國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)英語(yǔ)delivery

1、Modes of TransportTransport DocumentsTerms of Transportunit 7 Delivery of GoodsIntroductionThe delivery of goods, in international trade, is one the most important steps. This is because in international trade where an exporter and an importer are always far apart, the goods under the contract have

2、to go a long distance and sometimes change several carriers in transit before they reach the importer. In an international business, it is one of the basic tasks for the exporter to deliver the goods to the buyer or carrier or agreed conveyance after the contract has been singed according to the sti

3、pulated time, place, and transport methods in the contract.The delivery of the goods means that the seller delivers the contract goods at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manners to the buyer. In international sales of goods, the delivery also means to transfer the necessary documents at the

4、 stipulated time to the buyer.As to the methods of delivery in international practice, there are many methods to deliver the goods purchased, such as ocean transport, railway transport, air transport, river and lakes transport, postal transport, road transport, pipelines transport, land bridge trans

5、port and international multimode transport and so on. The buyer and seller can decide which methods will be the best for the goods to be transported according the goods characteristics, quantity, transit journey, value, time, the natural conditions and so on. Section One Methods of the Delivery （一）（

6、一）Modes of TransportModes of Transport Sea Land Air Charter Liner Railway, train Roadway, truck Airline Ups, Fedex, DHL,EMS Postal Parcel TransportCombined TransportOCP Transport: Overland common pointLand Bridge Transport Ocean freight is the most widely used form of transportation in international

7、 trade as well as the most efficient form in terms of energy. It still has the attraction of being a cheap modes of transport for delivering large quantities of goods over long distance. Before a shipment is made, the exporter has to consider many different factors influencing his transport consider

8、ations such as cost, safety, speed and convenience. 1 Ocean Transport1) Shipping by CharteringIt is also called tramp. A shipping by chartering is a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or fixed schedule of sailing. It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those por

9、ts where there is a demand at the moment for shipping space. The shipper charters the ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods. It falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter. (1). Voyage charter 定程租船 (2). Time Charter 定期租船 (3). Demise charter 光船租船 (4). Charter

10、 party 租船合同 海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式租船TRAMP：沒有預(yù)定的船期表，船舶航線和停靠港口不固定。船舶的航線、運(yùn)輸貨物種類、航行時(shí)間、運(yùn)費(fèi)或租金由船貨雙方在租船合同中議定。適用于大宗貨物如糧食、油料、礦物、化工等運(yùn)輸。定程租船VOYAGE CHARTER：船舶所有人提供船只，在指定港口間進(jìn)行一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)航次，承運(yùn)指定貨物的租船運(yùn)輸。單程租船來(lái)回航次租船連續(xù)航次租船包運(yùn)租船定期租船TIME CHARTER：船舶所有人將船舶出租給承租人，供其使用一定時(shí)期的租船運(yùn)輸。承租人可將定期租船作為班輪或定程租船使用。光船租賃BAREBOAT CHARTER：船舶所有人將船舶（空船）租給承租人使用一段時(shí)間，

11、而不提供船員和船舶的營(yíng)運(yùn)。航次期租TIME CHARTER ON TRIP BASISTCT：以完成一個(gè)航次運(yùn)輸為目的，按完成航次所花的時(shí)間，按約定的租金率計(jì)算租金。海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式租船影響定程租船運(yùn)費(fèi)的因素租船市場(chǎng)運(yùn)費(fèi)水平；承運(yùn)貨物的價(jià)格和裝卸貨物所需設(shè)備和勞動(dòng)力；運(yùn)費(fèi)的支付時(shí)間；裝卸費(fèi)的負(fù)擔(dān)方法；港口費(fèi)用高低；船舶經(jīng)紀(jì)人的傭金高低等。定程租船的裝卸費(fèi)由承租人和船東協(xié)商船方負(fù)擔(dān)裝船和卸貨費(fèi)用/gross terms/liner terms船方管裝不管卸/free out/FO船方管卸不管裝/free in/FI船方不管裝卸/free in & out/FIO，適用于散貨租船合同Un

