英語中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1、被動(dòng)語態(tài)英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí) 行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。例如：He wrote a novel. （主語 he是動(dòng)作 wrote 的執(zhí)行者，是主動(dòng)語態(tài)。）The classroom was cleaned by him yesterday.（主語 the classroom是動(dòng)作的承受者，是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。）知識(shí)點(diǎn)概述被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成英語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞 be必須與主語的人稱和數(shù)量保持一致，并有時(shí)態(tài)的變化。例如：The man was fooled by the two boys.The book ha

2、s been translated into several languages.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + be +過去分詞1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am.謂語：is + PP.are例句： One lesson is learned each week.Foreign languages are studied everywhere in China.2、一般過去時(shí)謂語：was% + pp.were例句： This hospital was set up just two years ago.3、一般將來時(shí)shall/wille PP.aml謂語：is going to bare例句： This q

3、uestion will be answered by the headmaster tomorrow.4、過去將來時(shí)would一 was一謂語： going to be PP.wereJ例句： The physics teacher said that two experiments would be done the next week.5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)謂語:hasbeen pp. have例句： As has been pointed out , the housing problem in our district has basically been solved.6、過去完成時(shí)謂語：

4、had been + pp.例句： When I got to the ticket office, all the tickets had been sold out.7、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)謂語:amisarebeingpp.例句： The patients in ward 12 are being taken care of by Miss Hoover.8、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)謂語:waswereeing pp.例句： She said her house was being painted.注：及物的短語動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，可以有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，這類短語動(dòng)詞有：turn on, turnoff, find

5、 out ,laugh at ,look after, talk about, think of /about over, bring about,（ 弓 I起； 導(dǎo)至 ）put away, make out （認(rèn)出），make up （編； 補(bǔ)嘗），look down upon,pay attention to ,face up to （面對(duì)）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法(1)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不知道是誰或難以說明時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.The new test book will be used next te

6、rm.(2)當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者比起動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者來說更能引起人們的關(guān)心而需要加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，要 用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.(3)含有雙賓語的句子，主動(dòng)句中的間接賓語或者直接賓語都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)中的一個(gè)主語，另一個(gè)保留不變。變?yōu)橹髡Z的若是主動(dòng)句中的直接賓語在變?yōu)殚g接賓語前則需加介詞 to 或 for。例如： The pianist gave the pupils some advice.間接賓語直接賓語 fThe pupils wer

7、e given some advice by the pianist.fSome advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.(4)在主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中動(dòng)詞make、have、let、see watch、hear、feel等后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，動(dòng)詞不定式不加to。但變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)后面的不定式都須加上to。例如： The boss made them work ten hours a day.fThey were made to work ten hours a day.A boy saw him enter the house.fHe was

8、seen to enter the house.三、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)初中英語教材中出現(xiàn)了五種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)及帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞be +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞例如： This kind of car is made in shanghai.English is spoken in many countries.(2) 一般過去時(shí)構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞 was/were +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞例如：The bridge was built in 1992.Was this novel written by his father?(3) 一般將來時(shí)構(gòu)成：will/be going to d

9、o + be + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞例如： These books are going to be posted tomorrow.The baby will be taken good care of in the hospital.(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞 have/has + been +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞例如： Has his work been finished?We haven t been invited to the party.(5) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)構(gòu)成：be + being +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞例如： A new bridge is being built in my hometow

10、n.The problem is being discussed by the students.(6) 帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞例如： Can this walkman be repaired here?Your composition must be handed in tomorrow.二、復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)需要注意的要點(diǎn)(1)由主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的步驟：主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)句中的主語；主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中的動(dòng)詞改為相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)；主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中的主語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)句中by的賓語。(2)主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中的謂語動(dòng)詞帶有雙賓語，即直接賓語和間接賓語時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換方法有兩種:把間

11、接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化為主語，保留直接賓語把直接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化為主語，保留間接賓語。此時(shí)，一般需在間接賓語前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。(3)在短語see sb. do sth.中，動(dòng)詞see后跟不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。 改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí) 要加上to。用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動(dòng)詞一般是表示知覺的動(dòng)詞如see, hear等，以及使役動(dòng)詞make, let 等。實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練例題選講例 1 Jack(be) in hospital now. He(send) there yesterday.答案： Is, was sent提示： 由于now表示的是現(xiàn)在，會(huì)想到用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，而這里的動(dòng)詞 be表示狀 態(tài)，不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)，句子的主語he是動(dòng)作的承受

12、者，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例 2 Macao (return) to China on December 20, 1999.答案： returned提示：本句有一個(gè)明確的時(shí)間狀語，要用一般過去時(shí)。句意是“1999年12月20日澳門回歸祖國。return既可作及物動(dòng)詞，也能作不及物動(dòng)詞。由于本 句立足于“澳門在 1999年回歸”，不強(qiáng)調(diào)“由誰歸還”這一動(dòng)作，所以 一般用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。例 3 My bike (move) away from this side. I asked the man why this (do).答案： has been moved, had been done提示：第一句主要陳述此

