薩芬大事發(fā)生的

1、The art of calligraphy is widely practiced and revered in the East Asian civilizations that use Chinese characters. These include China, Japan, Korea, and formerly Vietnam1.In addition to being an artform in its own right, calligraphy has also influenced ink and wash painting, which is accomplished

2、using similar tools and techniques. The East Asian tradition of calligraphy originated and developed from China, specifically the ink and brush writing of Chinese characters. There is a general standardization of the various styles of calligraphy in the East Asian tradition. Calligraphy has also led

3、 to the development of many other forms of art in East Asia, including seal carving, ornate paperweights, and inkstones.edit ToolsThe paper, ink, brush, and inkstone are essential implements of East Asian calligraphy: they are known together as the Four Treasures of the Study (T: 文房四寶 / S: 文房四寶) in

4、China, and as the Four Friends of the Study (HG: / HJ: 文房四友) in Korea. In addition to these four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used by calligraphers.edit PaperSpecial types of paper are used in East Asian calligraphy.In China, Xuanzhi, traditionally made in Anhui province, is the prefer

5、red type of paper. It is made from the Tartar wingceltis (Pteroceltis tartarianovii), as well as other materials including rice, the paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), bamboo, hemp, etc.In Japan, Washi is made from the kozo (paper mulberry), ganpi (Wikstroemia sikokiana), and mitsumata (Edgew

6、orthia papyrifera), as well as other materials like bamboo, hemp, rice, and wheat. somtimes the brush is used to put ink on a penedit InkThe ink is made from lampblack (soot) and binders, and comes in sticks which must be rubbed with water on an inkstone until the right consistency is achieved. Much

7、 cheaper, pre-mixed bottled inks are now available, but these are used primarily for practice as stick inks are considered higher quality and chemical inks are more prone to bleeding over time, making them less suitable for use in hanging scrolls. Learning to rub the ink is an essential part of call

8、igraphy study. Traditionally, East Asian calligraphy is written only in black ink, but modern calligraphers sometimes use other colours. Calligraphy teachers use a bright orange ink with which they write practice characters for students and correct students' work.edit BrushThe brush is the tradi

9、tional writing implement in East Asian calligraphy. The body of the brush can be made from either bamboo, or rarer materials like red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver, and gold. The head of the brush can be made from the hair (or feather) of a wide variety of animals, including the wolf, rabbit, dee

10、r, chicken, duck, goat, pig, tiger, etc. There is also a tradition in both China and Japan of making a brush using the hair of a newborn, as a once-in-a-lifetime souvenir for the child. This practice is associated with the legend of an ancient Chinese scholar who scored first in the Imperial examina

11、tions by using such a personalized brush.Today, calligraphy may also be done using a pen, but pen calligraphy does not enjoy the same prestige as traditional brush calligraphy.edit InkstoneA stone or ceramic inkstone is used to rub the solid ink stick into liquid ink and to contain the ink once it i

12、s liquid. Cheaper inkstones are made of plastic.Inkstones are often carved, so they are collectible works of art on their own.edit PaperweightPaperweights come in several types: some are oblong wooden blocks carved with calligraphic or pictorial designs; others are essentially small sculptures of pe

13、ople or animals. Like inkstones, paperweights are collectible works of art on their own right.edit Desk padThe desk pad (Chinese T: 畫(huà)氈, S: 畫(huà)氈, Pinyin: huàzhn; Japanese: 下敷 shitajiki) is a pad made of felt. Some are printed with grids on both sides, so that when it is placed under the translucen

14、t paper, it can be used as a guide to ensure correct placement and size of characters. These printed pads are used only by students. Both desk pads and the printed grids come in a variety of sizes.edit SealMain article: Chinese sealWorks of calligraphy are usually completed by the artist putting his

15、 or her seal at the very end, in red ink. The seal serves the function of a signature.edit Study The Chinese method of holding the brushHow the brush is held depends on which calligraphic genre is practiced. For Chinese calligraphy, the method of holding the brush is more special; the brush is held

16、vertically straight gripped between the thumb and middle finger. The index finger lightly touches the upper part of the shaft of the brush (stabilizing it) while the ring and little fingers tuck under the bottom of the shaft. The palm is hollow and you should be able to hold an egg in there. This me

17、thod, although difficult to hold correctly for the beginner, allows greater freedom of movement, control and execution of strokes. For Japanese calligraphy, the brush is held in the right hand between the thumb and the index finger, very much like a Western pen.A paperweight is placed at the top of

18、all but the largest pages to prevent slipping; for smaller pieces the left hand is also placed at the bottom of the page for support.In China, there are many people who practice calligraphy in public places such as parks and sidewalks, using water as their ink and the ground as their paper. Very lar

19、ge brushes are required. Although such calligraphic works are temporary (as the water will eventually dry), they serve the dual purpose of both being an informal public display of one's work, and an opportunity to further practice one's calligraphy.In Japan, smaller pieces of Japanese callig

20、raphy are traditionally written seated in the traditional Japanese way (seiza), on the knees with the buttocks resting on the heels. In modern times, however, practitioners frequently practice calligraphy seated on a chair at a table. Larger pieces may be written while standing; in this case the paper is usually placed directly on the floor, but some calligraphers use an easel. A man practicing calligraphy in Beihai Park, BeijingCalligraphy takes many years of dedicated practice. Correct stroke order, proper balance and rhythm of characters are essent