12、iform General Charter ContractGENCON：稱“金康”，為波羅地海船舶所有人公會(huì)制定，用于定程租船Uniform Time Charter ContractBAL Time：由波羅地海航運(yùn)公會(huì)制定，適用于定期租船China National Chartering Corporation Time ContractSino TimeN. Y. Product Exchange Time CharterM租船的注意事項(xiàng)：M不能租賃在政治、外交上與我國(guó)有矛盾、貿(mào)易上與我國(guó)無(wú)來(lái)往的國(guó)家的船M不宜租賃二船東onward carrier，或只有一條船的小船東的船M不宜租賃船齡

13、在15年或15年以上的船，及耗油量大、無(wú)自動(dòng)艙蓋、無(wú)電動(dòng)絞車的船租船市場(chǎng)租船市場(chǎng)是進(jìn)行租船交易的場(chǎng)所，船東、租船人、租船經(jīng)紀(jì)人構(gòu)成了這個(gè)市場(chǎng)。租船經(jīng)紀(jì)人/租船代理，其主要業(yè)務(wù)是按委托人（船東或租船人）的要求，為委托人尋找貨運(yùn)對(duì)象或合適的運(yùn)輸傳播，收取傭金。中國(guó)租船公司是中國(guó)最大的租船代理。國(guó)際上最大的租船市場(chǎng)是倫敦租船市場(chǎng)，成交量占全球的30%。紐約租船市場(chǎng)以油輪為主，排名第二。北歐市場(chǎng)分布在奧斯陸、漢堡和斯德哥爾摩，主要經(jīng)營(yíng)專業(yè)化的高質(zhì)量船舶如冷藏船、滾上滾下船、液化石油氣船等。(1). Voyage charter The voyage charter is one for the car

14、riage of goods from one specified port to another, or for a round trip. It includes single voyage charter, return voyage charter and successive voyage charter. According to the route stipulated in the charter party, the ship-owner is responsible for delivering the goods to the port of destination an

15、d for managing the ship as well as bearing all expenses. Under a voyage charter, payment by the charterer is usually based on an agreed rate per ton for a “full and complete cargo”. Should he fail to provide sufficient cargo to fill the ship he is liable for what is termed dead freight, a prorate pa

16、yment for the space not used. A voyage charter also stipulates the number of days known as lay days, for loading and unloading. Should these be accessed, the charter is liable for a demurrage charge for each day in excess, and conversely is entitled to dispatch money for each day not taken up. The l

17、iability of the shippowner is to provide a ship that is seaworthy and to avoid unjustifiable deviation en route.定程租船合同的主要內(nèi)容貨物種類、重量、包裝的明確規(guī)定對(duì)承租人是否擁有貨物的選擇權(quán)數(shù)量需規(guī)定機(jī)動(dòng)幅度船舶的滿載量，沒裝滿要付空艙費(fèi)dead freight；若裝不下，要向承租人賠償港口明確裝運(yùn)港對(duì)于貿(mào)易合同中有2個(gè)以上裝貨港或卸貨港的，租船合同中應(yīng)作相應(yīng)規(guī)定，并給承租人以港口選擇權(quán)定程租船合同的主要內(nèi)容船期受載期lay days：船舶最早可以抵達(dá)和最遲必須抵達(dá)裝運(yùn)港的候裝期限

18、（一般2-3周）運(yùn)費(fèi)：規(guī)定運(yùn)費(fèi)率或整船包干支付方式：預(yù)付啟運(yùn)港付：按慣例，不論船貨滅失，概不退還到付目的港付：船方有留置權(quán)l(xiāng)ien on cargo按比例預(yù)付/到付定程租船合同的主要內(nèi)容裝卸起訖時(shí)間起：以船方遞交準(zhǔn)備裝船或卸貨通知書下一個(gè)工作日上午起算訖：最后一件貨物裝/卸完滯期費(fèi)demurrage：規(guī)定的裝卸期限內(nèi)，租船人未完成裝卸作業(yè)，給船方造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，租船人對(duì)超過的時(shí)間應(yīng)向船方支付的罰金；p136速遣費(fèi)dispatch money：在規(guī)定的裝卸期限內(nèi)，租船人提前完成裝卸作業(yè)，使船方節(jié)省了船舶在港的開支，船方向其支付一定獎(jiǎng)金。速遣費(fèi)常為滯期費(fèi)的一半。(2). Time Charter

