太陽能光伏電池論文中英文資料對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)綜述

1、外文翻譯光伏系統(tǒng)中蓄電池的充電保護(hù)IC電路設(shè)計1 .引言太陽能作為一種取之不盡、用之不竭的能源越來越受到重視。太陽能發(fā)電 已經(jīng)在很多國家和地區(qū)開始普及，太陽能照明也已經(jīng)在我國很多城市開始投入 使用。作為太陽能照明的一個關(guān)鍵部分，蓄電池的充電以及保護(hù)顯得尤為重要。 由于密封免維護(hù)鉛酸蓄電池具有密封好、無泄漏、無污染、免維護(hù)、價格低廉、 供電可靠，在電池的整個壽命期間電壓穩(wěn)定且不需要維護(hù)等優(yōu)點，所以在各類 需要不間斷供電的電子設(shè)備和便攜式儀器儀表中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。采用適當(dāng)?shù)?浮充電壓，在正常使用（防止過放、過充、過流）時，免維護(hù)鉛酸蓄電池的浮充 壽命可達(dá)1216年，如果浮充電壓偏差5%則使用壽命縮

2、短1/2。由此可見，充 電方式對這類電池的使用壽命有著重大的影響。由于在光伏發(fā)電中，蓄電池?zé)o 需經(jīng)常維護(hù)，因此采用正確的充電方式并采用合理的保護(hù)方式，能有效延長蓄 電池的使用壽命。傳統(tǒng)的充電和保護(hù)IC是分立的，占用而積大并且外圍電路復(fù) 雜。目前，市場上還沒有真正的將充電與保護(hù)功能集成于單一芯片。針對這個 問題，設(shè)計一種集蓄電池充電和保護(hù)功能于一身的 IC是十分必要的。2 .系統(tǒng)設(shè)計與考慮系統(tǒng)主要包括兩大部分：蓄電池充電模塊和保護(hù)模塊。這對于將蓄電池作為 備用電源使用的場合具有重要意義，它既可以保證外部電源給蓄電池供電，又 可以在蓄電池過充、過流以及外部電源斷開蓄電池處于過放狀態(tài)時提供保護(hù)， 將

3、充電和保護(hù)功能集于一身使得電路簡化，并且減少寶貴的而積資源浪費。圖1是此Ic在光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中的具體應(yīng)用，也是此設(shè)計的來源。免維護(hù)鉛酸蓄電池的壽命通常為循環(huán)壽命和浮充壽命，影響蓄電池壽命的 因素有充電速率、放電速率和浮充電壓。某些廠家稱如果有過充保護(hù)電路，充 電率可以達(dá)到甚至超過2c（C為蓄電池的額定容量），但是電池廠商推薦的充電 率是C/20C/3。電池的電壓與溫度有關(guān)，溫度每升高 1C,單格電池電壓下降 4 mV,也就是說電池的浮充電壓有負(fù)的溫度系數(shù)-4mV/C。普通充電器在25C 處為最佳工作狀態(tài)；在環(huán)境溫度為 0 c時充電不足；在45 c時可能因嚴(yán)重過充 電縮短電池的使用壽命。要使得蓄電

4、池延長工作壽命，對蓄電池的工作狀態(tài)要 有一定的了解和分析，從而實現(xiàn)對蓄電池進(jìn)行保護(hù)的目的。蓄電池有四種工作 狀態(tài):通常狀態(tài)、過電流狀態(tài)、過充電狀態(tài)、過放電狀態(tài)。但是由于不同的過放 電電流對蓄電池的容量和壽命所產(chǎn)生的影響不盡相同，所以對蓄電池的過放電 電流檢測也要分別對待。當(dāng)電池處于過充電狀態(tài)的時間較長，則會嚴(yán)重降低電 池的容量，縮短電池的壽命。當(dāng)電池處于過放電狀態(tài)的時間超過規(guī)定時間，則 電池由于電池電壓過低可能無法再充電使用，從而使得電池壽命降低。根據(jù)以上所述，充電方式對免維護(hù)鉛酸蓄電池的壽命有很大影響，同時為 了使電池始終處于良好的工作狀態(tài)，蓄電池保護(hù)電路必須能夠?qū)﹄姵氐姆钦?工作狀態(tài)進(jìn)行