13、事與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，第二句從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句前，主句用一般過去時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。這兩句中的動(dòng)作均有被動(dòng)意義，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例4 A lot of water (waste) every day. Its a serious problem答案： is wasted提示：表示每天都如此的習(xí)慣性狀態(tài)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，水是“被浪費(fèi)的”，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。them.答案:提示:例 5 When wet clothes are hung up near a fire, steam can soon be seen (rise) fromrising這道題是被動(dòng)語態(tài)， 要求用非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語補(bǔ)

14、足語，現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)詞不定式都是非謂語動(dòng)詞， 兩者都可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語，但用法不A strange man was seen同?，F(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語時(shí)， 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 此句是表示水蒸氣正在從濕 衣服上升起，用現(xiàn)在分詞表示。(enter) the office ten minutes ago.答案： to enter提示：這道題也是被動(dòng)語態(tài)， 要求用非謂語動(dòng)詞形式填空。用動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語表示動(dòng)作的全過程。句中的“進(jìn)入”，是十分鐘前看到的動(dòng)作的全過程， 用不定式表示。在主動(dòng)句中省略“ to”，在被動(dòng)句中要加“ to”。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)英語語態(tài)有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)兩種。主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者

15、，叫主動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：We clean the classroom們打掃教室。主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，叫被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The classroom is cleaned （by us教室被（我們）打掃。1 .被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+ （by+賓語）其中by意為 被；由”，表動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。如：The glass is broken by that boyft璃杯是那個(gè)男孩打破的。be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其肯定式、否定式、疑問式的變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。如：English is widely spoken around the world.（肯定式）English

16、is not widely spoken around the world.（否定式）Is English widely spokenaround the world? （疑問式）Yes, it is./No, it isn t.2 .被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：（1）在沒有指明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或者不知道動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的情 況下，可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：This coat is made of cotton這件大衣是棉制的。（2）要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者而不是執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如： Her bike is stolen.她的自行車被偷了。3 .主、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換：主動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+及物動(dòng)詞謂語動(dòng)詞+賓語（+其它）被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

17、主語+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+賓語（+其它）注意：（1）主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)互轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。（2）主動(dòng)句的主語是代詞的主格形 式，變成被動(dòng)態(tài)by的賓語時(shí)，要用賓格形式。如：（1） People grow rice in the south. _Rice is grown （by people） in the south.（2） She takes care of the baby.*. The baby is taken care of by her）.動(dòng)詞一般過去式的構(gòu)成a.規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式的變化可速記為直、去、雙、改四字訣。一般情況下在動(dòng)詞原形后直接加-edo如：wanted, played

18、。以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，去掉e再加-ed。如：hoped, lived。重讀閉音節(jié)單詞需雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母再加-edo如：stopped以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞變y為i,再加-ed。如：studied, worried0不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式和過去分詞A.原形與過去式和過去分詞完全相同.cost-cost-costput-put-putletletletshut-shut-shutread-read-read 讀音 /e/cutcutcut setsetset hithithit hurt-hurt-hurtlie-lied-lied 說謊 lay- lain 躺下，位于，平放 eg. Th

19、e hens don tlay-laid-laid 放置，下蛋eggs during such cold weather.Sheher books on the table.B.過去式與過去分詞完全相同1.過去式和過去分詞中含有 bright-brought-brought buy-bought-bought catchcaughtcaughtought, aught,讀音是：t think-thought-thoughtteach taught -taught2.動(dòng)詞原形中的e為o,變成過去式和過去分詞。get-got-gottelltoldtoldsellsoldsold3.動(dòng)詞原形中i為

20、a, sitsatsatspit-spat-spat4.動(dòng)詞原形中i為o,win-won-wonshineshone/ shinedshone/ shined5.動(dòng)詞原形中an為oo,stand -stood-stoodunderstandunderstoodunderstood6.動(dòng)詞原形中的ay為ai, say-said-saidpay-paid-paid7. a）動(dòng)詞原形中的d為t, sendsentsentspendspentspentlend-lent-lentbuild-built-builtb ）動(dòng)詞原形最后一個(gè)字母改為t ,smellsmeltsmeltloselostlost

21、learn learntlearntc ）動(dòng)詞原形后加一個(gè)字母t,mean-meant-meant讀音/e/d ）動(dòng)詞原形中的ee去掉一個(gè)字母e,然后在詞尾加t.字母e發(fā)音/e/feel-felt-feltsleep-slept-sleptsweep-swept-sweptkeep- keptkept其它 meet-met-methave-had-hadhold-held-heldmake-made-made hear-heard-heard find-found-foundC.原型與過去分詞相同come-came-comebecome-became-becomedig-dug-dughang

