretic horm
34、one is decreased. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct reabsorbs less water. The urine volume increases.20% hypertonic glucoseThe blood sugar concentration increased which exceed the renal glucose threshold.After the filtration of glomerular, renal tubular cant reabsorb completely whichmakes
35、 the solute concentration of renal tubular increases, against the reabsorption of water. The urine volume increases.清除率 ( clearance )Defined as the volume of plasma required to supply the amount of a substance X to be excreted in the urine per unite time.激素(hormone)允許作用,一般特性( character )Permissive (
36、允許) action : a hormone, which has no effect by itselfbut is necessaryfor the full expression of the effects of another hormone, is said to have a permission action.Features: specific, action as a message, high efficiency, interaction of hormones.growth hormone 生長激素 Promote tissue growth / metabolic
37、effortsTH生理作用1.Effect on growth 2. Effect on energy and material metabolism3 .exciting effects on the CNS. 4. Effect on the cardiorusoular system. 5. Effect on other endocrine glands and sexual function.TH 分泌調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制 Secretion regulation mechanismHypothalamus-adenohypophysis-thyroid axisAutoregulation /
38、 neuro regulation糖皮質(zhì)激素 glucocorticoid 生理作用分泌調(diào)節(jié),特點(diǎn)Effect on: 1. Carbohydrate/protein/fat metabolism 2. Water-electrolyte metabolism3. Blood cell 4. Circulatory systemRegulation: Hypothalamus-adenohypophysis-adrenal aertexaxis. Negative feedbackeffects on cortisol.Clinical significance: negative feedback-dontstop using cortisol suddenlyInsulin 胰島素Insulin:1.promote anabolism 2.regulate blood sugar concentrate is relativelyco
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