5、檢測，并作出動作以使電池能夠從不正常的工作狀態(tài)回到通常工 作狀態(tài)，從而實現(xiàn)對電池的保護(hù)。3 .單元模塊設(shè)計3.1 充電模塊芯片的充電模塊框圖如圖2所示。該電路包括限流比較器、電流取樣比較 器、基準(zhǔn)電壓源、欠壓檢測電路、電壓取樣電路和邏輯控制電路。該模塊內(nèi)含有獨立的限流放大器和電壓控制電路，它可以控制芯片外驅(qū)動器,驅(qū)動器提供的輸出電流為2030mA,可直接驅(qū)動外部串聯(lián)的調(diào)整管，從而 調(diào)整充電器的輸出電壓與電流。電壓和電流檢測比較器檢測蓄電池的充電狀態(tài)， 并控制狀態(tài)邏輯電路的輸入信號。當(dāng)電池電壓或電流過低時，充電啟動比較器 控制充電。電器進(jìn)入涓流充電狀態(tài)，當(dāng)驅(qū)動器截止時，該比較器還能輸出20mA左

6、右，進(jìn)入涓流充電電流。這樣，當(dāng)電池短路或反接時，充電器只能以小 電流充電，避免了因充電電流過大而損壞電池。此模塊構(gòu)成的充電電路充電過 程分為二個充電狀態(tài)：大電流恒流充電狀態(tài)、高電壓過充電狀態(tài)和低電壓恒壓浮 充狀態(tài)。充電過程從大電流恒流充電狀態(tài)開始，在這種狀態(tài)下充電器輸出恒定 的充電電流。同時充電器連續(xù)監(jiān)控電池組的兩端電壓，當(dāng)電池電壓達(dá)到轉(zhuǎn)換電壓過充轉(zhuǎn)換電壓Vsam時，電池的電量己恢復(fù)到放出容量的 70%90%,充電器 轉(zhuǎn)入過充電狀態(tài)。在此狀態(tài)下，充電器輸出電壓升高到過充電壓V,由于充電器輸出電壓保持恒定不變，所以充電電流連續(xù)下降。當(dāng)電流下降到過充中止電流Ioct時，電池的容量己達(dá)到額定容量的1

7、00%,充電器輸出電壓下降到較低的 浮充電壓VF。3.2 保護(hù)模塊芯片內(nèi)部保護(hù)電路模塊框圖如圖3所示。該電路包括控制邏輯電路、取樣 電路、過充電檢測電路、過放電檢測比較器、過電流檢測比較器、負(fù)載短路檢 測電路、電平轉(zhuǎn)換電路和基準(zhǔn)電路（BGR）。此模塊構(gòu)成的保護(hù)電路如圖4所示。當(dāng)芯片的供電電壓在正常工作范圍內(nèi)， 且VM管腳處的電壓在過電流I檢測電壓之下，則此時電池處于通常工作狀態(tài)， 芯片的充放電控制端CO和DO均為高電平，這時芯片處于通常工作模式。而 當(dāng)電池放電電流變大，會引起 VM管腳處的電壓上升，若VM管腳處的電壓在 過電流檢測電壓Viov之上，則此時電池處于過電流狀態(tài)，如果這種狀態(tài)保持相

8、應(yīng)的過電流延時時間tiov,芯片禁止電池放電，這時充電控制端 CO為高電平， 而放電控制端DO為低電平，芯片處于過電流模式，一般為了對電池起到更加 安全合理的保護(hù)，芯片會對電池的不同過放電電流采取不同的過放電電流延時 時間保護(hù)。一般規(guī)律是過放電電流越大，則過放電電流延時時間越短。當(dāng)芯片 的供電電壓在過充電檢測電壓之上（Vdd>Vcu）時，則電池處于過充電狀態(tài)，如 果這種狀態(tài)保持相應(yīng)的過充電延時時間tcu芯片將禁止電池充電，此時放電控制 端DO為高電平，而充電控制端CO為低電平，芯片處于過充電模式。當(dāng)芯片 的供電電壓在過放電檢測電壓之下（Vdd<Vd>則此時電池處于過放電狀態(tài)，