19、The charterer charters the ship for a period of time during which the ship is deployed and managed by the charterer. What concerns the charterer most is the period, not the voyage. The chartering may be for a period of 1 year or of several years. During the period of chartering, the ship is managed,

20、 deployed and used by the charterer. A series of work, such as loading, unloading, stowing and trimming and the so caused fuel expenses, port expenses, loading and unloading expenses, etc., should be borne by the charterer. The ship-owner should bear the wages and board expenses of the crew, and be

21、responsible for seaworthiness during the period of chartering and the so-caused expenses and the vessel insurance premium. (2). Time Charter定期租船合同的主要內(nèi)容船舶：船舶的技術(shù)指標(biāo)、性能應(yīng)在合同中規(guī)定，如船級(jí)、船主、船名、船旗、船會(huì)、總噸、載貨噸、載重、載貨容積、耗油量、航速等使用限制貨物限制：船東限制租船不得裝易燃、易爆、活牲畜等航行區(qū)域限制：冰山區(qū)，敵對(duì)國(guó)定期租船合同的主要內(nèi)容租期：由船、租方商定，有伸縮性，如半年 15天船舶交接：交船、還船的時(shí)間、

22、地點(diǎn)租金：按期支付，到期不付，船主有權(quán)解除合同船方出現(xiàn)失誤，并導(dǎo)致營(yíng)業(yè)出現(xiàn)中斷24小時(shí)以上，承租人有權(quán)停止租金，若租金已付，可按比例扣除轉(zhuǎn)船：一般在合同中規(guī)定“可以轉(zhuǎn)船”(3). Demise charter Demise charter, is also called bare-boat charter, the charterer takes a lease of the entire ship for an agreed time. So demise charter belongs to time charter, but there are some differences: as

23、to time charter, during the period of chartering, the ship-owner provides the charterer with a crew, while as to bare-boat charter, the ship-owner only provides the charterer with a bare-boat, the charterer shall employ the crew and pay the crews wages and provisions, ships maintenance and stores et

24、c. by himself, apart from those expenses he is responsible for under the time charter. (4). Charter party The charter party is a contract concluded between the ship-owner and the charterer when the latter charters the ship or booking shipping space from the former. It stipulates the rights and oblig

25、ations of the two parties. The main terms on the charter party include the interested parties, name and flag of the ship, description and quantity of the shipments, time of chartering, freight, loading and unloading expenses, time limit of loading and unloading, demurrage and dispatch money. 2) Line

26、r A liner is a vessel with regular sailing and arrival on a stated schedule between a group of specific ports. The main features of liners usually include: a. The liner has a regular line, port, timetable and comparatively fixed freight，which is the basic features of liners b. The ship-owner usually

27、 leases part of shipping space instead of the whole ship. c. The carrier is responsible for loading and unloading operations, i.e., Gross Terms. d. The B/L drawn by the shipping company is the shipping contract between the carrier and the consignor. The rights and obligations of the carrier and the

28、consignor are based on the B/L drawn by the shipping company. Freight is the remuneration payable to the carrier for the carriage of goods. The freight paid for the carriage by a liner differs in the way of calculating from that paid under a charter party. Freight = Fb + SFb-Basic freightS-surcharge

