職稱英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類A級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文

1、 第十一篇LeukemiaLeukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get, but it is still very rare. Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow._1_DA kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Usually, white blood cells fight infectio

2、n, but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia dont work the way theyre supposed to. _2_EThe abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control1, filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal, infection-fighting white blood cells to form. Other blood cells such as red blood ce

3、lls (that carry oxygen in the blood to the bodys tissues) and platelets (that allow blood to clot) are also crowded out2 by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body, including the bloodstream, where they continue to multiply and build up3.Althoug

4、h leukemia can make kids sick, most of the time it is treatable, and kids get better. Almost all leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy, which means using anti-cancer drugs._3_AChemotherapy quickly goes to work, traveling through the blood to the bone marrow. There, the drugs can attack the

5、 cancer cells. After several weeks of chemotherapy, many kids begin to feel better.Some children with leukemia will also have to have radiation therapy, too. _4_FIf the cancer isnt getting better from using the usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation, then kid with leukemia will probably need mo

6、re treatment with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer cells. But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kids bone marrow too, and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood cells. So, doctors will then give a kid or anyo

7、ne else with bone marrow that is no longer working normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy. _5_C詞匯：leukemia 白血病 marrow 髓 innermost 最內(nèi)的，最深處的abnormal 反常的，變態(tài)的 infection 感染 multiply .增加，繁殖platelet 血小板 clot (血等)凝結(jié)成塊 bloodstream 血流chemotherapy 化學(xué)療法 catheter 導(dǎo)管 insert 插入，嵌入invisible 看不見(jiàn)的

8、，無(wú)形的 cancerous 生癌的;患癌癥的heavy-duty . 重型的;大劑量的 transplant 移植注釋：1.out of control：失去控制;不受控制2.are also crowded out：也被排擠出去3.build up：逐漸積聚;集結(jié)練習(xí)：A. The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter, a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kids upper chest.B. Early symptoms of

9、leukemia are often overlooked, since they may resemble symptoms of the flu or other common diseases.C. This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant, and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia.D. Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones w

10、here blood cells are first made.E. They dont protect the person from infections very well.F. Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves (similar to X-rays) to kill cancerous cells.答案與題解:1.D前一句提到，白血病涉及血液和造血器官，如骨髓。接下來(lái)應(yīng)首選闡釋骨髓的句子。2.E前一句講，通常情況下，白細(xì)胞會(huì)對(duì)抗感染，但是白血病病人身上的白細(xì)胞卻發(fā)揮不了其應(yīng)當(dāng)發(fā)揮的作用。這意味著它們不能很好地保護(hù)病人免

11、受感染的侵襲。3.A前一句涉及化學(xué)療法，即抗癌藥物的使用。接下來(lái)應(yīng)首選表達(dá)如何使用化療藥物的句子。4.F前一句講到，有些患白血病的孩子也將接受放射治療。接下來(lái)應(yīng)選擇能夠說(shuō)明放射治療的句子。5.C此段的主要意思是，接受大劑量化療的白血病患者骨髓可能出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，不再正常發(fā)揮作用。這時(shí)，醫(yī)生就要把一個(gè)正常人的骨髓組織移到他身上。這一醫(yī)療措施的名稱及其作用應(yīng)該是下一句話所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。譯文：白血病白血病是兒童所得癌癥中最普遍的一種病癥，不過(guò)這種病仍然是很少的。白血病涉及血液和造血器官，如骨髓。骨髓是一些骨頭中最內(nèi)部的部分，并在那里產(chǎn)生紅細(xì)胞?；及籽〉暮⒆訒?huì)在骨髓中產(chǎn)生大量不正常的白細(xì)胞。通常情況下，白細(xì)