9、如 果這種狀態(tài)保持相應(yīng)的過放電延時時間tdi,芯片將禁止電池放電，此時充電控 制端CO為高電平，而放電控制端DO為低電平，芯片處于過放電模式。4 .電路設(shè)計由兩個充電與保護(hù)模塊結(jié)構(gòu)圖可將電路分為四部分：電源檢測電路（欠壓檢 測電路）、偏置電路（取樣電路、基準(zhǔn)電路以及偏置電路 卜比較器部分（包括過充 電檢測比較器/過放電檢測比較器、過流檢測比較器和負(fù)載短路檢測電路 ）及邏 輯控制部分。文中主要介紹欠壓檢測電路設(shè)計（圖5）,并給出帶隙基準(zhǔn)電路（圖6）。蓄電池的充電、電壓的穩(wěn)定尤為重要，欠壓、過壓保護(hù)是必不可少的，因 此通過在芯片內(nèi)部集成過壓、欠壓保護(hù)電路來提高電源的可靠性和安全性。并 且保護(hù)電路的

10、設(shè)計要簡單、實用，此處設(shè)計了一種 CMOS工藝下的欠壓保護(hù)電 路，此電路結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，工藝實現(xiàn)容易，可用做高壓或功率集成電路等的電源保護(hù)電路。欠壓保護(hù)的電路原理圖如圖5所示，共由五部分組成：偏置電路、基準(zhǔn)電壓、 分壓電路、差分放大器、輸出電路。本電路的電源電壓是10V； M0, Mi, M2, R0是電路的偏置部分，給后級電路提供偏置，電阻 Ro決 定了電路的工作點，mo, Mi, M2組成電流鏡；Ri, M14是欠壓信號的反饋回路; 其余 M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14組成四級 放大比較器；M15, DO產(chǎn)生基準(zhǔn)電壓，輸入比

11、較器的同相端，固定不變（V + ）, 分壓電阻R1, R2, R3輸入到比較器的反相端，當(dāng)電源電壓正常工作時，反相端 的欠壓檢測輸給比較器的反相端的電壓大于 V+。比較器輸出為低，M14截止， 反饋電路不起作用；當(dāng)欠壓發(fā)生時，分壓電阻R1, R2, R3反應(yīng)比較敏感，當(dāng)電 阻分壓后輸給反相端的電壓小于 V,比較器的輸出電壓為高，此信號將 M14開 啟，使得R兩端的電壓變?yōu)镸兩端的飽和電壓，趨近于0V,從而進(jìn)一步拉低 了 R1>R2分壓后的輸出電壓，形成了欠壓的正反饋。輸出為高，欠壓鎖定，起 到了保護(hù)作用。5 .仿真模擬結(jié)果與分析本設(shè)計電路采用CSMC 0.6叩數(shù)字CMOS工藝對電路進(jìn)行仿

12、真分析。在 對電路做整體仿真時，主要觀察的是保護(hù)模塊對電池的充放電過程是否通過監(jiān) 測Vdd電位和Vm電位而使芯片的CO端和DO端發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化。圖7所示的 整體仿真波形圖是保護(hù)模塊隨著電池電壓的變化從通常工作模式轉(zhuǎn)換到過充電 模式，然后回到通常工作模式，接著進(jìn)入過放電模式，最后再回到通常工作模 式。由于本設(shè)計處于前期階段，各個參數(shù)還需要優(yōu)化，只是提供初步的仿真結(jié) 果。6結(jié)論設(shè)計了一種集蓄電池充電與保護(hù)功能于一身的IC。利用此設(shè)計既可以減小 而積，又可以減少外圍電路元器件。電路同時采用了低功耗設(shè)計。由于此項目 正在進(jìn)行設(shè)計優(yōu)化階段，完整的仿真還不能達(dá)到要求，還需要對各個模塊電路 進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計。英

13、語原文Designofa Lead-AcidBatteryChargingand ProtectingIC in PhotovoltaicSystem1.IntroductionSolar energy as an inexhaustible, inexhaustible source of energy more and more attention. Solar power has become popular in many countries and regions, solar lighting has also beenput into use in many cities in

