英漢翻譯緒論

1、英漢翻譯緒論英漢翻譯緒論1.翻譯的定義、性質(zhì)、分類及其對(duì)譯者的要求翻譯的定義、性質(zhì)、分類及其對(duì)譯者的要求 1)定義:反映是用一種語言把已經(jīng)表達(dá)出來的東西用另一種語言準(zhǔn)反映是用一種語言把已經(jīng)表達(dá)出來的東西用另一種語言準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來。 Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.Nida: Translation consists in reproducing in the recep

2、tor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language , first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Translation implies the rendering from one language to another of something written or spoken.辭源：用一種語言表達(dá)他種語文的意思。Eugene A. Nida: Translating means translating meaning.2) 翻譯是一

3、種跨時(shí)空的語言活動(dòng)（盡管人類處理主觀和客觀世界的具體方式因受不同的文化價(jià)值觀的影響而不完全相同，但各民族在許多方面存在著廣泛的一致，人類的 語言生成和轉(zhuǎn)換能力也毫無二致，所以一種語言所表達(dá)的東西用另一語言重新表達(dá)是可能的。），是一門科學(xué)（science）、藝術(shù)（art）、技能（skill）、鑒賞（taste）。總的來說，翻譯是一門綜合性的學(xué)科，因?yàn)樗Z言學(xué)、文學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、教育學(xué)、人類學(xué)、信息理論等學(xué)科特點(diǎn)與一身形成了自己獨(dú)立的體系。3）分類：A.從譯出語（source language）和譯入語（target language）的角度來看，翻譯可分為本族語譯為外語，外語譯為本族語。B。從涉及

4、的語言符號(hào)來看，可分為語內(nèi)翻譯、語際翻譯和符際翻譯；C。 從翻譯的手段來看，可分為口譯、筆譯和機(jī)器翻譯；D。從翻譯題材看，可分為專業(yè)性翻譯、文學(xué)翻譯、一般性翻譯；E。從翻譯方式看，可分為全譯、摘譯和編譯。2.譯者的素養(yǎng)譯者的素養(yǎng) 1)扎實(shí)的語言基本功 This large body of men had met on the previous night,despite the elements which were opposed to them, a heavy rain falling the whole night and drenching them to the skin. 2)豐

5、富的文化知識(shí) The Army and Navy needed all their energies to acquire conventional weapons ;they had no time for Buck Rogers games. 3)熟悉翻譯理論和常用技巧. They were sons of the men who left their homes and taken to the mountains with their broad swords by their side. 4)熟悉各種工具書Even before they were acquainted, he ha

6、d admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday. 他沒有認(rèn)識(shí)奧斯本之前，已經(jīng)暗暗佩服他。如今便成了他的聽差，他的狗，他的忠仆星期五*。 *星期五(Friday)是魯濱遜漂流記故事中Robinson Crusoe的忠實(shí)奴仆。While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cookes excellent article. 我想給阿利斯太爾庫克先生的杰作稍加幾筆，盡管這也許

7、是為百合花上色，費(fèi)力不討好。 *在西方人眼里，百合花是高貴、貞潔、美麗的象征，故為百合花上色自然是做徒勞無益之事。3. It was Friday *and soon theyd go out and get drunk. 星期五發(fā)薪日到了，他們馬上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。 *星期五Friday為英國的發(fā)薪日。如不解釋，譯入語讀者就不會(huì)明白英國人為什么要在這一天上街去大吃大喝。 3.翻譯的過程翻譯的過程 1)(準(zhǔn)確)理解(語言現(xiàn)象、邏輯關(guān)系、原文所指涉的事物),要求譯者進(jìn)入細(xì)致地進(jìn)行語法分析、語義分析、語體分析和語篇分析。1.It is good for him to do that;2.He

8、 bought a chair (椅子)at the furniture store;3.He was condemned to the electric chair（電椅）;4.Please address the chair（會(huì)議主席）;5.He will chair （主持）the meeting;6.He was appointed to the chair of philosophy(哲學(xué)系主任)at the university. 2)(充分充分)表達(dá)：表達(dá)：譯者把自己所理解的內(nèi)容用譯入語準(zhǔn)確而又自然地傳遞給譯入語讀者的階段。 These developing countries

9、cover vast territories，encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 這些發(fā)展中國家，土地遼闊，人口眾多，資源豐富。 防止兩種傾向： 1.Overtranslation（over-representation，即不顧原文本意如何，任意增枝加葉，畫蛇添足） 2.Undertranslation(under-representation.即任意刪減 或是忽略原作者的感情態(tài)度或不計(jì)語言風(fēng)格。）表達(dá)方式：直譯、意譯、直譯加意譯；能直譯就盡量直譯，不能直譯就意譯。）Whether we should us

10、e literal translation or free translation depends on the interrelation between the source language and the target language.1.Thats all Greeks to me.2.If you see any green in his eye, you are wrong.3.Today I welcomed the opportunity of exchanging views with the leaders of Chinese Government about the

11、 world scene.4.He was regarded by good wives far and wide as a hero. 5. There is no pot so ugly it cant find a lid. 直譯：鍋?zhàn)釉侔]，也不愁找個(gè)蓋。 意譯：姑娘再丑，也不愁配偶。3)(仔細(xì)仔細(xì))校對(duì)校對(duì)（數(shù)字，日期，距離，方位，名稱有無錯(cuò)漏；有無漏譯的詞、句、段落；誤譯的內(nèi)容；邏輯不通，行文不順；翻譯腔；誤用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。）4.翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1)忠實(shí)(原作的內(nèi)容、風(fēng)格) 2)通順（通順易懂，符合規(guī)范） 詳細(xì)看課本第7頁。練習(xí)1.Partly as a result of the recen

12、tly increasing demand, whole-sale tea prices have doubled.2.I read this letter with both surprise and excitement, surprise because he is still around, excitement because he didnt ever forget me.3.When they find who killed that kid and its mother, they will throw the book , and never mind who it was.