12、胞會(huì)對(duì)抗感染，但白血病人身上的白細(xì)胞卻發(fā)揮不了其應(yīng)有的作用，它們不能保護(hù)人體免受感染。骨髓中不正常的白細(xì)胞的繁殖無(wú)法控制，使得骨髓中難以形成足夠的正常感染的白細(xì)胞。其他的血細(xì)胞，像紅白細(xì)胞(將血液中的氧氣運(yùn)送到身體其他器官的細(xì)胞)、血小板(凝血功能的細(xì)胞)也被白血病產(chǎn)生的白細(xì)胞排擠出去。這些癌細(xì)胞還可能擴(kuò)散到身體的其他部位，包括血液，并在那里繼續(xù)繁殖積聚。盡管白血病令兒童身受其苦，大大多數(shù)情況下還是可以治愈的，孩子們也會(huì)好起來(lái)的。幾乎所有的白血病患者都要接受化療，即采用抗癌藥物?；熕幬锿ㄟ^(guò)導(dǎo)管進(jìn)入病體，導(dǎo)管就是插在病人血管中的一根細(xì)管，有時(shí)插入孩子的胸上部。化療能很快起效，抗癌藥物通過(guò)血液到

13、達(dá)骨髓并殺死癌細(xì)胞。警告經(jīng)過(guò)幾周的化療，很多孩子都會(huì)感覺(jué)好一些。有些患白血病的兒童還必須采用放射療法。放療采用肉眼看不見(jiàn)的高能光波(類似X光)來(lái)殺死癌細(xì)胞。如果使用正常量度的放療和化療不能使病情好轉(zhuǎn)的話，那么這個(gè)孩子可能需要接受更多的治療，用更大劑量的放療和化療來(lái)治療以最終殺死癌細(xì)胞。但是大劑量的化療可能有害于白血病患兒骨髓中的正常細(xì)胞，使骨髓不能產(chǎn)生正常的血細(xì)胞。因此，醫(yī)生會(huì)把正常人的骨髓組織移植到這個(gè)患兒或任何一個(gè)骨髓不能正常工作的人身上，這就是名叫骨髓移植的特殊療法，它能幫助病人產(chǎn)生新的血細(xì)胞來(lái)戰(zhàn)勝白血病而康復(fù)。第十二篇The Enemy WithinAllergy has become

14、 more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy. Allergy is a reaction that occurs

15、 when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. _1_ A _ To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done

16、 by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous. An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or straw

17、berries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. _2_E_ As they do

18、 that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most of

19、ten triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately._C_3_B_ Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma. _4_D_F_ We eat more processed foods, w

20、ith a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite. There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were ke

21、pt busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. _5_E_B_ A good deal of research is being devoted to finding

22、 a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future.詞匯：allergy n. 過(guò)敏，過(guò)敏癥sufferer n. 患者，受害者asthma n. 哮喘substance n. 物質(zhì)pollen n. 花粉mic

23、ro-organism n. 微生物antibodies n. antibody的復(fù)數(shù)形式，意為抗體allergen n. 過(guò)敏源nut n. 堅(jiān)果histamine n. 組織胺，組胺tissue n. 人體組織symptom n. 病癥，征兆rash n. 皰疹sneezing n. 打噴嚏breathlessness n. 呼吸急促，氣喘吁吁anaphylaxis n. 全身性過(guò)敏反應(yīng)，過(guò)敏反應(yīng)wasp n. 黃蜂sting n. 蟄，咬hayfever n. 枯草熱，花粉病additives n. 添加劑，食品添加劑cure n. 治療，解藥注釋：1suffer from.忍受的折磨2

24、be devoted to sth. .全身心投入于練習(xí)：AThe immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites.BIn other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive.CAllergies run in families.DInternational differences have been associated with the number o

25、f individuals within a population have allergy.EWhen the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it.FExperts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens.答案與題解：1A該是對(duì)機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)功能的介紹，而文中對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的首次提及是在該選項(xiàng)的

26、上一句話，即描述過(guò)敏反應(yīng)是免疫系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)，該選項(xiàng)故而可被視為是對(duì)上一句話的補(bǔ)充與說(shuō)明。2E本題做題線索有兩點(diǎn)，首先是上下文，本段前幾句都是對(duì)抗體的描述與介紹，故與選項(xiàng)E主題相符，同時(shí)第二個(gè)做題點(diǎn)為邏輯順序詞，本段的第一句話中提到了An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen，而該選項(xiàng)中又有了the next time，這兩個(gè)邏輯順序詞也構(gòu)成了解題線索。3C該選項(xiàng)在文章的第四段，講的是過(guò)敏反應(yīng)在特殊人群中的反應(yīng)，選項(xiàng)C的意思為“過(guò)敏反應(yīng)是具有遺傳性的”，與該段后一句some peop