14、China. As a key part of the solar lighting, battery charging and protection is particularly important. Sealed maintenance-free lead-acid battery has a sealed, leak-free, pollution-free, maintenance-free,low-cost, reliable power supply during the entire life of the battery voltage is stableand no mai

15、ntenance,the needfor uninterruptedfor the various types of haswide application in power electronic equipment,and portable instrumentation. Appropriate float voltage, in normal use(to prevent over-discharge,overcharge,over- current), maintenance-free lead-acid battery float life of up to 12 16 years

16、float voltage deviation of 5% shorten the life of 1/2. Thus, the chargehasa major impact on this type of battery life. Photovoltaic, battery does not need regular maintenance, the correct charge and reasonable protection, can effectively extend battery life. Charging and protection IC is the separat

17、ionof the occupied area and the peripheral circuit complexity. Currently, the market hasnot yet real, chargedwith the protection function is integrated on a single chip. For this problem, design a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC is very necessary.2.Systemdesignand consider

18、ationsThe system mainly includes two parts: the battery charger module and the protection module. Of great significance for the battery as standby power use of the occasion,It can ensurethat the external power supply to the battery-powered,but also in the battery overcharge,over-current and an exter

19、nal power supply is disconnected the battery is to put the state to provide protection, the charge and protection rolled into one to make the circuit to simplify and reduce valuable product waste of resources. Figure 1 is a specific application of this Ic in the photovoltaic power generationsystem,b

20、ut also the sourceof this design.Maintenance-free lead-acid battery life is usually the cycle life and float life factors affecting the life of the battery charge rate, discharge rate, and float voltage. Some manufacturerssaid that if the overcharge protection circuit, the charging rate can be achie

21、ved even more than 2c (C is the rated capacity of the battery), battery manufacturers recommend charging rate of C/20 C/3. Battery voltage and temperature,the temperatureis increasedby 1 C, single cell battery voltage drops 4 mV, negative temperature coefficient of -4 mV / 0 C means that the battery

22、 float voltage. Ordinary chargerfor the bestworking condition at 25 C; chargelessthanthe ambient temperature of 0 C; at 45 C may shorten the battery life due to severe overcharge. To make the battery to extend the working life, have a certain understandingand analysisof the working statusof thebatte

23、ry,in order to achievethe purposeof protection of the battery. Battery, there are four states:normal state,over- current stateover the stateof charge,overdischargestate.However, dueto the impact of the different dischargecurrent over-capacity and lifetime of the battery is not the same, so the batte

24、ry over discharge current detection should be treated separately. When the battery is charging the statea long time, would severelyreducethe capacity of the battery and shortenbattery life. When the battery is the time of dischargestatus exceedsthe allotted time, the battery,the battery voltage is t

25、oo low may not be ableto recharge,making the batterylife is lower.Basedon the above, the chargeon the life of maintenance-freelead-acid batteries have a significant impact, while the battery is always in good working condition, battery protection circuit must be able to detect the normal working con

26、dition of the battery and make the action the battery can never normal working state back to normal operation,in order to achievethe protection of the battery.3 .Unitsmodular design3.1ThechargingmoduleChip, charging module block diagram shown in Figure 2. The circuitry includes current limiting, cur

27、rent sensing comparator,reference voltage source, under-voltage detectioncircuit, voltage sampling circuit andlogic control circuit.The module containsa stand-alonelimiting amplifier and voltage control circuit, it can control off-chip drive, 20 30 mA, provided by the drive output current can direct

28、ly drive an external seriesof adjustmenttube, so as to adjust the chargeroutput voltage and current . Voltage and current detection comparator detects the battery chargestatus,and control the state of the input signal of the logic circuit. When the battery voltage or current is too low, the charge t

29、o start the comparator control the charging. Appliances into the trickle charge state when the cut-off of the drive, the comparator can output about 20 mA into the trickle charge current. Thus, when the battery short-circuit or reverse,the chargercan only charge a small current, to avoid damage to t

30、he battery charging current is too large. This module constitutes a charging circuit charging process is divided into two charging status: high-current constant-current charge state, high-voltage charge status and low-voltage constant voltage floating state.The charging processfrom the constantcurre

31、nt charging status, the constant charging current of the charger output in this state. And the charger continuously monitors the voltage acrossthe battery pack, the battery power hasbeen restoredto 70% to 90% of the releasedcapacity when the battery voltage reachesthe switching voltage to charge con