22、-hung -hungrun-ran-runD.原形，過去式， 和 過去分詞完全不同1 .把動(dòng)詞原形中i改為a變成過去式，改成u變成過去分詞.begin - beganbegundrink-drank-drunkring-rangrungswim-swam-swumsing-sang-sung2 .把動(dòng)詞原形中。改為e變成過去式，在原形詞尾加n變成過去分詞.blow- blew- blowngrow-grew-grownknow-knew-knownthrow - threw - thrownfly -flew /flu:/ -flown（ 和以上相似）3 .以下動(dòng)詞的過去分詞都以en結(jié)尾，故

23、把它們分為一類.a ）把動(dòng)詞原形中i改為o變成過去式，在詞尾加n變成過去分詞.drive-drove-drivenrise-rose-risenwrite-wrote-written（雙寫 t ）ride-rode-ridden（雙寫 d ）b ）把動(dòng)詞原形中ea改為o,在詞尾加e變成過去式，在過去式后加n變成過去分詞.speak-spoke-spokensteal-stole-stolenbreak-broke- brokenc ）把動(dòng)詞原形中的個(gè)別字母或字母組合改為o變成過去式，在過去式后加n變成過去分詞.wake-woke-wokenfreeze-froze-frozenchoose-c

24、hose-chosenforget-forgot-forgotten（雙寫 t,加en ）d）其它過去分詞以en結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞 eatateeatenfallfellfallengive-gave-giventake-took-taken mistake- mistook mistakenbeat- beat - beatensee-saw-seenhide-hid-hidden（雙寫E.沒有過去分詞的動(dòng)詞cancouldmay- mightshall- shouldwill - would其它am, is - wasbeenarewerebeendodiddonedrawdrewdrawngow

25、entgoneshow-showed-shownwear- wore worn三、練習(xí)I .把下列主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)：1. We often use a recorder in our English class.2. They will show a new film next week.3. When did they build the house?4. I saw the boy enter the room.5. W川 they show a new film next week?6. Have they posted the letter yet?7. We often see

26、him help his classmate.8. You must turn off the light before you go to be.d9. Who is repairing the bike?10. The student should learn all the texts by heart.H .選擇填空:1 .The reading room yesterday afternoon.A. cleaned B. is cleaned C. was cleaning D. was cleaned2 .The workers were made ten hours a day.

27、A. workB. to workC. working D. worked3 .Food in a cool place in summer.A. must keep B. mustn t keeC. must be kept D. mustn t be kept4 .His father to work in Hong Kong 3 years ago.A. sentB. was sent C. has sent D. has been sent5 .The pen well.A. writes B. is written C. was written D. writing6 .Great

28、changes in the town since 1988.A. have taken placeB. have been taken placeC. has taken placeD. has been taken place7.Our compositions must next Monday.D. be handing inA. be hand in B. be handed in C. handed in8 .The child will back to his parents next month.A. sentB. sendC. be sent D. be sending9 .h

29、is work yet?A. have, been finishedB. has , been finishedC. has , finishedD. have finished10 .The classroom nowA. is cleaningB. is being cleaningC. is being cleanedD. is cleaned田.用適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞填空：1 Can he (speak) English?2 What language (speak) in that country?3 The film (show) many times since last Sun

30、day.4 These TV sets (make) in SiChuan.5 It has got so dark. Would you please (turn) on the light?6 A new hospital (build) in this area now.7 the book (return).8 Rice (grow) in the south.9 The window (not break) by the boy.10 I (tell) he (not come) just now.IV.將下列句子改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，并根據(jù)情況保留或去掉動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者1. They will

31、 say nothing more about this matter.2. They have made some flowers of silk.3. He wrote a poem.4. The students are planting some trees and flowers.5. They are to open up a new business next week.6. Children couldn t ha ve done all this damage.7. All of us will see him off at the airport.8. They feed

32、the tigers at the zoo three times a day.9. You must hand in your homework before five.10. People say that she is a good teacher.V.用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空1. English _ (speak) in many countries.2. Information in short-term memory _ (can, not, keep) very long.3. After that, one of the lights _ (turn off) and the

33、rat had to wait for a short time.4. Just a few years ago, tomatoes _ (believe) to have magical powers, making people who ate them fall in love.5. It is said new copies of the book _ (print) now.6. The old house _ (pull) down next month.7. In the old days, the children _ (take care of) by the mother

34、because she did not work outside the house.8. Needless to say, the second list of words _ (can, remember) more easily than the first one.9. She _ (send) to another village when I got there.10. The teacher said that we _ (give) another chance some time next month if we failed in the exam.I 、 1.A recorder is often used in our English class.2 .A new film will be shown by then next week.3 .When was the house built by them?4 .The boy was seen to enter the room.5 .Will a new film be show