29、 3) Freight of liners海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式班輪班輪運(yùn)輸?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)船期表經(jīng)常分送客貨以招攬貨載，并在專業(yè)報(bào)紙或刊物上登載船期表承運(yùn)人以公共承運(yùn)人身份攬貨，其服務(wù)對(duì)象為大眾托運(yùn)人。運(yùn)費(fèi)表對(duì)外公開，受政府監(jiān)管與認(rèn)可，不得隨意變更。各航線多有航運(yùn)公會(huì)的組織，船公司可加入公會(huì)成為會(huì)員，接受公會(huì)所訂運(yùn)價(jià)及貨運(yùn)規(guī)則，也可不參加。為便于管理船舶、控制船期、承攬貨載，有一定的規(guī)模和組織，并在固定航線的港口設(shè)立分支機(jī)構(gòu)或委托長(zhǎng)期性的代理行，有的甚至有專用碼頭及倉(cāng)庫(kù)等。班輪運(yùn)輸?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)“一負(fù)責(zé)”運(yùn)送責(zé)任區(qū)間為from tackle to tackle，貨柜運(yùn)輸時(shí)是from terminal to ter

30、minal，船方管裝卸、理貨、丈量等，故運(yùn)費(fèi)中包含裝卸費(fèi)。船貨雙方的權(quán)利、義務(wù)和責(zé)任以船公司簽發(fā)的提單條款為準(zhǔn)。班輪承運(yùn)貨物的品種、數(shù)量靈活（只要有艙位，就可運(yùn)輸），運(yùn)輸質(zhì)量較好，一般在碼頭倉(cāng)庫(kù)交接貨物，貨主較便利?！八亩ā?船期表、航線、港口、費(fèi)率托運(yùn)人可直接向承運(yùn)人洽運(yùn)，也可通過貨運(yùn)代理接洽托運(yùn)。海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式班輪班輪的運(yùn)費(fèi)：按照班輪運(yùn)價(jià)表計(jì)收。不同船公司或班輪公會(huì)的運(yùn)價(jià)表不同。貨方運(yùn)價(jià)表：由常年有較大運(yùn)輸量的貨主決定；雙邊協(xié)商：OPEN海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)的計(jì)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：1 重量噸 Weight Ton “W”2 尺碼噸 Measurement Ton “M”3 毛重或體積 “W/

31、M”4 從價(jià) “A.V.” or “Ad. Val”FOB5 三者選最高 “W/M or ad val.”6 二者選最高加從價(jià) “W/M plus ad val.”7 按件 per head, per unit海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式班輪附加費(fèi)用超重附加費(fèi)extra charges on heavy lifts：貨物單件超過5公噸超長(zhǎng)附加費(fèi)extra charges on over lengths：貨物單件超過9米直航附加費(fèi)extra charges on direct：停泊于非基本港，運(yùn)量達(dá)到或超過1000運(yùn)費(fèi)噸燃油附加費(fèi)：BAF，占總成本15%選卸附加費(fèi)extra charges on opti

32、onal discharging port：轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi)transhipment additional：港口附加費(fèi)port additional：變更目的港附加費(fèi)：貨幣貶值附加費(fèi)：海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式班輪班輪運(yùn)價(jià)表的結(jié)構(gòu)說明及規(guī)定商品表單項(xiàng)費(fèi)率等級(jí)費(fèi)率航線費(fèi)率表附加費(fèi)率表冷藏貨或活牲畜費(fèi)率表班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)的計(jì)算先根據(jù)貨物的英文名稱在貨物分級(jí)表中查出該貨物屬于什么等級(jí)和按什么計(jì)費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)貨物等級(jí)和計(jì)費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在航線費(fèi)率表中查出貨物的基本運(yùn)費(fèi)費(fèi)率查出貨物本身所經(jīng)航線和港口的有關(guān)附加費(fèi)貨物的基本費(fèi)率和附加費(fèi)率之和是貨物每一運(yùn)費(fèi)噸的單價(jià)以該貨物的計(jì)費(fèi)重量噸或尺碼噸乘以單價(jià)，即得出運(yùn)費(fèi)總量。 liner ship

33、businessship charter demise charter marine transportation business v o y a g e chartertime chartercharacteristics and functionsobligations of consignment liner consortia characteristics of ship leasing ways of ship charteringcharter party Railway is capable of attaining relatively high speeds with l

34、arge quantities and is , safe, at low cost, punctual, rather economical and less influence by weather. Railway transport falls into 4 kinds: a. Railway transport at home; b. Railway transport to H.K. and Macao; c. International railway transport between two countries; d. International railway the ro