13、4. Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.5.When John was talking about the affairs, we smelled a rat.6.He bent solely upon profit.7. If we want your cents, well ask for it.6.He walked at the head of the funeral procession and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handke

14、rchief.7.Every dog has its day.8.Do you see any green in my eye?9. The oppressed people in the world would rather go through fire and water to fight against imperialists and colonialists than be turned round their little fingers.10.This means killing two birds with one stone. 1.Definition of Transla

15、tion Translation is getting more and more important, which is known to all. and what is translation? 根據(jù)牛津大詞典，英語的translate一詞，應(yīng)該來自拉丁文translatus一詞，而后者則是transferre的一種過去分詞，其中trans-的意思是across ，意為“從此邊/岸到彼邊/岸”，與中文的“翻”有異曲同工之妙；而-ferre的意思則是to bear， carry，bring?！皌ranslate”一詞字面含義是“把某物從此處搬到彼處”，除了“翻譯”以外還有“解釋”、“轉(zhuǎn)變”

16、、“轉(zhuǎn)移”、“調(diào)換宗教”、“移葬宗教”等多種含義。 根據(jù)美國傳統(tǒng)詞典雙解的解釋，這個(gè)詞有很多意思： (1)to render in another language.翻譯;翻譯成另一種語言。 (2)to put in simpler words; explain or interprete ; (3)to express in different words; paraphrase （5）To change from one form, function, or state to another; convert or transform 使轉(zhuǎn)變；從一種形式、職能或狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)到另一種形式、職能或狀

17、態(tài)；轉(zhuǎn)變或變形； 如：translate an ideal into reality/translate sth into action （6）to transfer from one place or condition to another 轉(zhuǎn)到；使 從個(gè)地方或狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)地方或狀態(tài). 如：The emblem has been translated into a fact， or rather into a miracle./be translated into the countryside. 前三個(gè)是主要用法;(1)的意思就是”翻譯”;（5）（6）的意思，基本上都是講事物從一種狀態(tài)

18、轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N狀態(tài)，側(cè)重的是形式和狀態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)變而基本沒涉及到內(nèi)容上的傳遞。具體說，其意義恰好在于translate的trans-上，是在across上，而沒有在意carry，bear， bring什么內(nèi)容. 漢語的“翻”“譯”和“翻譯”均有其淵源和漫長的歷史。說文解字：“翻，飛也，從羽番聲，或從飛。”辭?，F(xiàn)代高級(jí)詞典等漢語詞典大都引用這一說法。由鳥類羽毛翻飛的本意又轉(zhuǎn)意為許多意義，如上下或內(nèi)外交換的位置、推翻原來的、回返，爬過、越過，等。 這些比較形象地說明了翻譯的過程，即把一種語言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容用另一種語言反過來說一下，兩種語言面對(duì)面地比較，不僅有“上下或內(nèi)外交換的位置”和反過來的意思，和中國學(xué)者

19、把翻譯比喻為地毯、媒人、繪畫、投胎轉(zhuǎn)世等有異曲同工之妙。這些比喻也揭示了翻譯本身之難，因?yàn)樵诜g的過程中，如果處理不好，就很可能推翻和顛覆了原文，原文等效就更無從說起。而“翻”的“爬過”“越過”之意，恰好和translate的trans-意義一致。 漢語的“譯”也有多種意思。說文 三上 言雅：“譯，傳四夷之音，從言睪聲。”方言十三：“譯，傳也?！笔聦?shí)上，“譯”這個(gè)字是專門指“翻譯”的，只不過“譯”最早指的是與北方少數(shù)民族之間的翻譯而已： 五方之民，語言不通，嗜欲不同。達(dá)其志，通其欲，東方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰譯。 -禮記 王制 這四個(gè)名稱的意思是相似的，古代還有“象寄”，“鞮譯”等

20、名稱。后來對(duì)于翻譯人員有更通俗的名稱：“蠻夷反舌”（“戎狄言語于中國相反，因謂反舌”）可見古時(shí)稱外國言語為“”反舌“。三國 韋昭注曰：舌人，能達(dá)異方之志，象胥之職也?？梢姽艜r(shí)又稱翻譯為“舌人”。 唐孔穎達(dá):譯,陳也，陳說內(nèi)外之言。唐代的賈公彥說：“譯即易，謂換言語使其相解也?！?“翻”也有“ ”之意，是“移”的異體字?！耙啤庇小耙谱g”和“ 譯”的意思，比“翻譯”更接近英語的translate一詞，而且“譯”或“”比“翻”更直接表達(dá)了translate的trans-之意。 至于后來“翻”和“譯”合并而成的“翻譯”，一方面是為了符合漢語雙音節(jié)字的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，而且進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充和強(qiáng)化了“轉(zhuǎn)變”和“又此及彼

21、”的含義，使得翻譯的觀念更加完備。而“翻譯”的意思不僅含有“翻”和“譯”的含義。 如果說“翻”注重的是翻譯過程中形式轉(zhuǎn)變，“譯”側(cè)重的是翻譯過程中內(nèi)容上的傳遞的話，那么“翻譯”兩字就概括了語言的形式和內(nèi)容兩方面的含義，和奈達(dá)對(duì)翻譯的界定基本相同?？磥碇形鞣綄?duì)于翻譯的外延和內(nèi)涵的看法基本一致 。 Some Examples: 1. “I kept it from her after I heard on it”,Said Mr. Peggotty,“going on nigh a year,We was living then in a soli- tary place,but among the beautifulest trees and with the ros- es a-covering our Bein t