27、le are born with the ability.相對(duì)應(yīng)。4F文章第五段主要講的是能導(dǎo)致過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的兩個(gè)例子，缺少中心句，而選項(xiàng)C恰好能對(duì)這兩個(gè)例子進(jìn)行概括說(shuō)明，故答案為選項(xiàng)C。5B該選項(xiàng)為概括總結(jié)項(xiàng)，是對(duì)前文說(shuō)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，該段的前面部分提及的是抗生素與過(guò)敏反應(yīng)之間的關(guān)系，即其對(duì)于人體免疫系統(tǒng)的影響，而該選項(xiàng)則是一個(gè)結(jié)果性的描述，即免疫系統(tǒng)變得過(guò)于敏感了，其可對(duì)前文中抗生素的作用進(jìn)行總結(jié)說(shuō)明。第十三篇What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes?When you eat, your body takes the sugar from food and turn

28、s it into fuel. _1_B_ Your body uses glucose for energy, so it can do everything from breathing air to playing a video game. But glucose cant be used by the body on its own2it needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body.Most people get the insulin they need from the pancrea

29、s, a large organ near the stomach. The pancreas makes insulin; insulin brings glucose into the cells; and the body gets the energy it needs. When a person has insulin-dependent diabetes, its because the pancreas is not making insulin. So someone could be eating lots of food and getting all the gluco

30、se he needs, but without insulin, there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy. _2_E_ You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes, maybe people of your grandparents age. Usually, this is a different kind of diabetes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes3. It can also be

31、called Type 2 diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes4.  _3_F_ When a kid is diagnosed with juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes5, he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life. It wont ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older.Scientists now think that a person who ha

32、s juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness. _4_A_ Many scientists believe that along with having certain genes, something else outside the persons body, like a viral infection, is necessary to set the diabetes in motion by affecting

33、the cells in the pancreas that make insulin6.But the person must have the gene (or genes) for diabetes to start out with this means you cant get diabetes just from catching a flu, virus, or cold. And this type of diabetes isnt caused by eating too many sugary foods, either. Diabetes can take a long

34、time to develop in a persons body sometimes months or years. Another important thing to remember is that diabetes is not contagious. _5_D_ 詞匯： viral /'var()l/ adj.病毒（性）的；病毒引起的infection/n'fekn/ n.感染sugary /'gr/ adj.糖的；含糖的；甜的；太甜的contagious /kn'teds/ adj.觸染的；傳染的insulin /'nsjln/

35、 n.胰島素diabetes /,da'bitiz/ n.糖尿病glucose /'gluks/ n.葡萄糖hormone /'hmn/ n.激素，荷爾蒙pancreas /'pækrs/ n.膜（腺）onset /'nset/ n.開(kāi)始juvenile /'duvnal/ adj.少年的 注釋：1insulin-dependent diabetes：胰島素依賴型糖尿病2on its own：獨(dú)立地，靠自己的力量3non-insulin-dependent diabetes：非胰島素依賴型糖尿病4adult-onset dia

36、betes：成人型糖尿病5juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes：少年型（胰島素依賴型）糖尿病6to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin：通過(guò)對(duì)胰腺中生成胰島素的細(xì)胞的影響而導(dǎo)致糖尿病的發(fā)作練習(xí)：AGenes are something that you inherit from your parents, and they are in your body even before youre born.BThis sugar-

37、fuel is called glucose.CIt may be possible to beat insulin resistance through lifestyle changes.DYou cant catch diabetes from people who have it, no matter how close you sit to them or if you kiss them.EThe glucose cant get into the cells of the body without insulin.FWhen a person has this kind of d