35、ugh transport.2 Railway Transport鐵路運(yùn)輸鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)不受氣候的影響風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)小速度較快分類：國(guó)內(nèi)鐵路運(yùn)輸進(jìn)出口貨物：出口貨物經(jīng)鐵路運(yùn)至裝運(yùn)港，進(jìn)口貨物經(jīng)鐵路運(yùn)至各地港澳地區(qū)：兩票運(yùn)輸國(guó)內(nèi)段運(yùn)輸和港段運(yùn)輸：中外運(yùn)承運(yùn)國(guó)際聯(lián)運(yùn)國(guó)際貨約：主要西方國(guó)家國(guó)際貨協(xié)：前社會(huì)主義國(guó)家3 Air TransportThe air transport can be divided into the following kinds: a. Scheduled airliner班機(jī)運(yùn)輸 b. Charted carrier包機(jī)運(yùn)輸 c. Consolidation集中托運(yùn)d. Air

36、 express急件運(yùn)送 Airway Bill Airway Bill has the following features: a. It is a transport contract signed between the consignor/shipper and the carrier/ airline. b. It is a receipt from the airline acknowledging the receipt of the consignment from the shipper. c. The air waybill is an internationally st

37、andardized document mostly printed in English and in the official language of the country of departure, which facilitates the on-carriage of goods going through 2 to 3 airlines in different countries to the final destination. 航空運(yùn)輸航空運(yùn)輸?shù)姆N類班機(jī)在固定時(shí)間、固定航線、固定始發(fā)站和目的站運(yùn)輸?shù)娘w機(jī)，包括客貨混合飛機(jī)和全貨航班，適用于運(yùn)輸急需物品、鮮活商品等。包機(jī)包租整

38、架飛機(jī)或聯(lián)合包租飛機(jī)進(jìn)行貨物運(yùn)輸，又分整包機(jī)和部分包機(jī)。集中托運(yùn)航空貨運(yùn)公司把若干單獨(dú)發(fā)運(yùn)的貨物（各自出具航空運(yùn)單）組成一批貨物，用一份總運(yùn)單整批發(fā)運(yùn)到預(yù)定地點(diǎn)，由航空公司在目的地的代理人收貨、報(bào)關(guān)、分撥后交實(shí)際收貨人?？旒?guó)際航空運(yùn)輸中最快捷的方式，由專門機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)營(yíng)。航空運(yùn)輸?shù)某羞\(yùn)人航空運(yùn)輸公司實(shí)際承運(yùn)人，辦理從啟運(yùn)機(jī)場(chǎng)至到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)的全程運(yùn)輸航空貨運(yùn)代理公司：作為貨代負(fù)責(zé)辦理航空貨運(yùn)的訂艙，交接貨和報(bào)關(guān)等；作為航空公司的貨代辦理接貨并以航空公司承運(yùn)人身份簽發(fā)航空運(yùn)單。航空運(yùn)輸?shù)倪\(yùn)費(fèi)：包括從啟運(yùn)機(jī)場(chǎng)到目的機(jī)場(chǎng)的運(yùn)價(jià)，不包括其他額外費(fèi)用。一般按重量（公斤）或體積重量（6000立方厘米折合1公斤），從

39、高不從低?？瓦\(yùn)貨物按一般貨物、特種貨物和貨物的等級(jí)規(guī)定運(yùn)價(jià)。 According to international trade practice, the seller fulfils the duty of delivery only if he delivers the parcel to the post office, pays off the postage, and gets the receipt. The post office is responsible for the delivery of the goods to the destination, and the co

40、nsignee goes to the post office for picking up his goods. Postal transport falls into 2 kinds: a. Regular mail; b. Air mail.4 Postal Transport 5 International Combined Transport/International Multimodal Transport International combined transport means the conveyance of cargo includes at least two mo

41、des of transport by which the goods are carried from the place of dispatch to that of destination on the basis of combined transport or a multimodal transport contract. Under this method, the container is used as an inter-medium and make up of an international multimodal and joint transport mode by