32、version voltage Vsam charger moves to the state of charge.In this state,the chargeroutput voltage is increasedto overchargepressureVoc is due to the charger output voltage remains constant, so the charging current is a continuous decline. Current down to chargeand suspendthe current Ioct, the batter

33、y capacity has reached 100% of rated capacity, the charger output voltage drops to a lower float voltageVF.3.2ProtectionModuleChip block diagram of the internal protection circuit shown in Figure 3. The circuit includes control logic circuit, sampling circuit, overcharge detection circuit, over-disc

34、harge detection comparator, overcurrent detection comparator, load shortcircuit detection circuit, level-shifting circuit and referencecircuit (BGR).This module constitutesa protection circuit shown in Figure 4. Under the chip supply voltage within the normal scope of work, and the VM pin voltage at

35、 the overcurrent detection voltage, the battery is in normal operation, the charge and dischargecontrol of the chip high power end of the CO and DO are level, when the chip is in normal working mode. Larger when the battery dischargecurrent will cause voltage rise of the VM pin at the VM pin voltage

36、 at above the current detection voltage Viov, then the battery is the current status, if this state to maintain the tiov overcurrent delay time, the chip ban on battery discharge,then the chargeto control the endof CO is high, the dischargecontrol side DO is low, the chip is in the current mode,gene

37、ralin order to play on the battery saferand more reasonableprotection, the chip will battery over-dischargecurrent to take over the discharge current delay time protection. The general rule is that the over-discharge current is larger, over the shorter the discharge current delay time. Above Overcha

38、rge detection voltage, the chip supply voltage (Vdd> Vcu), the battery is in overcharge state, this state is to maintain the corresponding overcharge delay time tcu chip will be prohibited from charging the battery, then dischargecontrol end DO is high, and charging control terminal CO is low, th

39、e chip is in charging mode.When the supply voltage of the chip under the overdischargedetection voltage (Vdd <Vdl,), then the battery is discharged state, this state remains the overdischargedelay time tdl chip will be prohibited to discharge the battery at this time The charge control side CO is

40、 high, while the dischargecontrol terminal DO is low, the chip is in dischargemode.4 .Circuit DesignTwo chargeprotection module structure diagram, the circuit can be divided into four parts: the power detection circuit (under-voltage detection circuit), part of the bias circuit (sampling circuit, th

41、e reference circuit and bias circuit), the comparator (including the overchargedetection/overdischargedetection comparator,over-current detectionand load short-circuit detectioncircuit) andthe logic control part.This paperdescribesthe under-voltage detection circuit (Figure 5), and gives the bandgap

42、referencecircuit (Figure 6).Battery charging, voltage stability is particularly important, undervoltage, overvoltage protection is essential, therefore integrated overvoltage, undervoltage protection circuit inside the chip, to improve power supply reliability and security. And protection circuit de

43、sign should be simple, practical, here designed a CMOS process,the undervoltageprotection circuit, this simple circuit structure, processand easyto implement and can be usedas high-voltage power integratedcircuits and other power protection circuit.Undervoltage protection circuit schematic shown in

44、Figure 5, a total of five components:the bias circuit, referencevoltage, the voltage divider circuit, differential amplifier, the output circuit. The circuit supply voltage is 10V; the M0, M1, M2, Ro is the offset portion of the circuit to provide bias to the post-stagecircuit, the resistance, Ro, d

45、eterminethe circuit's operatingpoint, theM0, M1, M2 form a current mirror; R1 M14 is the feedbackloop of the undervoltagesignal; therest of the M3, M4 andM5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M io, M11, M12, M13, M14, composedof four amplification comparator; M15, DO, a referencevoltage, the comparator input with

46、 the inverting input is fixed (V+), partial pressureof the resistanceR1, R2, R3, the input to the inverting input of the comparator,when the normal working of the power supply voltage, the inverting terminal of the voltage detection is lost to the inverting terminal voltage of the comparatoris greaterthan V+. Comparator output is low, M14 cutoff, feedbackcircuit doesnot work; undervoltageoccurs,the voltage divider of Ri, R2, R3, reaction is more sensitive, lost to the inverting input vo