38、iabetes, the pancreas usually can still make insulin, but the persons body needs more than the pancreas can make.答案與題解：1B文章第一句講，人進(jìn)食后，身體便會(huì)從食物中獲得糖并將其轉(zhuǎn)化成燃料。接下來(lái)應(yīng)首選對(duì)這種糖燃料加以解釋的句子。2E前兩句講到，患胰島素依賴型糖尿病的病人，其胰腺不能生成胰島素，因此，盡管某人進(jìn)食大量食物并獲取所需的全部葡萄糖，但沒(méi)有胰島素，身體就無(wú)法利用這些葡萄糖獲取能量。也就是說(shuō)，沒(méi)有胰島素，葡萄糖就不能進(jìn)入身體的細(xì)胞內(nèi)。3F此段的前幾句主要講非胰島素依賴型糖

39、尿病，并指出它不同于胰島素依賴型糖尿病。二者之間的主要區(qū)別是什么呢？回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題的句子應(yīng)當(dāng)首選。4A前一句講，科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為，患少年型糖尿病的人出生時(shí)就具有某個(gè)或者某些使其易患此病的基因?；蚴鞘裁茨?？回答這問(wèn)題的句子當(dāng)然應(yīng)該首選A。5D前一句說(shuō)明了糖尿病不具有觸染性，接下來(lái)應(yīng)當(dāng)是對(duì)該句加以闡釋的句子。第十四篇Primer on smellIn addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us? Smell “gives us information about place

40、, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. _1_D_ “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell,” says Reed. Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble spoiled food

41、, leaking gas, or fire. “Its a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it. With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Lets say, for example, that the smell is purple petuni

42、as. _2_B_A_ Now lets imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldnt need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor. Compared with3 animals, how well

43、 do people detect smelts? That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells ： current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. _3_F_ Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the n

44、umber of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain its a pea-sized object. In a mouse, its a little bigger. Its bean-sized in a rat, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.” Does

45、 that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute? Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. _4_E_ A trained “nose”, such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish

46、about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients. “In a modest amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. Its amazing.” Wh

47、at happens to4 our sense of smell as we age? Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. _5_C_ Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 8

48、0-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,” says Leopold.詞匯：scent /sent/ n. 氣味，香味petunia /p'tju:ni/ n. 喇叭花olfactory /l'fækt()ri/ adj. 嗔覺(jué)的，味道的sniff /snif/ v. 嗅，聞，用力吸注釋：1.    bring out：使顯出，使變得明顯2.    warn of：發(fā)出關(guān)于的警告。warn sb. of sth

49、.：警告某人某事3.    compare with：與相比4.    happen to：發(fā)生于，發(fā)生在練習(xí)：A    These flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has.B    Odors, or smells, can warn us about trouble.C    Thats not the rule, however.D    And smell tells us about peopl

50、e.E    We can also think, and we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another.F    A rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million.答案與題解：1.    D  根據(jù)后文提到的“我們能夠根據(jù)氣味收集到有關(guān)人的很多信息”可以推斷此處答案是

51、D選項(xiàng)。2.    A  前文提到以紫喇叭花的香味舉例，選項(xiàng)中只有A選項(xiàng)提到了喇叭花。3.    F  前文提到人類和小鼠的嗅覺(jué)受體細(xì)胞數(shù)量，可以推斷此處應(yīng)介紹其他物種的嗅覺(jué)受體細(xì)胞數(shù)量。4.    E  后文都在介紹人類可以區(qū)分味道的不同，所以此處E選項(xiàng)最符合原文意思。5.    C  后文介紹了不是每個(gè)人都隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)嗅覺(jué)能力不發(fā)生變化，所以此處C選項(xiàng)最符合原文。參考譯文第十四篇    &#

52、160;                                           嗅覺(jué)入門嗅覺(jué)除了能讓我們感受到食物的氣味外，還能做什么？美國(guó)約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)研究嗅覺(jué)的