42、sea, air and land. 國(guó)際多式聯(lián)運(yùn)International Multimodal/Combined/Intermodal Transport國(guó)際多式聯(lián)運(yùn)在集裝箱運(yùn)輸?shù)幕A(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展起來(lái)的綜合性連貫運(yùn)輸方式，一般是以集裝箱為媒介，把海陸空各種傳統(tǒng)的單一運(yùn)輸方式有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái)，組成一種國(guó)際間的連貫運(yùn)輸聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物多式聯(lián)運(yùn)公約定義：“國(guó)際多式聯(lián)運(yùn)是指按照多式聯(lián)運(yùn)合同，以至少兩種不同的運(yùn)輸方式，由多式聯(lián)運(yùn)經(jīng)營(yíng)人把貨物從一國(guó)境內(nèi)接運(yùn)貨物的地點(diǎn)運(yùn)至另一國(guó)境內(nèi)指定交付貨物的地點(diǎn)”須有一個(gè)多式聯(lián)運(yùn)合同，約定經(jīng)營(yíng)人和托運(yùn)人間的權(quán)利、義務(wù)、責(zé)任和豁免須是國(guó)際間兩種或兩種以上不同運(yùn)輸方式的連貫運(yùn)

43、輸須使用一份包括全程的多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)，并由多式聯(lián)運(yùn)經(jīng)營(yíng)人對(duì)全程負(fù)責(zé)國(guó)際貨運(yùn)全程單一運(yùn)費(fèi)率。多式聯(lián)運(yùn)經(jīng)營(yíng)人multimodal transport operator本人或通過其代表訂立多式聯(lián)運(yùn)合同的任何人，他是事主而非發(fā)貨人的代理或代表或參加多式聯(lián)運(yùn)的承運(yùn)人的代理人或代表，并負(fù)有履行合同的責(zé)任，可以是實(shí)際承運(yùn)人（辦理全程或部分運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)），也可是無(wú)船承運(yùn)人（non-vessel operation common carrier/NVOCC），即將全程運(yùn)輸交由各段實(shí)際承運(yùn)人來(lái)執(zhí)行。 The use of container provides a highly efficient form for tr

44、ansport by ship, by road, by rail and by air, though its fullest benefits are felt in shipping, where costs may be reduced by as much as one half. Therefore, nowadays, it it has become very convenient and modern transport methods in international practice. Containers are constructed of metal and of

45、standard lengths, mostly ranging from ten to forty feet. 6 Container Transport 集裝箱運(yùn)輸container transport集裝箱的規(guī)格：ISO推薦三個(gè)系列13種規(guī)格的貨柜，主要使用20尺和40尺；還分為干貨、罐式、冷藏、框架、平臺(tái)、通風(fēng)、牲畜、散裝、掛式貨柜等。TEUtwentyfoot equivalent unit集裝箱運(yùn)輸貨物的交接Full Container Load/FCL整箱貨Container Yard/CY集裝箱堆場(chǎng)Less Than Container Load/LCL拼箱貨/零擔(dān)Contai

46、ner Freight Station/CFS集裝箱貨場(chǎng)CY-CY,CY-CFS, CFS-CFS, CFS-CY and Door-to-door集裝箱運(yùn)費(fèi)：由船舶運(yùn)費(fèi)和有關(guān)雜費(fèi)組成，包括內(nèi)陸或裝運(yùn)港市內(nèi)運(yùn)費(fèi)、拼箱服務(wù)費(fèi)、堆場(chǎng)服務(wù)費(fèi)、海運(yùn)費(fèi)、集裝箱及設(shè)備使用費(fèi)等。兩種計(jì)費(fèi)方法：傳統(tǒng)的件雜貨運(yùn)費(fèi)率加附加費(fèi)；集裝箱包箱費(fèi)率。最低運(yùn)費(fèi)規(guī)定：起碼運(yùn)費(fèi)Land bridge transport is a mode of transport that connects the ocean transport on the two sides of the land by the railway and

47、land which runs across the continent, i.e., ship-train-ship. Land bridge transport uses the container as a medium, so it has all advantages of container transport.7 Land Bridge Transport There are 3 main land bridges in the world:a. American land bridge;b. Siberian land bridge.c. The New European- A