53、專家Randall Reed教授指出，氣味能提供給我們關(guān)于位置，關(guān)于我們?cè)谀膬?，以及有關(guān)人的信息。“無(wú)論我們是否意識(shí)到，我們能根據(jù)氣味收集到許多關(guān)于誰(shuí)在我們身邊的信息，”Reed講道。即使還隔著一段距離，氣味就能提醒我們注意很多麻煩：變質(zhì)的食物，煤氣泄漏，或是火災(zāi)?！八且粋€(gè)很好的警告，”約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)的醫(yī)生Donald Leopold說(shuō)道。比方說(shuō)，烤箱中有東西燒焦了，屋內(nèi)的每個(gè)人都會(huì)知道。僅僅是簡(jiǎn)單的氣味，嗅覺(jué)就會(huì)引起強(qiáng)烈的情感。比如說(shuō)那種氣味就是紫喇叭花。它的氣味中有一種其他喇叭花沒(méi)有的香味?，F(xiàn)在我們想象一下，你的母親在你3歲時(shí)就去世了，她曾經(jīng)擁有一座花園。你不必去辨認(rèn)那種氣味或者有意識(shí)

54、地回憶起你的母親或者她的花園，只要是你聞到那種紫喇叭花的香味，你就會(huì)感到傷感。與動(dòng)物相比，人類感知?dú)馕兜哪芰τ卸鄰?qiáng)？那要取決于你所謂的“多強(qiáng)”是什么意思。我們?nèi)祟惖氖荏w細(xì)胞很少：目前估計(jì)人類有大概500萬(wàn)個(gè)嗅覺(jué)受體細(xì)胞，差不多和一只小鼠的一樣多。一只大鼠大約有1 000萬(wàn)個(gè)，一只兔子有2 000萬(wàn)個(gè)，一只尋血犬有1億個(gè)。Reed談到，在不同的物種中，受體細(xì)胞的數(shù)量和嗅覺(jué)的強(qiáng)弱大體是正相關(guān)的?！叭说拇竽X中是幾乎找不到嗅球的，它像豌豆般大小。小鼠的腦中，嗅球大一點(diǎn)。大鼠的腦中，嗅球有蠶豆那么大，兔子腦中的有你的小手指那么大，而尋血犬腦中的有拇指那么大?！边@是不是就意味著我們的嗅覺(jué)不夠敏銳呢？不完全

55、是。盡管我們的嗅覺(jué)范圍可能沒(méi)有其他生物的那么廣，但是我們已有的受體細(xì)胞和其他動(dòng)物的一樣敏感。我們也可以認(rèn)為，我們?cè)谟幸猓ú⑶页晒Φ嘏^(qū)別不同的氣味。受過(guò)培訓(xùn)的鼻子，比如研究香水的專家的鼻子就能夠區(qū)分1萬(wàn)種氣味并說(shuō)出其名字。Reed說(shuō)，一個(gè)香水專家可以在聞完一種含有100種不同香料的現(xiàn)代香水后，走進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，列出這些成分。“一段時(shí)間過(guò)后，他調(diào)制出來(lái)的氣味對(duì)于你我來(lái)說(shuō)都是那種香水氣味的完美復(fù)制，太不可思議了。”隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，我們的嗅覺(jué)會(huì)發(fā)生什么變化？許多人年齡增大時(shí)還會(huì)有很好的嗅覺(jué)能力。但并不都是這樣。指出，一個(gè)人的嗅覺(jué)在兒童時(shí)最強(qiáng)，在青少年時(shí)期一直到50多歲都保持不變，女人通常從60歲、男人從

56、65歲開(kāi)始下降?！巴ǔ?lái)說(shuō)，80歲的人能聞到的東西是20歲的人能聞到的一半，”Leopold說(shuō)道。第十五篇Uncooperative Patients Need Psychological TherapyBy refusing to take essential medication after a kidney transplant, a 49-year-old woman drives her doctors and nurses to distractionto no avail, because the organ has in the end to be removed_(1)_D_

57、 Patients refusing to cooperate with medical professionals cause damage not only to themselves but also impose substantial costs on the community. The pharmaceutical company Glaxo Welcome estimates the costs to the German taxpayers of this kind of negative behaviour at around five billion dollars a

58、year.A recent conference of medical professionals, health insurers, the pharmaceutical industry and patient representatives revealed a wide range of factors behind non-compliance. Not all defiant behaviour in a patient can be characterized as non-compliance. Greater stress should be placed on psychology during medical training, delegates said._(2)_A_E_ Psychologist Sibylle Storkebaum told of an eight-year-old boy who ran amok in a hospital before undergoing a heart transplant, threatening to rip out his drip tubes._(3)_C_F_“Doctors and nurses failed to see that they