48、sia land bridge. 大陸橋運(yùn)輸land bridge transport交付條件：貨物交接美國(guó)OCP條款Overland Common Points，凡使用美國(guó)西海岸航運(yùn)公司船舶，經(jīng)西海岸港口，轉(zhuǎn)往美國(guó)內(nèi)陸地區(qū)（以洛基山為界的東部2/3區(qū)域）的貨物可比一般直達(dá)西海岸港口享受較低的海運(yùn)和內(nèi)陸運(yùn)輸優(yōu)惠費(fèi)率。做法上，要在合同和信用證的目的港上加注OCP字樣。優(yōu)點(diǎn)有：對(duì)賣方：貨物賣斷西海岸，無(wú)需承擔(dān)其他責(zé)任、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)買方：買方享有轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)內(nèi)陸的運(yùn)費(fèi)率3-5%，低于當(dāng)?shù)罔F路運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用8 Pipelines transport Pipelines are used for transporting

49、 commodities, such as crude oil and gases etc., long distances over land and under the sea. Rising fuel costs make pipelines an attractive economic alternative to other forms of transport in certain circumstances. Safety in transferring flammable commodities is another important consideration. Secti

50、on Two Shipping Documents International trade attaches so great importance to shipping documents that, to a certain degree, it can be called trade of documents, or “symbolic” trade. This is because shipping documents represent the title to the goods. For example, under letter of credit, the buyer ca

51、nnot take the delivery of the goods until he obtains the shipping documents; on the other hand, only if the seller releases the shipping documents can he receive the payment. What documents to be used and how to carefully and accurately complete them deserve our adequate attention. Generally, commer

52、cial invoice, bill of lading, insurance policy or certificate, packing list, and weight memo etc, are called shipping documents. In addition, other documents required by the buyers and related to the matter of duty to be paid on the imported goods, sometimes, are also included in shipping documents,

53、 they are the pro forma invoice, consular invoice, certificate of origin, certificate of value, certificate of inspection. Variety of documents (Leading)Bill of exchange InvoiceBill of ladingInsurance policy裝運(yùn)條款貿(mào)易合同與海運(yùn)合同的關(guān)系兩個(gè)合同相互獨(dú)立貿(mào)易合同是買賣雙方達(dá)成的海運(yùn)合同是船、貨雙方達(dá)成的貿(mào)易合同內(nèi)容決定海運(yùn)合同裝運(yùn)條款裝運(yùn)時(shí)間裝運(yùn)期，賣方將合同規(guī)定的貨物裝上運(yùn)輸工具或交給承

54、運(yùn)人的期限。是買賣合同中的要件?！敖回洉r(shí)間time of delivery”vs. “裝運(yùn)時(shí)間time of shipment”在象征性交貨合同中二者相同在D組術(shù)語(yǔ)成交的合同中，二者不同裝運(yùn)時(shí)間包括：“裝船loading on board vessel”、 “發(fā)運(yùn)dispatch”、“收妥待運(yùn)accepted for carriage”、“郵局收據(jù)日期date of post receipt”、“收貨日期date of pick-up”、“接受監(jiān)管taking in charge”等裝運(yùn)條款裝運(yùn)時(shí)間的規(guī)定規(guī)定明確、具體的裝運(yùn)時(shí)間：shipment during Jan. to March or

55、 shipment at or before the end of Oct.規(guī)定收到信用證后若干天裝運(yùn)：shipment within 30 days after receipt of L/C，但為了防止買方拖延開證，可加訂the relevant L/C must reach the seller not later than 規(guī)定近期裝運(yùn)，但國(guó)際上沒有統(tǒng)一解釋，易造成爭(zhēng)議，少用：immediate/prompt shipment or shipment ASAP1 The time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the

56、seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place by the agreed methods. There are the following ways to stipulate the time of delivery in the contract. (1) Stipulate the definite time of delivery -Stipulate a fixed time (2) Stipulate a period of fixed time, the seller can arrange ship

57、ment during whichever date (3). Stipulate shipment within days after receipt of the letter of credit(4). Stipulate the goods shall be shipped in the near future,Section Three Terms of Transportation 裝運(yùn)條款中注意的問題與海運(yùn)合同的銜接（B/L的簽發(fā)日期必須在貿(mào)易合同規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)期內(nèi)）貿(mào)易合同中的裝運(yùn)期，在海運(yùn)合同中為班輪開航掛靠時(shí)間（船期表）要與貿(mào)易合同中裝運(yùn)期一致。租船的船期與裝期（船期lay d

58、ays租船最早到港和最遲離港的時(shí)間段）船期裝期不能晚于裝運(yùn)期船期：可在裝運(yùn)期的前后，但不早于貨物已裝船完畢而裝運(yùn)期未到；不晚于裝運(yùn)期已臨近期限而使迅速裝船無(wú)法在期內(nèi)完成并取得B/L裝期：下限須在裝運(yùn)期內(nèi)注意貨物的季節(jié)性、商品的性質(zhì)注意交貨港、目的港的季節(jié)因素2 Place of shipment & UnloadingPort of ShipmentGuangzhou Shanghai/Xiamen/Dalian Guangdong Port(s) China Port(s)Port of DestinationLondonEMP裝運(yùn)港和目的港規(guī)定裝運(yùn)港/啟運(yùn)地原則：一般由賣方提出，經(jīng)

59、買方同意后確定方法一般情況下，規(guī)定一個(gè)裝運(yùn)港和啟運(yùn)地規(guī)定幾個(gè)裝運(yùn)港和啟運(yùn)地作籠統(tǒng)規(guī)定，在裝運(yùn)或發(fā)貨前由賣方選定后通知買方注意點(diǎn)：出口：以接近貨源地港口為主運(yùn)輸條件、運(yùn)費(fèi)水平考慮港口條件進(jìn)口FOB合同：考慮港口水深、裝卸條件、費(fèi)用等因素若規(guī)定兩個(gè)以上裝運(yùn)港，合同應(yīng)規(guī)定賣方通知選定裝運(yùn)港的期限不接受諸如“歐洲主要港口”“美國(guó)主要港口”等條款裝運(yùn)港和目的港規(guī)定目的港/目的地的方法原則：由買方提出，經(jīng)賣方同意后確定方法：只規(guī)定一個(gè)目的地（港）規(guī)定兩個(gè)或以上目的地（港），在合同中規(guī)定裝運(yùn)期前天由買方選定后通知賣方裝運(yùn)港和目的港注意點(diǎn)：出口時(shí)不接受以我國(guó)政府不允許進(jìn)行貿(mào)易的國(guó)家或地區(qū)港口或地方為目的地規(guī)定

60、目的地須明確具體，一般不使用“歐洲主要港口”等若須規(guī)定貿(mào)易直達(dá)船或有直達(dá)船但航次很少的港口為目的港時(shí)，應(yīng)在合同中規(guī)定“可以轉(zhuǎn)船”選定的目的港須是船舶可以安全停泊的除非通過聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸且聯(lián)運(yùn)承運(yùn)人能夠接受全程運(yùn)輸，一般不接受內(nèi)陸城市為目的港對(duì)進(jìn)口中間商，為了方便其賣路貨，可根據(jù)其要求采用“選擇港”但選擇港一般不要超過三個(gè)被選港口須是用同一航線且一般班輪公司船只能掛靠在核算出口價(jià)和運(yùn)費(fèi)時(shí)，應(yīng)按備選港口中最高的運(yùn)費(fèi)和附加費(fèi)計(jì)價(jià)進(jìn)口時(shí)，選擇接近用貨單位或消費(fèi)地區(qū)的港口大宗貨物進(jìn)口，采用CIF或CFR術(shù)語(yǔ)的，最好爭(zhēng)取規(guī)定幾個(gè)選擇港裝運(yùn)港和目的港與海運(yùn)合同的銜接班輪的掛靠港口port of call在海運(yùn)合同中須選擇貿(mào)易合同中在裝